The petition alleged that, “the defendánt maliciously, wrongfully and oppressively instituted a suit against Charles Witascheck * * * by attachment and sued out a writ of attachment therein, maliciously and wrongfully, and by means of said writ of attachment, maliciously, wrongfully and oppressively caused and procured ” the goods of plaintiff to be taken out of and withheld from his possession for about sixty days', by reason whereof the same greatly depreciated in value; and that he necessarily incurred heavy expense, and paid out large sums of money in and about defending said suit, and regaining the possession of his property, etc. There was a trial, and, at the conclusion of the evidence adduced by plaintiff, the court gave an instruction which declared that upon the pleadings and evidence the plaintiff was not entitled to recover. There was a judgment of non-suit and an appeal by plaintiff.
I. The principal question which we are required to consider is, whether the petition states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Want of probable cause and malice lie at the foundation of the action for malicious attachment, and constitute its fundamental elements. Malice, either express or implied, and the want of probable cause must both concur. The petition does not allege one of these, constitutive elements, that of want of probable cause. This is a defect which is fatal to its sufficiency. Moody v. Deutsch, 85 Mo. 237 ; Walser v. Theis, 56 Mo. 89; Scovill v. Glasner, 79 *213Mo. 449; Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 Mo. 192; Drake on Attachment, sec. 732.
The bill of exceptions recites that the defendant objected to the introduction by the plaintiff of testimony tending to show the time spent by him in attending the various suits, the value of that time, the amount of money paid out for counsel fees, and for rent of store, etc., upon the ground that such items constitute no element of damage in the case, and that the court admitted the same under the charge in the petition that the prosecution of the Kansas suit was malicious. This very manifestly shows that the case was tried upon the theory that the cause of action stated in the petition was that of malicious attachment. And this conclusion finds further support’ in the fact that evidence adduced to prove the kind of damages alleged in the petition would not have been admissible upon any other view of the petition. Such damages could only be recovered in- a case when the suit was malicious and without probable cause. Walser v. Theis, supra; Gregory v. Chambers, 78 Mo. 294; Mix v. Kepner, 81 Mo. 96; Cottrell v. Russell, 21 Mo. App. 1; Sutherland on Damages, 496; Sedgwick on Meas. Dam. [7 Ed.] 186.
The very learned and able counsel for the plaintiff, in his brief, contends that the whole case is resolved into a'single proposition : ‘'Did the defendant wrongfully levy by attachment against the property of Charles Witascheck, on the property of the plaintiff ?” As we have already stated, the case was tried upon an entirely different theory. The measure of the plaintiff’s damages upon this theory would have been confined to the interest on the value of the goods during the time he was deprived of the use of them, unless it had appeared that injury or deterioration had resulted. Reno v. Kingsbury, 39 Mo. App. 240; State v. Smith, 31 Mo. 566; Walker v. Boland, 21 Mo. 289; Watson v. Hannon, 85 Mo. 447 ; Suth. on Dam., pp. 538-546.
*214The plaintiff introduced no evidence to support any such theory of his .petition as this. The assumption upon which the plaintiff tried his case in the court below is, as we think, different from that which he has urged here. He must stand or fall in this court upon the theory upon which he tiled his case in the court below. Martinowsky v. Hannibal, 35 Mo. App. 70; Fell v. Mining Co., 23 Mo. App. 216 ; Holmes v. Braidwood, 82 Mo. 610; Whetstone Shaw, 70 Mo. 575 ; Walker v. Owen, 79 Mo. 563.
Though the petition does not allege that the invasion of the plaintiff’s rights of property was without probable cause, yet, if it be conceded that enough is alleged to show that the elements of malice and oppression mingled in the wrongful act, is there any evidence in the record which entitled the plaintiff to go to the jury on that theory ? Under the allegations of the petition, we must assume that the defendant had reasonable cause to bring his suit by attachment, and to cause the writ to be levied upon the property claimed by plaintiff. Malice may be inferred from want of probable cause, but it is neither alleged nor established by evidence. There is not the slightest evidence adduced to show that the ingredient of wantonness or bad motive entered into the act of alleged trespass. These ingredients, in actions of this nature, in order to justify exemplary damages, must characterize the trespass. There need not be' any personal ill-will, or spite, towards the injured party, for wantonness or reckless, lawless spirit may be displayed against the property of a stranger. Malice means that the wrongdoer not only intended to do the act which is ascertained to be wrongful, but that he knew it was wrongful when he did it. Trauerman v. Lippincott, 39 Mo. App. 481; Goetz v. Ambs, 27 Mo. 28; Eagle v. Jones, 51 Mo. 316 ; Franz v. Hilderbrand, 45 Mo. 721; Seibel v. Simeon, 72 Mo 526 ; Bruce v. Ulery, 79 Mo. 322 ; Brown v. Railroad 89 Mo. 152.
*215In this case it. is not disputed, that the plaintiff had a just claim against Charles Witascheck. The defendant, supposing himself wronged by "the action of Charles Witascheck in transferring the property to his brother Albert, had the right to bring his suit by attachment to test the legality of the transfer. The law gives this right, and protects it in an action brought for malicious prosecution. If the defendant has brought himself within the category of right to sue, given by law, then it is clear that he can avail himself of the indulgence allowed by law of showing probable cause for the suit, but, as we have already indicated, the theory of the plaintiff’s case is that the defendant had probable cause to believe that the transfer of the property was fraudulent and void, and hence he had the right by law to bring his suit to have that matter judicially determined, subject only, if his claim was adjudged false, to pay the costs of suit and only such other damages as are allowed by law when property has been wrongfully seized and detained under the process of attachment.
If this were not so it would deter men from approaching the courts of justice for relief. The right to complain of, or sue, another, is given by the law whenever there is probable cause to believe there is ground for the action. Stewart v. Sonneborn, 98 U. S. supra.
Since the statute of the state of Kansas - is not in evidence before us, and as we cannot take judicial notibe of it, and as the state of Kansas is not one of those states in which we are authorized to indulge the presumption that the common law prevails, we, hence, conclude that the rule of law allowing damages in such case, must be found in the law of this state. Flato v. Mulhall, 72 Mo. 532 ; Goldsall v. Bark, 80 Mo. 631 ; Kollock v. Emmert, 43 Mo. App. 566.
If it be not denied, as is the case here, that the levy of the attachment was with probable cause, but *216contended, that it was malicious and oppressive, we are unable to discover from any evidence in the case that this contention can be sustained. There seems to have been nothing in the case to justify it. The suit was commenced and prosecuted, as far as we can discover, in the utmost good faith. No circumstance of malice, oppression or wantonness in the conduct of the attachment case has been called to our attention. There are some other questions discussed in the briefs of counsel, which,' in view of the case which we have taken, it becomes [unnecessary to notice. It results from these observations that the action of the circuit court in instructing the jury that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover, was not error, and that the judgment must be affirmed.
All concur.