— The testimony introduced at the trial tends strongly to sustain plaintiff’s statement of the facts as prepared by her counsel, and which, in substance, is as follows : On November 20,. 18S9, the plaintiff, Mary Mackin, became a passenger on one of defendant’s street cars. She was accompanied by her daughter, a young girl of twenty-one years of age, and a small child, two years old. When she arrived at her destination, she signaled the conductor, and the car was stopped to permit her to alight. She then proceeded to the side door of the vestibule of the car, where the steps were, leading the little child, whom the conductor took by the arms and set down upon the ground. Mrs. Mackin then attempted to get down, and in doing so, to steady herself, caught hold of the door-jamb with her right hand, and while in this position, and before she had time to do anything further, the conductor in charge of the car seized' her roughly by the arm or shoulder, and violently and forcibly pulled and jerked her down from the platform of the car. By reason of this act, her hand, or rather the rings on her finger, were caught on the tongue of the lock-plate of the door, and her whole weight was suspended from the rings, resulting in the tearing and wounding of her finger and hand, the fracture and dislocation of the third finger at the joint where it joins the hand, and the breaking of the bone in the back of her hand, before her hold gave way.
In order to have a correct idea of the car and of the door-jamb, and lock-plate, it is necessary to understand that the cars are of the style known as vestibuled cars, that is, there is a vestibule at either end. The steps of the car for the egress and ingress of passengers are on *86the sides of the car, and from these steps a door in the sides of the car leads into the vestibule, and from the vestibule a door in the end of the car opens into the body of the car. The jamb of the vestibule door, where the accident occurred, leading to the steps, has fitted into it a brass lock-plate with a tongue for the bolt of the door lock to run over and to protect the wood of the car. This tongue of the plate extended á short distance beyond the inside edge of the jamb. The face of the lock-plate was mortised into the jamb even and smooth with the face of the jamb, but the tongue of the lock-plate extended a little bejmnd the wood of the jamb, and curved inwards towards the jamb again, leaving the point sharp and hooked. 1 On this point it is probable the rings on plaintiff’s right hand caught when she was jerked from the car.
Plaintiff then went to-a drugstore near by and had her hand dressed ; then to her physician, Dr. Riley, who attempted to remove the rings, but the flesh was so badly torn and the hand swollen that he was unable to do so, but sent her to a jewelry store, Mr. Goodlive’s, where Mr. Wehrle filed the rings off. Dr. Riley treated her for some five or six weeks. The result of the injury was a permanent crippling of the hand, and a permanent impairing of ability to perform her household duties, and pains and suffering continuous up to, and at date of, the trial. The jury found a verdict for $1,500 damages, and, after an unsuccessful motion for a new trial, the cause comes here on appeal.
The points relied upon for reversal may be stated as: First, the court’s refusal to give defendant’s instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence ; second, the refusal to give defendant’sx instructions 2 and 13, relating to the burden of proof ; third, the refusal to give defendant’s instruction, numbered 3, incorporating the rule that the injury must have been committed through the negligence of defendant’s servants, and that such wrongful acts must have been *87within the scope of the agency of such servants ; and, fourth, that the court should have granted a new trial upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence.
I. As to the first point, our duty is so clear that the matter is scarcely worthy of discussion. There was an abundance of evidence to sustain the claim made in the petition. The statement of facts, set out in the opening of this opinion, is fully justified by the record of the evidence produced here. Indeed, from a reading of that evidence, we do not see how the jury could have determined the case otherwise.
II. The court refused to instruct the jury (as requested by defendant) that “ the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to establish defendant’s liability by a preponderance of the testimony,” and this action is assigned as error. The refusal of such an instruction as this, couched in the unexplained legal terms, “ burden of proof” and “preponderance of evidence,” has been sustained by our supreme court. Clark v. Kitchen, 52 Mo. 316. It was said in that case, that such an instruction “ is such as to readily confuse and mislead the minds of the jury.” The words, “preponderance of evidence,” are, with the average jury, susceptible of, and very likely to receive, almost an infinity of construction.” See, also, decision by the St. Louis Court of Appeals, Fletcher v. Mfg. Co., 35 Mo. App. 329, and cases cited.
III. Defendant’s instruction, numbered 3, the refusal of which is assigned as error, reads as follows: “ 3. The court instructs the jury that, before they can find for plaintiff, they must believe from a preponderance of the testimony that plaintiff’s injuries were caused by the wrongful acts or negligence of defendant’s servants, and that such wrongful acts or negligence was within the scope of authority delegated, to such servants by defendant.” The criticism made in the foregoing paragraph as to the use of “preponderance of the testimony” applies here; and as to the. *88closing sentence that the jury should believe “that such wrongful acts or negligence were within the scope of authority delegated to such servants by defendant,” it may be said that neither by the pleadings nor by the evidence was any such issue presented. It stands admitted that, in assisting the plaintiff to alight from the car, the conductor was in the line of the performance of his duties. Said instruction was then properly refused.
IY. The last ground for new trial, as presented in defendant’s motion, is this: “That defendant, since the trial, discovered new and important evidence which is material and relevant to its defense, and which would change the result of the trial, and cause the jury to find its verdict in favor of defendant. That defendant had a good and meritorious defense in this case, as shown by the newly-discovered evidence, and that offered at the trial.” Accompanying the motion for new trial defendant presented, in support of this ground, the affidavit of one Purkett, stating matter which, if produced in time, would tend to sustain the defense. Thereupon, plaintiff presented counter-affidavits, not only expressly contradicting the story related by Purkett, but numerous affidavits tending to impeach the credibility and character of Purkett. Defendant’s counsel find fault with the trial court in refusing a new trial on the ground above alleged. The lower court was justified in such refusal for two obvious reasons. In the first place defendants made no showing whatever of prior diligence. There is not a word of excuse offered why this evidence was, or could, not have been discovered and produced at the trial. Courts very justly look with suspicion on such application, and,before granting a new trial on the ground of newly-discovered evidence', there must be a showing of honest endeavor and diligence to procure and produce the testimony when the trial was had in the first instance. The presumption is violent, it is said, that the applicant for a new trial might have previously discovered the witness *89on using reasonable diligence. “ It is easy for a party to claim the discovery of new evidence, and it is hard that his opponent should be compelled to submit to the expense of a second trial, when such claim is either unfounded, or the result of negligence in the first preparation.” 3 Graham & Waterman on New Trials, secs. 1026-1083. Stringent rules are applied by the courts to prevent the almost endless mischief which a different course would produce. Careless preparation, tampering with witnesses, repeated and fruitless trials, and immense expense in litigation would be a few of the many evils attendant upon a loose practice in this respect. See also Mills v. Sampsel, 53 Mo. 364, and cases cited. And again the court was justified in denying a new trial because of this alleged newly-discovered evidence, if the trial judge believed (as he might well have believed) that such new evidence could not have influenced the verdict. The character and credibility of the witness Purkett was a proper subject of investigation, and if successfully impeached the court might consider the same in passing on the motion for a new trial. And if it should be clear that the new evidence would have no effect upon another verdict the motion should be denied, but if itbe doubtful as to how the evidence would affect the result, then, it is said, the motion should be sustained. 3 Graham & Waterman on New Trials, secs. 1068-9 ; Howland v. Reeves, 25 Mo. App. 462; State v. Bailey, 94 Mo. 316; Parker v. Hardy, 24 Pick. 246; Williams v. Baldwin, 18 Johns. 489.
Upon a careful examination then of the whole case we discover no reason for a reversal, and, therefore, affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
All concur.