The whole controversy in this case is about the form and sufficiency of the verdict in the former action under the mill-dam act by this same plaintiff against these same defendants, and whether such verdict will sustain the action and judgment against the defendants in the circuit court in which this appeal originates. This is an appeal by the defendants from the judgment against them in an action brought' upon and to enforce the verdict in pursuance of the construction given by this court to the act in the proceeding by mandamus which came up in connection with the same verdict in State ex reí. Aken v. Mills, Judge, etc., 29 Wis., 322.
The verdict sued upon was in these words : “We, the jury, find for the plaintiff and assess his damage at eight hundred dollars, which shall be in full of all claim and demand for injury done to the plaintiff’s lands at the present height of water, estimated at six feet and five inches.
“ James Tuttle,
“ Foreman Jurors,"
*253“ Or, we, tbe jury, find for tbe plaintiff, and assess the damages to be annually paid tbe plaintiff by the defendants at the sum of one hundred dollars, which shall be paid so long’ as the same shall be used by defendants or their assigns at the present height of water, which is estimated at six feet and five inches, unless a reassessment of damages shall be made herein, commencing from the expiration of the lease.
“James Tuttle,
“ Foreman Jurors.”
It is proper to remark that the action is for the recovery of' the $800 damages in gross, which the plaintiff elected in due form of law to receive.
The first objections to the verdict which we will consider are, that it did not ascertain the height of the dam but only of the water, and that the height of the water was not precisely and definitely fixed, but only by estimate. As a precautionary measure and to avoid uncertainty and save doubts and controversies in the future, it would unquestionably be wise, whenever practicable, and it may perhaps in most cases be so, to give evidence of the precise height of the dam as measured from some fixed monument or permanent object, and to have the jury ascertain and determine by their verdict such height so measured, with a description of the monument or object, its location and other circumstances. This would undoubtedly be a most judicious and proper proceeding, yet there is nothing in the act which in terms or by implication requires it. Such has sometimes been the practice, but in general only in those cases where it has been alleged in the complaint that the dam was raised to an unreasonable height, and the jury have so found and that it ought to be lowered during the whole or some part of the year. But even in cases of that kind the statute does not require that there shall be such specific finding or any finding and determination of the present height of the dam, but only that the jury shall decide how much, if any, it shall be lowered, and whether it shall be left open any part, and, if any, what part of *254the year. This was expressly so ruled in Sabine v. Johnson, ante, p. 185. A verdict, therefore, where the complaint is in the ordinary form, that is, claiming damages merely and not that the dam is raised to an unreasonable height, must be good if it assesses the damages, past and future, annual and gross, in the manner prescribed by the statute, and says nothing about the height of the dam, unless for some ulterior reason the omission to find and name the height makes it defective and void. We know of no such reason, and are at a loss to see upon what general principle, there being no statutory requirement, the omission can be said to have that effect. The verdict in such case must be held to relate to and be an assessment of the damages caused by the dam in its then present height and condition, or its height and condition at the time the action was commenced ; and those facts, it must be presumed, are and will continue to be, in case of any subsequent change or controversy, susceptible of proof by evidence outside of the record, or by the oral testimony of witnesses. That is certain which is capable of being rendered certain, and the verdict ought not to fall for uncertainty or because of the omission to find the height of the dam. In this action on the verdict, which was tried three years after that in which the verdict was rendered, it appears that there was no difficulty in establishing the facts to the satisfaction of the jury, for they found specially “that the dam used by the defendants is the same in height and in all respects producing the same damage to the plaintiff’s land as found by the jury which assessed said damages.”
If the foregoing views be correct, then it is manifestly, immaterial to the validity of the verdict in suit that the jury did not find the height of the dam or of the water, or that they may have referred to the same in the verdict and expressed only an approximate judgment or opinion of the height of the one or of the other. There was no necessity for them to find such height or to speak upon the subject at all, that is, no absolute legal necessity; and if they did speak, and speak at random or with*255out precision, such speaking did not vitiate their verdict. The verdict being good with no allusion whatever to that subject, what was said in a random way respecting it may he taken as harmless or rejected as surplusage.
But in the complaint in the action in which this verdict was rendered, there was an allegation that the dam,was raised to an unreasonable height. The statute (R. S., ch. 56, sec. 16; 2 Tay. Stats., 814, § 16) declares that when such allegation is made “ the jury shall decide how much, if any, the dam shall he lowered,” etc., and the omission to find upon and determine this issue is said to be a fatal defect. It is in general true that a verdict, to he good, must be responsive to and decisive of all the material issues in the action. But the question arising here is, whether it can be said from the verdict that the jury entirely omitted that issue or to pass upon it, if any evidence was given in support of it, or whether it must not be said from their very silence that they found that the dam was not raised to an unreasonable height. It would only have been necessary for them to say how much the dam should be lowered when they found that the height was unreasonable; but not finding the unreasonable height, it would seem to have been unnecessary for them to say anything about it. The statute only requires that they shall decide how much the dam shall be lowered; and when they do not decide that it shall be lowered at all, is it not, in legal effect, though not in express words, a finding that the height is not unreasonable ? Such must, we think, be the construction of the verdict and the inference which must in law be drawn from it.
But there is still another reason why we think the defendants cannot now he permitted to take advantage of the omission (if such it was) of the jury to find that the dam was not raised to an unreasonable height. The plaintiff has accepted the damages in gross found by the jury for all injury to his land caused by the dam at its present height; and having so accepted, he is forever estopped from raising the question of *256unreasonableness of the height. The defendants are, therefore, or will be when the damages are paid, as secure in their rights to maintain the dam at the same height as when the verdict was rendered, as they would have been had the jury expressly found that the dam was not raised to an unreasonable height. Hence it is that the defendants are not and cannot be injured by the omission if it exists, and so ought not to be allowed to avail themselves of it to defeat the action of the plaintiff.
Another objection taken is to that part of the verdict in which the jury fixed the annual damages to be paid by the defendants to the plaintiff, and in which the finding was that such damages should commence at the expiration of the lease, which was about seven months before the trial.
It is said that regularly the past damages should have been separately assessed, which, at the rate fixed by the jury, would have been about $58 for the preceding seven months, and for which the plaintiff would have been entitled, under § 15, to judgment and execution at once, instead of a lien upon the mill property to be enforced by future action. Grant that this was so, how can the defendants complain of it? It was an error that worked in their favor, and not against them. It amounts to this, that the plaintiff has lost a judgment against the defendants for $58 to which he was entitled, and which can now never be obtained. It is idle for the defendants to talk about this as error, for no party can assign that for error which is in his favor. 5 Wis. (new edition), notes, pp. 142, 172, 289, and authorities there cited.
By the Court — Judgment affirmed.