The questions raised upon the record are highly interesting and important, and have not, so far as we know,' ever been passed upon by the supreme court of the United States. We have, therefore, given them all the consideration which our limited time and duty to other causes enabled us to bestow upon them ; and I am now to announce the conclusions at which we have arrived upon the questions presented for our decision.
In support of the demurrer the counsel for the defendants insist, that the jurisdiction conferred by the bankrupt law upon the several district and circuit courts of the United States is, in its nature, necessarily exclusive of the state courts; and that, even if the state courts had jurisdiction concurrently with the federal courts in suits in relation to the property of the bankrupt, they should not exert that jurisdiction in a case like the one before us.
The objections to holding that the state courts had jurisdiction of the cause appeared to me on the argument to be grave, if not insuperable; and all the reflection I have been able to give the subject since has not lessened their weight. One of the most obvious and direct results of the state courts assuming jurisdiction, of course, is to withdraw from the United States *612district courts a suit instituted for tire collection of the assets of the bankrupt— a matter which properly belongs to those courts. The act of congress gives the several district courts original jurisdiction in their respective districts in all matters and proceedings in bankruptcy, and expressly authorizes them to collect all the assets of the bankrupt, and to exercise jurisdiction in all matters and things to be done under and in virtue of the bankruptcy. There is surely no indication upon the face of the act of any intention to confer any jurisdiction upon the state courts in matters of bankruptcy, even if it were competent for congress to do so; on the contrary, with the possible exception of suits pending in the state courts in favor of or against the bankrupt at the commencement of the bankrupt proceedings, the natural and reasonable inference is that the jurisdiction is confined exclusively to the courts of the United States. It is true, the practice seems to have been, both under the bankrupt law of 1800 and that of 1841, for the state courts to entertain jurisdiction of actions brought by the assignee of a bankrupt; but this jurisdiction was not seriously questioned until the case of Ward v. Jenkins, 10 Met., 583. In that case it was claimed by the counsel for the defendants, that an action for a breach of a covenant made with the bankrupt could not be brought by the assignee in a state court, and that such a suit was only cognizable by the federal courts ; but the objection was overruled, the state court asserting its jurisdiction of the action. This case was subsequently followed in Massachusetts, in an action brought by an assignee under our present bankrupt law to recover money paid by the defendants to the bankrupt in good faith without knowledge of the bankruptcy, but in fact made after the publication of notice of the warrant in bankruptcy under section 11; though the objection that the courts of the United States had exclusive jurisdiction of such an action was waived at the argument. Stephens v. Mechanics' Savings Bank, 101 Mass., 109; see also Forbes v, Howe, 102 id., 428. The case of Ward v. Jenkins was also followed in *613Indiana in Hastings v. Fowler, 2 Carter, 216. In Kentucky, in an action brought by the assignee in equity for recovering property real and personal, charged to have been fraudulently transferred by the bankrupt, the state court say they do not doubt but they have jurisdiction concurrent with the federal courts, to decree in favor of the assignee, and that such jurisdiction bad been too often exercised in that state to be an open question. Boone v. Hall, 7 Bush, 66. See also Paine v. Able, id., 344; and Shackleford v. Collier, 6 id., 149. In Pennsylvania, the jurisdiction of the state courts in actions brought by the assignee to recover the property of the bankrupt, does not seem to be questioned. Mays v. Manufacturers' National Bank, 64 Pa. St., 74. See Pierce v. Evans, 61 id., 415; Rohrer's Appeal, 62 id., 498. But on the other hand, the supreme court of Michigan, in a well considered decision recently made' — of which a manuscript copy of the opinion has been furnished us by the counsel for the defendants in this case — decline to take jurisdiction of a bill in equity filed by an assignee to set aside a conveyance alleged to have been made by the bankrupt in fraud of the bankrupt law. Voorhees, Assignee, etc., v. Frisbie et al., unreported. The reasoning of the court in this ease is strongly in support of the position that the state courts have no jurisdiction of actions arising under the bankrupt law, though the decision was placed upon grounds more peculiarly applicable to suits in equity. But the practical difficulties which will necessarily result if a state court at law should entertain suits brought by assignees concerning the property and debts of the bankrupt, are scarcely less grave and serious than the complications which might arise in equitable actions. In the first place, it must be obvious that the assertion of a state jurisdiction in such causes will greatly tend to protract and multiply suits in respect to the bankrupt’s estate, and will inevitably be a most fruitful source of conflict and collision between the state and federal tribunals. The object and policy of the bankrupt law manifestly are to collect and distribute the property of the bankrupt among his creditors as *614promptly as practicable; and tírese ends can be much more readily accomplished by the United States courts — which have plenary jurisdiction in these matters — than by tribunals acting by different modes, and deriving their ¡rowers from other sources. Some of the remarks made by Mr. Justice Story in the case of Ex parte Christy, 3 How. (U. S.), 292, in reference to the