This is an action to recover damages' alleged to have been done to plaintiff’s fence and meadow by fire negligently communicated thereto by one of defendant’s passing locomotives.- The plaintiff recovered judgment; and the important question arising on this appeal is, whether or not there was sufficient evidence introduced by plaintiff to support the verdict..
■The plaintiff testified as to his ownership of the property destroyed, and the extent of the damage. He was not at home when the fire occurred, and did not even see the fire. The only witness whose evidence bears upon the question of the communication of fire was John Mercer, who testified as follows : “I saw one fire in Mr. Peck’s field, on north side of railroad; I can’t just give the date of it; I saw the fire on the north side of the railroad along in October, 1886; I was coming along on the hand-car at the time ; I was working on the section for the Missouri Pacific railroad at, that time ;'we were coming east on the hand-car towards Strasbnrg; we were coming from the direction of Pleasant Hill; as we were coming east oh the hand-car, it was some time in October last year, we met a freight-train on the Missouri Pacific railroad a mile and a half west of where the fire was; the train was going west,' *126. and we were coming east; we took our car off the track and let the train pass ; after the train had passed, we put the car on the track again and started on east; after we had gone a mile and a half from where we met the train we came to where the railroad runs through Mr. Peck’s field; when we got there the fire was burning on the edge of the right of way, and was spreading towards his meadow and field; we stopped, and tried to put it out; the fire had burned along on the right of way and in the field adjoining the railroad ; the fire seemed to have started on the right of way; I did not see it .start, but from the fact that it had burned some of the weeds on the right of way, it looked to me as though the fire had started on the edge of the right of way. 'The grass was very dry; the wind was blowing pretty : smart from the south. Before the fire occurred, think the grass on the right of way had been mowed, but not .burned.”
I. It is ever, or should be, with reluctance that courts interfere with the province of juries, or with the .court sitting as a jury, as in this case, in passing upon .questions of fact. Whenever, from all the facts and .circumstances in evidence, a jury may, without doing violence to the dictates of reason and common sense, infer a given fact on account of its known relation to •the fact proved, the court should not interpose its own •different conclusion. But while this is correct, the due protection of property rights demands that the court •should draw the line with a firm hand between tangible evidence and reasonable, legitimate deductions, and mere conjecture or speculation.
In this case there was no proof that any fire was seen to escape from any engine or train of cars on defendant’s road, at or about the time in question. The .only proof was that a freight train on defendant’s road was seen one mile and a half from the fire going west. What time that train passed the given point, in relation -to the appearance of the fire, is not disclosed. .Whether *127the train had stopped at any point* or had ran continuously over, the intermediate space, or at what rate of speed it was running when seen, are matters hot developed.' How long did it occupy in covering the mile and .a half % How long did it take the car-men to replace the hand-car on the track, and to run the mile and a half before the witness Mercer discovered the fire ? There was absolutely no evidence of these facts ; and the jury, -or the court, were left entirely to mere conjecture and guess as to these important facts.
Then again the court was left entirely in the dark as to how long the fire had been burning when Mercer discovered it. It may, so far as this record discloses, have been burning when the freight train passed that point. The burden of proof rested on the plaintiff to make out his case. There was no evidence to the effect that just before the passing of defendant’s engine no fire was seen at that point, by a person having an opportunity to see it. Nor was there any evidence that immediately after the train passed the fire appeared on the track.
In Kenney v. Railroad, 70 Mo. 245, 252, this question of sufficiency of evidence is elaborately considered. There the evidence showed that just before the engines passed there was no fire on the track, and that immediately thereafter, fire appeared. It was held that there was such “known and experienced connection subsisting between the collateral facts, or circumstances, satisfactorily proved, and the fact in controversy,” as to justify the submission of the case to the judgment of the jury. The illustration given by the learned judge who' wrote the opinion, of a person passing through a meadow •conveying fire in a vessel, from which sparks, without due caution, might escape, and immediately thereafter a fire is discovered springing up in his wake, shows the proper application-of the rule of legitimate inference for the jury to make. But no such facts, or their cognates, were in proof here.
The case of Sheldon v. Railroad, 29 Barb. 226, *128alluded to in the opinion, supra, is more allied, in its facts, to the case at bar. There the plaintiff’s mill, within sixty-seven feet of the railroad track, with its windows open, and highly inflammable material within, was discovered to be on fire in about one hour and seventeen minutes after an engine had passed. No one saw any sparks emitted from the engine. Nor was there any proof that just before the eugine passed no fire was observed about the mill. The court held the evidence to be insufficient to support a - verdict. The court say: “These facts, standing alone, do no more than make out a possible case that possibly the fire proceeded from defendant’s locomotive. It is not enough for plaintiff to show a possibility that the fire was communicated to the mill by sparks emitted by defendant’s locomotive. He cannot recover upon a possibility. Even if the evidence went further and brought the fact sought to be proved within a probability, still the plaintiff must fail; because to justify a verdict, the law requires, not positive proof it is true, but such proof as will leave no reasonable doubt of the existence of the fact upon which it must rest. The rights of property, and all claims to its possession and enjoyment, are dependent upon the existence of certain facts. And when they are disputed and become the subject of judicial investigation, if juries could assume their existence, without sufficient evidence and render verdicts upon possibility, probability, and conjecture, the courts would be shorn of their legitimate authority, and the wise and just rules of common law, as they have been recognized- and applied from time immemorial, wouldlose their principal value.”
There were so many other means by which the fire in question may have originated, within the range of possibility, and probability, as to ■ render a judgment against the defendant too conjectural on the evidence . adduced by the plaintiff.
Under the view entertained of the merits of this case, it is unnecessary to discuss other errors assigned by the appellant. The demurrer to the evidence should *129have been sustained. The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause is remanded.
All concur.