State v. McBride

Opinion of the court by

Tompkins J.

The question raised for the decision of this court is, whether at the last general assembly, such change was *306made in the constitution of this State, that on the- first day of January 1836, the defendant ceased to be judge by-virtue of the commission set out in his plea: the acts charged against him being done and performed since that time.

whore one geni. ¡assembly proposes amendments of'thoState1 — 0" which are ratified and adopted by sombfw the " preme court may yet look into-their that atflp?erequi-sites have been complied with, were Adopted5" by proper majorities.it

In the 12th article of our constitution, it is provided that the general assembly may, at any time, propose such amendments to the constitution as two thirds of each house shall deem expedient: which shall be published in all the news papers published in this State, three several times, at least twelve months before the next general election: and if at the first session of the general assembly after such general election, two thirds of each house shall, by yeas and nays, ratify such proposed amendments, they shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as parts of this constitution, provided that such proposed amendments, shall be read on three several days, in each house as well when the same are proposed, as when they are finally ratified. At the last session of the general assembly, certain amendments proposed by the preceding assembly, were acted on and declared to be finally ratified. The first, and that on which the case now before this court must be decided, is as follows:

“That the offices of the several judges of the circuit courts, within this State, shall be vacated on the first day of January, 1836.” J ’

J ’ . . x1 or the State, it is contended by the circuit attorney, that the proposed amendments being declared by the genera^ assembly to be ratified, it is not permitted to this court to look into the matter to see whether the general assembly .have pursued the power granted to them in the secti°n °f the constitution. For the defendant, is contended that it is the duty of the court to examine strictly, the whole matter, and that if on such examina-t'on? R be found, that the two houses have not strictly pursued their power, it then becomes our boanden duty to decide that the section above cited is of no effect: and commission of the defendant is still in full force, being to continue in force during good behaviour. It is further contended that this amendment proposed by the seventh general assembly, was not ratified by two thirds of the senate of the eighth general assembly, as required by the 12th article of the constitution of this State, and that the amendment itself was notin itself an independent proposition: that another amendment proposed by the seventh general assembly, on which this is alleged to have been dependent, having failed, this shared its fate.

*307The constitution of this State, requires that each offi-Cér, whether-civil or military, shall before entering on the duties of his office, take an oath or affirmation to support the constitution of the United States and of this State, and to demean himself faithfully in office. In pursuance of the duty imposed by this oath, it has become quite a common business of the courts to examine the acts of the legislative body, to see whether any of them infringe the constitution, and to declare that such acts or parts of acts as are repugnant to the constitution, are not the law of the land, and are therefore of no force. No educated man at this day denies this right to the courts. On the contrary, it is considered a base abandonment of duty for a judge to hesitate, when it becomes his duty, to examine the acts of the more powerful branches of the government. If then, the constitution be the supreme-law of the land, it becomes the duty of the judge to look. ' into and understand well this first law of the land. The general assembly, acting itself under a power granted by the convention, can only change the constitution in the manner presented to it.

Is then, this court, each member of which is sworn to support the constitution, that first law of the land, to be told that they are not to enquire what that constitution is.

We are told that this is a matter which the people have confided to two successive general assemblies, and that their declaration of what is done, is to be to us, evidence that the tiling is done, they being sworn as well as ourselves, to support the constitution; yet we look into the acts of each general assembly, and if we find any of its acts violating the constitution, we declare such acts null ■ and void.

The general assembly, or. two general assemblies in succession, are but public servants, and it 'is disrespectful to them to say, that their acts will not bear inspection. If then, they will bear inspection and if, as we believe,, they have left behind them evidence of. what they have done, why need we, whose duty it is to observe the constitution as the supreme law of the land, hesitate respectfully to approach and examine those proofs, and see if indeed the constitution of 1820 has been changed, or if by .neglecting to pursue the course pointed out by the 12th ' section of the constitution, they have failed to give to their acts the validity of constitutional acts. To tell us that the people have reserved to themselves the sole right of looking into this matter, is to tell us that we are sworn *308to support acostitution Which we are not permitted to know.

An amendment which is ratified by two thirds of a two^'thiirdí^f1 a majority of lected, is ratified idAotM^within the meaning of the constitution, , ment proposedby the 7th and adopted by the 8th ge-vacates the offices of the judges of the circuit court rendmeeStenadndnt can well stand a-l°n0> The said amend-mentis valid; and

The first objection of the defendant’s counsel is, that this amendment did not pass the senate by a majority of two thirds of that house. The senate then consisted of twenty-four members, and it appears that seven voted against, and fifteen for it. The question to be solved is, what is the meaning of the word house, as used in the constitution; does it mean all the members elected, or does ^ mean aay number sufficient to constitute a quo-

In the 17th section of the third article of the constitu-^011? word house is mentioned as consisting of all the members elected. “A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business.” The word house, is frequently used in the same article as “each house shall appoint its own officers” &c.

“Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days at any one time” &c. To cite further instances, would be useless. The word house, as used in the constitution, may then, either be the whole numbei elected to that house or a majority of its members. The. most common meaning of the word then, being a number of members sufficient to constitute a quorum to do business, it is our opinion that fifteen members .of the senate having voted for this amendment, and seven only against it, two being absent, it was passed by the required number of votes.

Next, is it such a proposition as is independent and can stan(I by itself? We are told by the counsel, that it was proposed in connexion with another, and that having fallen, this must be nugatory. The proposed amendment alluded to, is this: “The judges of the circuit court &c. shall hereafter hold their offices for the term of six years, and until their successors are duly elected, commissioned and qualified” &c.

It is not at all improbable that the seventh general assembly might never have proposed the amendment above mentioned to have been ratified by the eighth, had they not expected this other by them proposed, to have also been ratified. But that they did not intend the one to be dependent on the other, is satisfactorily enough proved by the fact, that they were submitted as separate and distinct propositions; — that ratified, is at all events capable of standing alone.

This court then, being of opinion that the constitution of this State is so changed by the action of the seventh *309and eighth general assemblies, that the offices of the judges of the several circuit courts within this State, were vacated on the first day of January 1836; are of opinion that Priestly H. McBride, in discharging the duties of judge of the circuit court of the second judicial circuit, by holding courts &c., has been guilty of usurpation of office, and do adjudge that he be ousted therefrom. The court further, consideiing that no evidence has been fered to charge the defendant with anv evil intent in this atlair, and it being probable that he acted from mistaken views only, will not avail itself of the power given by law, to impose a fine on him, and condemn him to pay the costs only of this proceeding.

vacated the offi-the judges '*1® „ ofJanuary 1836.