— Defendant owed plaintiff $500 which was barred by the statute of limitations, unless it was. taken out of the statute by a written acknowledgment or new promise evidenced by the following letter written by defendant to his sister:
“* * * There is no use in repeating what it was, but nevertheless Frank will get j the little money I owe him just as soon as I have that much that I can call my own. But right here again you say that he has hired a lawyer to collect the money. What has he got to show that he ever let me have one dollar? He might as well try to collect that much from any other man. In that case I would only have to defend myself and throw the cost on him which I do not want to do. There was one time that I might of paid him and have been sorry ever since that I did not. But now everything is' tied up so that I cannot pay anything. Mrs. Williamson is lying down resting; she-has no girl now. Theodore is still in the bank yet. All. and John goes to school; they all join in sending love to all and hope to hear that you are all well again.
“From your brother
“John.”
From the view which we take of the case it will not be necessary to decide whether such letter contains a sufficient unconditional acknowledgment or promise to revive the obligation within the purview of the law as announced in Chidsey v. Powell, 91 Mo. 622, and Kirkbride v. Gash, 34 Mo. App. 256.
*199There is a lack o'f uniformity in the authorities as to whom the promise should he made. It is held in many jurisdictions that the acknowledgment may be made to a stranger, while much authority is to the effect that such acknowledgment must be made either to the creditor or his agent. There is yet another class of authorities which hold that the acknowledgment will be sufficient, though made to a stranger, provided it was the intention of the debtor that such acknowledgment should be communicated to the creditor. Parker v. Remington, 15 R. I. 300; Roller v. Bachman, 5 Lea, 157; Marshall v. Reilley, 11 Lea, 307, Bachman v. Roller, 9 Baxter 414; Crinckle v. Herald, 6 Mackey. 496.
In this case, the sister to whom the letter was addressed was- the agent of plaintiff, but there is no evidence tending to show that defendant intehded that his -acknowledgment should be communicated to plaintiff; nor is there any evidence tending to show that defendant knew the sister was plaintiff’s agent. That an acknowledgment made to an agent is sufficient we believe is not now disputed anywhere. But the question remains: must the agency be known to the debtor? We answer that it must. There is not much authority on the proposition but it was so directly decided by the supreme court of Pennsylvania in McKinney v. Snyder, 78 Pa. St. 497; and the opinion in that case is adopted and approved in Wood on Limitations, section 79. This view includes the further holding that an acknowledgment to a stranger is of no effective force against the statute unless indeed it be made with the intention that it be communicated to the creditor. And we think such is undoubtedly the true rule. Wood on Limitations, sec. 79; Ft. Scott v. Hickman, 112 U. S. 150; Spangler v. Spangler, 122 Pa. St. 358; Hostetter v. Hollinger, 117 Pa. St. 606.
*200The entire basis of the rule is that there has been & promise to pay the debt within the period of limitation. A mere acknowledgment of the debt, per se, ‘would have no effective force, but for the implication of a promise which the law builds on such acknowledgment. It is, therefore, the promise we should look to in undertaking to reason the question. To make an efficient promise there is as much necessity for a promisee as there is for a promisor. Now a stranger cannot be a promisee in relation to a matter in which he has no interest and to which he sustains no relation by agency for either party, or otherwise; it ought, therefore, logically to follow that an acknowledgment to a stranger is without operative effect on the statute. In Allen v. Collier, 70 Mo. 138, a written acknowledgment of a debt was found among the papers of a deceased debtor, and the court held that it must have been made to some one to be of any force. There was no practical difference between making a written acknowledgment to a stranger, and making the acknowledgment, but to no particular person.
Recurring to the question whether the agency should be known to the debtor, it will readily occur to anyone that a promise implies an intention to do the thing promised, and that it likewise creates an obligation, legal or moral so to do. But an acknowledgment of a debt to one thought to be a stranger can have no effect in showing an intention to discharge the debt, nor could such acknowledgment form the basis of an implied promise in favor of a person not thought to be connected with the party to whom the ackowledgment was made.
Holding, therefore, that a written acknowledgment made to a stranger will not affect the statute of *201limitations, and that if such acknowledgment be made to an agent such agency must he known to the debtor, we must sustain the trial court and affirm the judgment.
All concur.