An application to be made a party is regarded as a special proceeding. Sec. 2594, R. S.; Carney v. Gleissner, 62 Wis. 497. When the application is denied, the *40order to that effect is necessarily final; and if, in addition, it affects a substantial right, it is appealable. Subd. 2, sec. 3069, R. S.; 62 Wis. 491.
It is claimed that since tbe order discontinuing the action as against these appellants was never appealed from, it is still in force, and hence a bar to the application to be made parties. The application for that order was a motion. Sec. 2813, R. S. Being a motion, it could not be regularly brought to a hearing, except upon eight days’ notice to the attorney for the appellants, who had appeared in the case, or by an order to show cause. Circuit Court Rules, NT; sec. 1. It was not so brought to a hearing, and of course was irregularly granted. Having been granted without notice, it certainly would have been competent for the court to set it aside upon notice. The application to be reinstated as defendants was, in effect, a motion to set aside the ex parte order of discontinuance. This must be so, since, had the application been granted, it would necessarily have wholly superseded and nullified the order of discontinuance It follows that the exponte order of discontinuance was not a bar to the application to be reinstated as parties to the action.
Nor do we think that the order sustaining the demurrer was a bar to such application. Certainly not, if that decision went upon the ground that the complaint did not state a cause of action as against these appellants. The alleged claim of George D. under the mortgage from Ohcmies, given October 3, 1881, and the alleged claim of Ralph R. under the deed from Olíanles, given on the same day, were each seemingly adverse to the plaintiff’s title, if anything. The relief prayed as against them was that they should each “ be forever barred from any, every, and all claim or claims of title to any part or portion of said premises.” As to them, the only cause of action sought to be alleged seems to have been in the nature of guia timet. But such *41allegations were exceedingly general, and .might well have been regarded as conclnsions of law rather than statements of fact. The court might well have held that the complaint failed to state such a cause of action against them. If the court so held, then it became unnecessary to determine whether a cause of action quia timet against some of the defendants could be united with a cause of action for partition against the others. The same would be true, even if the allegations were regarded as showing that BaT/ph B. and George D. had each acquired an interest in a portion of the undivided half of the land which went to Ohcurles, prior to the plaintiff’s judgment; for then they would have been tenants in common with the plaintiff on his own showing, and hence necessary parties in partition. But even if the decision of the demurrer went upon the ground that several causes of action- had been improperly united, still it would not preclude the appellants from being parties in a simple action for partition, if their interests required it, even if it should become necessary to suspend proceedings in the partition suit until such adverse claim should be determined in a proper action.
It undoubtedly would have been better practice for the appellants, respectively, to have answered on the merits, setting up their right, title, and interest, or claim of such, in the lands, instead of demurring to the complaint upon the grounds stated. Still there is no good reason for holding that the order on the demurrer was a bar to their application to be reinstated as defendants. In other words, we cannot hold that that decision was a- determination that none of them had any such right, title, or interest in the premises in question as made it necessary for them to be made parties in the action for partition.
The learned counsel for the plaintiff insists that, upon the application to be reinstated as parties defendant, it was demonstrated by the documentary evidence presented in *42behalf of the plaintiff that neither the description in the deed nor the mortgage of October 3, 1881, included any of the lands here sought to be partitioned. To this it is answered that it does not appear, except by the plaintiff’s showing, that that mortgage is the one under which George D. claims, nor that that deed is the one under which Ralph R. claims; but that it does appear by the showing of the appellants that George D. has a valid mortgage for the amount named upon the lands in question or a part of them, given prior to the plaintiff’s judgment, and that Ralph R., prior to said judgment, purchased for a full and valuable consideration the lands in question, and then went into the possession of the same under a conveyance then given by Charles, and had remained in the exclusive possession thereof as tenant in common with the defendant William JVÍcArthur; and that the plaintiff had no right, title, interest, or possession of, in or to any part of said real property by reason of said judgment, or otherwise. It is claimed, moreover, that even if the description in the deed under which Ralph R. claims title is defective, yet as he paid full value, and was in possession under it prior to the plaintiff’s judgment, he has the right, as against the plaintiff, to reform such description, so as to include the land actually purchased; and that, in any event, such adverse claim of title could not be determined upon affidavits, but must be remitted for trial in some appropriate action. This must be the rule, otherwise it might become dangerous to make motions in actions affecting the title to real property. Deery v. McClintock, 31 Wis. 195.
