We find nothing in tbe record which will justify a reversal of tbe judgment for any alleged error committed on tbe trial, and shall therefore confine our remarks on the case to the question whether a new trial should have been granted.
The rule is elementary, that a new trial will not be granted on the ground of newly discovered evidence, unless the party moving therefor satisfy the court: 1. That such evidence came to his knowledge after the trial; 2. That he was not negligent in seeking to discover it; 3. That it is material to the issue; and 4. That it is not merely .cumulative to testimony introduced on the trial. It is also well settled that| the appellate court will not disturb the order of the court below, granting or refusing a new trial, unless it is manifest that the discretion of the court has been improperly exercised.
The affidavits on behalf of the defendant, read on the hearing of the motion for a new trial, are to the following effect:
1. That the defendant endeavored before the trial to ascertain what Mr. Grow knew of the case, but the latter concealed *97from liim tlie fact that Ms testimony would or might be material to him; that Cr.ow would testify on another trial, that after this action was commenced, he charged the plaintiff with falsehood, in that he claimed he had delivered to Eelker two $600 notes, and the plaintiff did not deny the charge, but said he only wanted Eelker to surrender the Updegrove note, and he did not claim that there was any other note outstanding; that the plaintiff then proposed to give another chattel mortgage for $500 on the engine, and made and signed such a mortgage, and placed it in Grow’s hands for Eelker, but the latter refused to accept it.
2. That the defendant used considerable diligence to find one Weymouth, who was present when the engine was takén, and who, he supposed, was cognizant of facts material to the issue, for the purpose of obtaining his testimony to be used on the trial, but failed to find him. Weymouth had recently removed to another county. He would testify on another trial that plaintiff made no objection to the removal of the engine, and said he was glad it was going away; and that he heard plaintiff say he was going to help Carver buy the engine, and afterwards, that he and Carver had bought it of Crow and Felker, and owed them $500.
3. That if another trial is had, the defendant believes he can procure the testimony of one S. Turner, a resident of Minnesota, which as yet he has been unable to procure, to the effect that soon after the engine was taken from the plaintiff, tiie latter informed Turner that he was indebted to Crow and Eelker in the sum of $500 on the chattel mortgage mentioned in the answer, and was so indebted when the engine was taken from him.
4. That Crowell, who wrote the chattel mortgage and who was not called as a witness on the trial, will testify that the agreement between Eelker and Carver when the mortgage was given, was, that when the mortgage became due it was to be replaced by a note for $500 having one year or more to run.
*98Counter affidavits were read on behalf of the plaintiff, for the purpose of showing that the alleged newly discovered evidence was untrue, and that, if true, the defendant had not used due diligence to procure the same in time to be used on the trial of the cause.
We are satisfied that all of the alleged newly discovered evidence is material to the defense of the action. Had Crow, Weymouth, Turner and Crowell testified as above on the trial, their testimony might have had a controlling influence upon the minds of the jury in determining whether Carver had authority to give the chattel mortgage, and whether the plaintiff ratified it after it was given, or gave the defendant license to take the engine, i Had the jury heard and believed the testimony, it is quite possible, perhaps probable, that a different verdict would have been returned. The most important of the alleged newly discovered testimony is that of Crow and Weymouth, and we are satisfied that the defendant used proper diligence before the trial to ascertain what he could prove by the former, and to procure the testimony of the latter.
Hnder the rule above stated, it would seem to follow that a new trial should be awarded, unless such testimony is merely cumulative. Such testimony certainly tends to prove propositions of fact which were litigated on the trial, and to prove which the defendant introduced evidence. In that sense the testimony is cumulative. But that is not the sense in which the term is employed in the rule. Discussing this subject in Waller v. Graves, 20 Conn., 311, Church, O. J., says: “ From some of the eases on this subject, it may, perhaps, be inferred, that courts have supposed all additional evidence to be cumulative merely, which conduced to establish the same ground of claim or defense before relied upon, and that none would be available for a new trial unless it disclosed or established some new groimd. But this does not seem to us to be the true rule, as recognized in tlie best considered cases. There *99are often various distinct and independent facts going to establish the same ground, on tbe same issue. Evidence is cumulative which merely multiplies witnesses to any one or more of these facts before investigated, or only adds other circumstances of the same general character. Ent that evidence which brings to light some new and independent truth of a different character, although it tend to prove the same proposition or ground of claim before insisted on, is not cumulative within the true meaning of the rule on this subject. * * * * Suppose a question on trial to be, whether the note of a deceased, person has been paid, and witnesses have been introduced testifying to various facts conducing to prove such payment, and, after a verdict for the plaintiff, the executor should discover a receipt or discharge in full, or had discovered that he could prove the deliberate confession of the plaintiff of the payment of the note. There could be no question, in such a case, but a new trial should be granted, although the new facts go to prove the former ground of defense.” In Guyott v. Butts, 4 Wend., 579, where the same subject was considered, Maboy, J., said: “The facts may tend to prove the same proposition, and yet be so dissimilar in kind as to afford no pretense for saying they are cumulative.” And in Parker v. Hardy, 24 Pick., 246, it was held that additional evidence tending to prove the same proposition is not cumulative, if it relates to a new and distinct fact. The only question litigated on the trial of that case was, whether the plaintiff had authorized one Smart to sell his (the plaintiff’s) horse. The defendant introduced testimony on the trial tending to prove such authority, but introduced no testimony of the plaintiff’s confession. After verdict for the plaintiff, the defendant moved for a new trial on the ground that he had discovered a witness who would testify that the plaintiff told witness he had authorized Smart to sell the horse. It was held that this was not cumulative testimony, although the motion was denied on other grounds.
*100We think tbe correct rule is stated in tbe above cases; and an application of tbe rule to tbe present case demonstrates that the alleged newly discovered evidence, or at least some very material portions of it, is not cumulative.
A perusal of tbe record | leaves tbe conviction in our minds that the case has not been as fully and thoroughly tried as it ought to be before tbe rights and liabilities of tbe parties are finally determined. We believe that the ends of justice will be promoted by granting a new trial, and that tbe refusal of the learned circuit judge to grant it was not, under tbe circumstances, a sound and proper exercise of discretion.
For tbe above reasons tbe judgment must be reversed, and tbe cause remanded withj directions to tbe circuit court to award a a veni/re facias dé novo on such terms as that court. shall deem just.
By the Court. — So ordered.