provisions of the bankrupt law of 1841, express my own views so well upon this subject that I cannot do better than quote them. He says: “ The obvious design of the bankrupt act of 1841, ch. 9, was to secure a prompt and effectual administration and settlement of the estates of all bankrupts within a limited period. Eor this purpose it was indispensable that an entire system adequate to that end should be provided by congress, capable of being worked out through the instrumentality of its own courts independently of all aid and assistance from any other tribunals over which it could exercise no effectual control. * * * It is farther objected that if the jurisdiction of the district court is as broad and comprehensive as the terms of the act justify according to the interpretation here insisted on, it operates, or may operate, to suspend or control all proceedings in the state courts either then pending or thereafter to be brought by any creditor or person having any adverse interest to enforce his rights or obtain remedial redress against the bankrupt or his assets after the bankruptcy. We entertain no doubt that, under the provisions of the 6th section of the act, the district court does possess full jurisdiction to suspend or control such proceedings -in the state courts, not by acting on the courts, Ov.er which it possesses no authority, but by acting on the parties, through the instrumentality of an injunction or other remedial proceedings in equity, upon due application made by the assignee and a proper case being laid before the court requiring such interference. * * It would be easy to put cases in which the exercise of this authority may be indispensable on the part of the district court to prevent irreparable injury, or loss or waste of the assets, without *615adverting to the case at bar, -where, upon the allegations in the petition and supplemental petition, the creditors of the bankrupt are attempting to enforce a mortgage asserted to be illegal and invalid, and to procure a forced sale of the property by the sheriff in an illegal and irregular manner, thereby sacrificing the interest of the other creditors under the bankruptcy. * * If we are told that resort may be had to the state courts for redress, our answer is, that in some- of the states no adequate jurisdiction exists in the state courts, since they are not clothed with general jurisdiction in equity. But a stronger and more conclusive answer is, that congress did not intend to trust the working of the bankrupt system solely to the state courts of twenty-six states, which were independent of any control by the general government and were under no obligation to carry the system into effect. The judicial power of the United States is, by the constitution, competent to all such purposes; and congress by the act intended to secure the complete administration of the whole system in its own courts, as it constitutionally might do.” pp., 312, 318, 319, 320. These remarks indicate clearly that; according to the judgment of this eminent judge, sound policy and a just regard to public as well as private interests require that the jurisdiction of the district and circuit courts of the United States over all cases arising under the bankrupt law should be exclusive of the state courts. And I cannot but think that congress has in fact vested in those courts this complete and exclusive jurisdiction over “ all acts, matters, and things to be done under and in virtue of the bankruptcy, until the final distribution and settlement of the estate of the ■bankrupt,” including of course such jurisdiction and power as may be essential for “ the collection of all the assets of the bankrupt,” independently of all aid and assistance from any state tribunals, over which it could exercise no effectual control. See also McLean, assignee etc., v. LaFayette Bank, 3 McLean, 185; Peck v. Jenness, 7 How. (U. S.), 612.
But even if I had any doubt about this being the proper con*616struction of tire bankrupt law, I should still think it was more consistent with the dignity and independence of the state tribunals to decline to take jurisdiction of cases arising under that act — if such jurisdiction theoretically existed — rather than expose themselves to collisions and conflicts with the United States courts, or subject their proceedings to the control of those courts in attempting to adjudicate them. It must be understood, however, that I only express my own views upon this question, that the act vests in the federal courts exclusive jurisdiction of all actions arising under the provisions of the bankrupt law so as to take from the state courts any jurisdiction in those cases ; but that my brethren do not deem it necessary to express an opinion upon that question at the present time. According to their view the complaint states a cause of action under the thirty-fifth section of the bankrupt law, which is penal in its character, “ in creating a forfeiture and disability enforceable in favor of the assignee ” (Voorhees v. Frisbie, supra), and a state court will not exert its jurisdiction to enforce such a liability. I am inclined to agree with them, and to hold that the demurrer should have been sustained even upon that ground.
The first clause of the thirty-fifth section of the bankrupt law was obviously designed to defeat and render void any transfers or sales of property made by a debtor, being insolvent or in contemplation of insolvency, with a view to give a preference to a creditor. And it provides that any payment, transfer or conveyance of property made by the debtor, being in insolvent circumstances, within four months previous to filing his petition, with a view to giving a creditor such preference, shall be void if the creditor at the time has reasonable cause to believe the debtor is insolvent, and the payment or transfer was made in fraud of the act. The complaint states a cause of action under this provision, and the assignee seeks to recover the stock of goods or their value from the defendants.
