From the repeated decisions of this court we must hold that the assignment was made by the firm of J. T. Hicks & Co., and transferred to the assignee the prop*170erty of the firm, for the benefit of the firm creditors, and was not an assignment of the individual property of either of the partners, nor for the benefit of the creditors of either of the individual members of the firm. First Nat. Bank of Madison v. Hackett, 61 Wis. 335; Goll v. Hubbell, 61 Wis. 293; Smith v. Bowen, 61 Wis. 258. This being so, the question as to the effect of the exemption clause in the assignment is disposed of by the same decisions. The bond running to “ A. C. Morse, clerk of the circuit court of the county of Grant, in the state of Wisconsin, and to his successors in office,” was a substantial compliance with sec. 1694, R. S., as we have just held in Bates v. Simmons, ante, p. 69. These are the only objections made to the form or execution of the assignment.
In view of the issues, we do not think there was any abuse of discretion in not allowing the defendant’s counsel to further cross-examine the plaintiff’s witness, J. T. Ilicks, as to the filling of the writing in the blanks in the receipts in the receipt-book kept by his firm. It is said to contain ninety-nine different receipts, but neither the book nor such receipts had been offered in evidence. The witness had already been recross-examined in relation to substantially all the receipts he had specifically testified about upon his redirect examination. Counsel suggested no material object to be attained by such further cross-examination. The witness had testified to the existence of the partnership as a matter of fact. ITis reference to receipts given by some of the attaching creditors was obviously to show that they knew the fact of partnership. There is nothing to indicate that the further cross-examination proposed was in relation to such receipts. All other receipts had but a remote bearing at most. Possibly they might have indicated a course of dealing from which the non-existence of the partnership might have been inferred. But that was a matter purely defensive. Being purely defensive, it was discretionary with the court *171to allow the cross-examination to continue further or terminate it there. Norris v. Cargill, 57 Wis. 251. In no view do we discover any abuse of discretion in the ruling made.
One of the alleged partners, Robert Ilicks, was sworn in behalf of the plaintiff. On cross-examination he had testified, in effect, that he supposed there were some judgments against him, but did not know — never examined; did not know there was between July and May, 1871. ITe was then asked, in effect, if there were not four several judgments described against him, and still unpaid. The question was excluded as immaterial and not proper cross-examination, and this is assigned as error. In support of this contention, it is urged that the testimony sought to be elicited would have tended to disprove the existence of the partnership, or, falling in that, it would tend to prove that the existence of the partnership was kept secret, with the view of defrauding persons dealing with J. T. Hicks, the ostensible owner of the business. We are unable to discover how such testimony could have any bearing upon either proposition. Certainly, it had no bearing upon the question of the existence of the partnership. Since partnership property must be applied to the payment of partnership debts, to the exclusion of the creditors of the individual members of the firm, and the creditors of the latter are first to be paid out of the separate effects of their debtor, before the partnership creditors are entitled to anything from individual assets (Lord v. Devendorf, 54 Wis. 495), and since the goods here purchased of the attaching creditors were claimed by the plaintiff to Rave been so purchased by J. T. Hicks for the firm, it is difficult to see how such attaching creditors could be defrauded or injured by the existence of the firm, or the fact that the other member of the firm owed individual debts. Such attaching creditors not only had their remedy against the firm assets, but, upon exhausting them, against J. T. Hicks, the same as though there had been no firm. The *172existence of the firm, therefore, could not have the effect of lessening the security of the attaching creditors, and possibly might have increased it. The real purpose of attaching the goods as the individual property of J. T. Hicks, seems to have been to exclude other firm creditors from any participation in the firm assets; for the goods purchased of such other creditors evidently went into the same business as the goods purchased of the attaching creditors. The testimony was also properly excluded on another ground. The question asked was not proper cross-examination, as the witness had not testified on that subject on his direct examination.
The defendant sought to prove by Mr. Wood, the “ credit man ” of one of the attaching creditors, in effect, that he instructed their traveling man, Harris, not to solicit any trade from Robert Hicks, nor any firm of which he was a member. Such instruction clearly had no bearing upon the question of partnership, nor as to whether such creditors had, in fact, sold the goods to the firm or to J. T. Hicks personally, nor any other issue involved in the case. The court very properly excluded the question. The same is true with.respect to the question put by the defendant’s counsel to his witness, Harris, as to inquiries made by him of his house in relation to giving credit to Hicks.
Erom a careful examination of the record we are clearly of the opinion that the verdict was sustained by the evidence, and hence the motion to set it aside as contrary to the evidence was properly overruled.
The counsel for the defendant has taken exceptions to two specific portions of the charge, on the ground that, although they were both correct, “ as abstract propositions of law,” yet that “ there was no testimony whatever in this case on which to found either of them,” and hence that they misled the jury. It is enough to say that we agree with counsel that each of the propositions of law referred to was, in the *173abstract, substantially correct, but differ with him in thinking that there was no testimony in this case which made each of them applicable. We think there was such testimony.
Error is assigned because the court refused to give the following instruction requested: “If J. T. Hicks falsely represented himself to be doing business in his own name, for the purpose of purchasing and obtaining goods on credit for the firm of J. T. Hicks & Co., and by so doing did so purchase and obtain goods for the firm of J. T. Hicks & Co., which the latter could not have purchased and obtained upon their own credit, then J. T. Hicks & Co. did not obtain a valid title to the goods so purchased and obtained.” We are not aware of any case, and none have been cited, where a person ostensibly doing business in his own name, but having a dormant partner, has been held to have committed a fraud in purchasing goods for such business, merely because he did not, in fact, disclose the partnership. As already shown in another part of this opinion, no injury could result from such want of knowledge to one selling goods for such business to such ostensible proprietor. Had J. T. Hicks purchased the goods for himself, personally, and retained them as his own, on the representations that he was the sole owner of the business carried on, then a different question would have been presented. A fraud may be committed on the creditors of an insolvent firm by a known partner secretly retiring or withdrawing from the firm. 1 Lindl. Partn. 735, 736. But that proposition is the direct antipode to the one here presented. Here the jury found that the partnership existed. This being so, Robert was, necessarily, either known to be such partner, or else it was a secret with the partners. In either event, they could make an assignment binding upon those who had sold goods for the business, even though the negotiations were with a single member of the firm. The whole question seems to have been fully and fairly submitted to the jury. The court charged them, among other *174things, in effect, that the assignment dicl not carry with it any goods belonging to L T. Hicks individually; that if he was the real party doing the business, and Robert was included to secure some private gain or benefit to themselves, then they must find for the defendant; that the plaintiff had no right to the possession of any property belonging to J. T. Hicks individually; and that if any of the property in question was of that kind, then for such property the plaintiff could not recover. It seems to us that the instruction in question was properly refused. Had it been given, it would, under all the facts and circumstances of the case, in our opinion, have misled the jury.
By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.