The question recurs whether the appellants, or any of them, have shown such right, title, or interest in the lands in question as makes them necessary parties in this action for partition. The statute provides what the complaint must contain. Sec. 3102, R. S. It must in detail “ set forth the rights and titles of all persons interested therein, so far as *43the same are known to tke plaintiff.” Ibid. “ But in case any suck person, or kis skare or interest, be unknown to tke plaintiff, or be uncertain or contingent, ... so that suck person or kis interest could not be named or set forth, tke same shall be stated in tke complaint; but no person whose title or interest appears of record, or who is in the aetual possession or oceupcmey of any suck lands, shall be considered or proceeded against as an unknown owner.” Ibid. That section of tke statute and others clearly imply that all persons having any right, title, or interest in the premises, which would be involved or necessarily affected by a complete partition or an absolute sale of tke whole premises, must, if they are known, be made parties to tke action. Secs. 3106-3109, 3116, 3118-3121, 3125, 3127, 3133, 3141, 3143, R. S. Tke same was tke rule at common law. Burhans v. Burhans, 2 Barb. Ch. 398; Kester v. Stark, 19 Ill. 328; Brashear v. Macey, 3 J. J. Marsh. 93; Batterton v. Chiles, 12 B. Mon. 354; Lancaster v. Seay, 6 Rich. Eq. 111; Harlan v. Stout, 22 Ind. 488. Tke statute also provides that “any defendant may deny tke joint tenancy or tenancy in common of any codefendant, and any issue of fact between tke parties may be tried by a jury, as in other cases.” Sec. 3105, E. S. Tke issue of fact to be thus tried by a jury has been held to relate only to questions between codefendants, and not to controverted questions of legal title between the plaintiff and a defendant where ejectment may be maintained. Deery v. McClintock, 31 Wis. 195. Where, in an action for partition, a controversy arises between tke plaintiff and -one or more of tke defendants as to tke legal title to tke premises, tke practice indicated by this court has been to tke effect that either tke proceedings in tke case should be suspended until tke plaintiff should estabksk kis legal title at law, or the-bill should be dismissed without prejudice to kis right to file a new one after kis legal title should be so established. Deery v. McClintock, *44supra; Hardy v. Mills, 35 Wis. 141; Tobin v. Tobin, 45 Wis. 298. This was substantially the rule followed in Gifford v. Williams, L. R. 5 Ch. App. 546. This should be so especially where the plaintiff in such partition suit was not in the actual or constructive possession of the premises when such suit was commenced, and the person controverting his title was then in such actual possession. Rozier v. Johnson, 35 Mo. 326; Forder v. Davis, 38 Mo. 107. In fact, the statute seems to contemplate that such suit can only be maintained by one having the actual or constructive possession of the premises, or the right to the same. It provides that “ such action may be maintained by any person who has any estate in possession of the lands of which partition is sought, but not by any one who has only an estate therein in remainder or reversion.” Sec. 3101, R. S. Apparently upon this theory, it was held by this court that “ it is a good answer to an action for partition that the defendant has an estate for life or widowhood in the land sought to be divided.” Hannan v. Oxley, 23 Wis. 519.
The general rule at common law seems to be that no person has the right to enforce partition unless he has an estate in possession in the premises by virtue of which he is entitled to the present rents or use of the property as one of the oo-tenants. Freem. Oo-tenancy, §§ 446, 447; Burhans v. Burhans, 2 Barb. Ch. 398; Brownell v. Brownell, 19 Wend. 367; Whitten v. Whitten, 36 N. H. 326; Hunnewell v. Taylor, 6 Cush. 472; Stryker v. Lynch, 11 N. Y. Leg. Obs. 116; Albergottie v. Chaplin, 10 Rich. Eq. 428; Law v. Patterson, 1 Watts & S. 184; Longwell v. Bentley, 3 Grant’s Cas. 177; O’Dougherty v. Aldrich, 5 Denio, 385; Nichols v. Nichols, 28 Vt. 228.
If Ralph R. in fact had the legal title and actual possession prior to the plaintiff’s judgment, then, had he been a defendant, he could, upon the authorities cited, defeat this action. Claiming such legal title and possession, he may at *45least force a suspension of the action until such controversy over the legal title may he determined. This being so, he is a necessary party to the action, to prevent partition until his claim of legal title and right to continue in possession shall be determined. The same is, in a sense, true in respect to George D. McArthur, claiming under his alleged mortgage. But we discover no interest that Charles Stockman can have in the premises, even npon the showing of the appellants. It was suggested on the argument that if the description in the deed and mortgage given by him were defective, they might be reformed in equity, and it may be that he would be a proper party to such a suit. It was intimated by Chief Justice Dixon, in Deery v. McClintock, supra, that where issues of title adversely claimed and asserted were of an equitable nature, they might be tried and determined in partition. 31 Wis. 205. "Whether such reformation, or an action in the nature of quia timet (Ereem. Co-tenancy, § 326), could be had in this equitable action for partition, it is unnecessary here to determine, since no such case was made in the application to be reinstated.
By the Oourt.— The order of the circuit court appealed from is affirmed, with costs, as to Charles Stockman; and reversed, with costs, as to Ralph R. Stockman and George D. McArthur; and as to them the cause is remanded for further proceedings according to law.