delivered, the opinion of the . Court
The record of this case presents substantially the same points which the court has determined in the case of Hickerson vs. Workman and Benson, decided at the present term.
The wager, in the present case, was made on the 12th November, 1840, and was, thatW. H. Plarrison would receive, for president of the United States, thirty electoral votes more than Martin Van Burén.
On the trial, the court was called upon to say, that, until the first day of January, 1841, Hickerson had a right to rescind the contract. This is the only point in which it varies from the case of Hickerson vs. Benson & Workman, and for this refusal of the court so to instruct the jury, the plaintiffs ask a reversal of the judgment. The case of Rust vs. Gott (9 Cowen, 171,) is relied on, to sustain 'the position, that until the votes have been canvassed by the highest authority, and the result is officially announced, it cannot be known legally who is elected, and therefore, where a bet is made on the final result of an election, either party may rescind before that result has been thus legally and officially ascertained. There is nothing, however, in that case to warrant such a conclusion. It was an action by the winner against the stakeholder, after the stakeholder had returned the note to the maker. The court would not allow a recovery, on the ground, that the wager was illegal, and against the policy of the law, though made subsequently io the election. The tendency of such bets made after the election, hut before the result was legally ascertained, was held to be equally pernicious-and immoral with those made anterior to the election.
But the court did not undertake to determine whether the loser could have recovered against the stakeholder if he had refused to give up his note.
This case falls within the general principle asserted by Chief Justice Mansfield, in the case of Aubert vs. Walsh, 3 Taun., 284. After the contract is executed, the property or money delivered, and the risk determined, a losing party is not at liberty, then to rescind: his repentance comes too late; the offence against the policy of the law has been consummated, and there is no motive to induce a court of justice to interfere between the parties.
It must be admitted, that the ancient rule on the subject of illegal wagers, not permitting the parties to such contracts to have the aid of the law to help them out of their difficulties, appears the most reasonable, and the least objectionable. The law, however, is now well settled, that if a man declares his dissent from an illegal wager, before the event happens, ho may recover back his money. But this rule must be attended with some qualifications, otherwise it would open the way to the grossest fraud. If, for example, a wager is made, that A. will live ten years, and at the end of nine years eleven months and twenty-nine days A. is still alive, and the party belting that A. would not live the ten years gives notice that he. withdraws his bet, would this be within the spirit and meaning of the rule ?
The risk has not determined, the event has not happened, but the value of the risk is greatly altered. To allow a recision of the bargain in such a case,.and permit the gambler, who foresees his loss with a moral certainty, to withdraw his *13bet, through the aid of the law, would be a perversion of the first principles of justice, and making a court the instrument of encouraging fraud. After the relative condition and chance of the two parties has materially changed, the ancient rule of potior conditio defendentis must prevail.
It can hardly be doubted but in this case Hickerson, the plaintiff, on the 23d day of December, was fully aware that he had lost his wager.
The refusal of the court to instruct the jury, that he had until the first day of January to recall the bet, was, then, no error.
Judgment affirmed.
Tompkins, J. — I dissent. ■