delivered the opinion of the Court.
This was an action of trover, brought by the assignee, a mortgaged slave, to recover possession of the slave from the mortgagor.
*616The case was decided by this Court at the January term, 1844, (vol. 8, p. 366,) and the Circuit Court, to which the cause was remanded, has dissented from the opinion there delivered, in a spirit of candor and respect, calculated to induce a careful re-examination of our position with the same feelings.
The opinion of the circuit judge is founded upon the doctrine, generally maintained in relation to mortgages of real estate, that the debt is the principal, and the mortgage only the incident; that an assignment of the debt will carry with it the mortgage, as its incident, but that an assignment of the interest in the land, without the debt, is a nullity. (Wilson vs. Troup, 2 Cow. Rep., 195; 5 Cow., 202; 4 Johns. Rep., 43.) If these principles be applicable to mortgages of personal property, the position of the Circuit Court is maintained.
But the same court which has held these doctrines, has also adjudged, that a mortgagee of personal property, when payment is not made on the day, is the absolute owner; (Ackley vs. Finch, 7 Cow., 290; Langdon vs. Bush, 9 Wend., 80; Brown vs. Bement, 8 Johns. Rep., 96;) and that personal property may, after forfeiture, be levied on, by virtue of an execution against the mortgagee, although in the hands of the mortgagor. (Ferguson vs. Lee, 9 Wend., 258.)
In New York, where these opinions prevail, the courts have manifested a strong inclination to break down the distinction which formerly obtained between the mode of regarding mortgages in courts of law and in courts of equity, and the legislature has evinced a corresponding disposition on their part. Hence the legislature has enacted, (what I think had been previously sanctioned by the courts,) that the mortgagor may maintain ejectment, (Runyan vs. Merserean, 11 Johns. Rep., 534,) and that the equity of redemption may be so Id under, execution; and in accordance with this notion, that the mortgage is but a security— the mortgagor is the real owner of the estate- — -the freeholder, the courts have held, that the lands mortgaged cannot be sold on execution against the mortgaged, before foreclosure, though the estate has become absolute at law. (4 Johns. Rep., 41; 11 Johns. Rep., 534.)
Not so, however, in relation to mortgages of personal property; on the contrary, the equity doctrines in that State seem to allow the mortgagee to foreclose the equity of redemption, in personal chattels, by a notice and sale. (Hart vs. Teneyck, 2 Johns. Ch. Rep., 100.) But this was the doctrine of a court of equity, and placed upon the authority of the English cases of Tucker vs. Wilson, (1 P. Wms., 161,) and Lockwood vs. Eure, (2 Atk., 303,) and had no reference to the position of the courts of law in relation to the legal estate of the mortgagee. There is no pretension that the interest of the mortgagor in real estate could be foreclosed by such a process.
So, whilst this Court has held, that an equity of redemption in real estate was vendible, under execution, it has also held, that the interest of the mortgagor in chattels could not be sold under execution. — King vs. Bailey, 8 Mo. Rep.
Hence, it is evident, that there are material and numerous distinctions between mortgages of land and mortgages of chattels; and whilst the courts of law have gradually approximated to courts of equity, in their view of mortgages in real estate, they maintain their ancient ground in relation to the latter class of securi*617ties: for this, doubtless, there have been sufficient motives, arising partly from the inferior value and importance of personal property, and partly from a reluctance to impose any unnecessary restrictions upon its transfer.
This is an action of trover, and the only question is, as to the legal title.
Unquestionably, the morgagee, after forfeiture, has the legal title — is, in the eye of the law, the absolute owner of the chattel. It is difficult to conceive of a title of this character, accompanied with such restrictions as to prevent its transfer to another. How can a man be said to he the absolute owner of a chattel, and yet unable to make any valid disposition of that chattel, by sale, gift or otherwise ?
It is suggested, in the opinion of the circuit judge, that considerable embarrassment will attend the settlement of the rights of these parties in a court of equity, if a transfer of the mortgaged property be allowed. This may be so, if a restitution of the mortgaged property is thought to be essential. But if the mortgagor be entitled to a decree only for the value of the mortgaged property, (as against the mortgagee) deducting the amount of the debt, it is not perceived, that the sale, by the mortgagee, will anywise affect the rights of the mortgagor in equity.
Judgment reversed, and cause remanded.