It is plain that this suit is founded strictly upon the provisions of this act — would not exist independently of it— and is *617not, as was the case in Ward v. Jenkins, brought upon a contract or to recover a debt due the bankrupt. The bankrupt law condemns and avoids the sale and assignment of property stated in the complaint to have been made, because they were made with a view to give the defendants a preference. But the transaction is entirely valid by the state law. The fact that a debtor in insolvent circumstances chooses to pay one creditor in preference to another, is not a fraud under the state statute — nor is it contrary to public policy and good morals. Such a preference is only forbidden by the bankrupt law — declared to be a fraud upon its provisions and in contravention of its policy and design. But these provisions, which avoid .the sale and create the forfeiture, are penal in their character, and consequently the question arises : Should the state courts exert their jurisdiction to enforce them?
The doctrine is well settled that one state will not take cognizance of nor enforce penalties imposed by the laws of another state; and the principle applies to acts of congress which create a forfeiture. The rule is clearly stated by Chief Justice Spencer in The United States v. Lathrop, 17 Johns., 3, which was an action brought to recover a penalty imposed by an act of congress for selling by retail spirituous liquors without license, contrary to the provisions of the law. He says: “ It cannot be doubted, that a pecuniary penalty for a violation of, or nonconformity to, an act of congress, is as -much a punishment for an .ofíense against the laws, as if a corporal penalty had been inflicted; and as regards crimes and offenses made so by legislative enactment, the government of the United States stands in the same relation to the state governments as any foreign government, and it is a fundamental maxim, that the courts of one sovereignty will not take cognizance of, nor enforce, the penal code of another. Thus, in the case of Scoville v. Canfield (14 Johns., 339), we held that we would not enforce a penal statute of Connecticut, on the broad principle, that the courts of this state will not carry into effect the penal laws of another state.” p. 9. And *618this same rale has frequently heen applied to actions brought in one state to enforce a liability imposed by statute upon the officers of a corporation created by another state, for some violation of duty. Such liability is considered to be in the nature of a penalty created by statute, which the courts of another state will not enforce. First National Bank etc., v. Price et al., 33 Md., 488; Derrickson v. Smith, 3 Dutcher, 166; Halsey v. McLean, 12 Allen, 438. In these cases, and others which might be cited to the .same purport, the courts say that the liability imposed upon the officers of the corporation for a failure to perform a duty enjoined by the statute, is in the nature of a penalty; that the law imposing the liability can have no extra-territorial operation; and that there is no usage or rule of ’ comity which requires the courts of another state to enforce such liability. We cannot see why the same principle should not be applied to the provisions of the bankrupt law before us. For, as already remarked, the subject matter of this suit does not exist independent of these provisions which are penal in their nature. The Harrisburg Bank v. The Commonwealth, 26 Pa. St., 451. They avoid a transfer and assignment of property valid by the law of the state and binding on the debtor himself. They destroy a title because the assignment or conveyance was made with a view to give a preference to a creditor. If a statute which enjoins a duty to be performed by the officers of a corporation, and, in case of failure on their part to perform such duty, makes them individually liable for the debts of the corporation, is penal in its nature — as held by the cases above cited — and can only be enforced in the state enacting the law, there are surely strong grounds for saying that the provisions of the bankrupt law which forfeit and destroy a title acquired under the circumstances stated in the complaint, are highly penal in character, and are to be governed by the rules and principles applicable to such statutes. And as this action is brought to enforce, through the instrumentality of the courts of this state, these penal provisions, the action *619must fail. Eor tlie entire right of action grows out of these provisions, and dejaends wholly upon them.
In the case in Michigan above referred to, the supreme court of that state take the same view of these provisions. They say: “ The right to assail the conveyance in question is purely statutory upon the case made by the bill. It is also in the nature of a ¡oenal enactment, in creating a forfeiture and disability enforceable in favor of the assignee. It is generally understood to be settled law, that no court will take jurisdiction for the sole purpose of enforcing' the penal consequences imposed by any other authority, which has its own courts to enforce them.”
It is suggested that the bankrupt act is the supreme law of the land, binding upon all courts; and that its provisions address themselves with the same compelling obligation to the state as to the federal tribunals. In a certain sense this is undoubtedly true. This court would be bound to respect and sustain titles derived through the bankrupt proceedings. This is clear. But its duty and power to take jurisdiction of causes arising under the bankrupt law are quite different matters.
It results from these views that the demurrer to the complaint should have been sustained.
By the Court.— The order overruling the demurrer is reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to dismiss the complaint.