The defendant, as sheriff, seized a quantity of saw logs under an attachment against the property of Wm, H. & James F. Winser. This action was brought to recover possession of the logs, and damages for the detention. The plaintiff claimed under a chattel mortgage from the "Win-sers, and also under a subsequent bill of sale. But it appeared that the bill of sale was executed by the "Winsers without the knowledge of the plaintiff, and deposited in the post-office, directed to him, only a few hours before - the attachment. And it was not claimed that it reached him until after the attachment was served. The attachment would therefore have priority, according to the doctrine settled in Sackett v. Welch, 12 Wis., 243. The rights of the plaintiff depended, therefore, as against.the defendant,' entirely on the chattel mortgage. •
This mortgage did not contain the usual provision allowing the mortgagee to take possession whenever he deemed himself insecure, but he was only entitled to possession on default. This action was brought some days before a default had occurred, so that in that respect it was prema*563ture. But a default had occurred beforé the trial; and if the mortgage was otherwise valid, the plaintiff was at that time entitled to the property. It- was not contended by the counsel for the appellant, that upon those facts,-if there had been no other objection to the-plaintiff’s right, the court should have adjudged a return of the property to the defendant. He claimed only that they would. in that event have been entitled to. costs, and cited some .authoxities to that effect. ■'
But from the view we have taken of another question, it becomes unnecessary for us to pass upon this. By chapter 88, Laws of 1861, the legislature provided for the establishment of certain districts for the purpose of regulating the survey and measurement and traffic in logs and lumber. Its provisions were somewhat enlarged and changed by chapter 167, Laws of 1864, which was in force when the transactions which gave rise to this case took place. By it, the Wisconsin River and its tributaries were established as Lumber District Ro. 1. It also requires the governor to appoint an inspector for each district. And section 12 makes it the duty of the inspector “ to record all mortgages, liens, and bills of sale, or other written instruments, in any way affecting the ownership of any mark of logs in his district, in a book kept for that purpose; provided, that said instrument shall specify the marks placed upon said logs, and when they were cut, and shall be recorded in the office óf the inspector in which the said marks are recorded, and no conveyance, lien, mortgage or transfer shall be valid until the same is so recorded, or until the same shall be filed with one of said deputies,” etc.
The court below did not find that the mortgage here in question was recorded or filed as this act requires. On the contrary, it found that it “ was duly recorded in the town clerk’s office of the town of Mauston, where the mortgagors *564residedfrom which finding it is fairly to be inferred that there was no proof that it was recorded or filed elsewhere.
The respondent’s counsel, to avoid the effect of this act, claimed that the section above quoted did not relate to conveyances of the logs themselves, hut only to conveyances of the marks. Such' a construction is obviously inadmissible. The statute, it is true, speaks of conveyances “ affecting the ownership of any mark of logs,” etc., but that phrase was evidently used as the equivalent for “ logs of any particular mark.” Such a mode of expression is quite common. Ufe often hear persons speak of “brands of flour,” meaning the flour itself, and not merely the brands. But in addition to the impossibility of supposing that the act contemplated’ a trafile in the mere marks, the •language of the proviso, as above quoted, shows clearly, what was plain enough without it, that the logs themselves were referred to. It requires the instrument to be recorded, to specify “ the marks placed upon said logs, and when they were cut.”
It seems clear, therefore, that it was the intent of this statute to require owners of logs to record their marks, and to provide that no conveyances of the logs should be valid unless such conveyance was recorded or filed in compliance with its provisions. If the law was valid, it is fatal to the validity of this mortgage as against the attaching creditors of the mortgagors.
Counsel suggested that if the law should be construed as relating to conveyances of the logs,' it was unconstitutional, as interfering with the right of alienation of properly. But this objection is unfounded. It is certainly competent for the legislature, upon any supposed ground of public policy, to provide in what manner the alienation and transfer of particular kinds of property shall be accomplished. Such laws do not interfere with the right of alienation, but only *565regulate the mode. The act in question is in this respect similar in principle to the general law relating to chattel mortgages, and also to the statute of frauds. ■ ETo other objection to the validity of the law was suggested, and we see none.
It was also suggested that the defendant should have proved that the inspectors and deputies were appointed, and acting under this law. But that, in the absence of proof, would be presumed. The law makes it the duty of the governor to appoint the inspectors, and the presumption is in favor of the performance of official duty. If there were no inspectors, the plaintiff should have shown it. It can no more be necessary for the defendant to prove that there were such officers, than to prove, in the case of any ordinary chattel mortgage, that there was a town clerk in whose office it might be filed.
It is not necessary to determine whether this mortgage was void between the parties. But as it was neither recorded nor filed as the law required, it was invalid as against the attachment under which the defendant held it.
By the Court. — The- judgment is reversed, with costs, and the cause remanded for a new trial.