Plaintiffs sued the defendant for damages in failing to take of them a lot of-hogs, according to a contract between them. Defendant prevailed in the trial court. Plaintiffs contracted with defendant to sell him a large number of hogs. Some ofthemwereto be fat, and others stock hogs. They were to be delivered at Seymour. The evidence conflicts as to the exact day of delivery.
1. The first question presented relates to the statute of frauds. Our statute, section 5187, Revised Statutes, 1889, provides that no sale of personal property of the price of $30 or more, shall be valid, unless the buyer accept and receive a part of the *638property, “or give something in earnest to bind the bargain, or in part payment,” or unless some written memorandum be made. There was no delivery of any part of the hogs at the time of making the contract, nor was there any written memorandum of the saje; and the question arising on the evidence is, was there a part payment! It was shown that plaintiffs and defendant at the making of the contract, each placed the sum of $50 in the hands of a third party, the plaintiffs’ theory at the trial being that the sum put up by defendant was to be a part payment; while on the other hand there was evidence in defendant’s behalf tending strongly to prove that each party respectively put up these sums as a “forefeit,” so that the party failing to perform his contract should forfeit the amount put up by such party; the party not in default should receive the whole sum put up. The trial court instructed the jury, that, ¡if the money was placed in the hands of a third party as money to be forfeited by the defaulting party, it was not a payment and the contract was invalid. A literal reading of the statute undoubtedly makes a distinction between something which is given in earnest to bind the bargain, and that which is given in part payment. Originally this “earnest” was not necessarily a part payment. It was a custom under the common law, and seems also to have been a custom in other countries than England to give something to bind a bargain. In some countries some act was performed. Story on Sales, section 273. Benjamin states in his work on Sales, section 196, that one species of earnest in the Roman law was a payment of a sum which if the sale was carried out was to be credited on the price, but which carried the understanding that it was forfeit money if the sale was not completed by the buyer; and if the contract was not performed by the seller, he was to return to the buyer the money advanced together *639with a like sum as a forfeit on his part. Whether a sum which is termed forfeit money was ever a species of earnest by the common law need not now be investigated, since it has ceased to be of practical importance. It is now considered, that giving something in earnest to bind the bargain, and giving something in payment mean the same thing; that is, a part payment of the price. Benjamin on Sales, see. 189; Story on Sales, secs. 273, 275. So, while in some countries in olden times, “earnest .to bind the bargain” might consist of forfeit money, it is not so now. In modern times, earnest must be a part payment of the price. And, where the parties to a contract put ig) a sum of money to be forfeited to the non-defaulting party, it is not a part payment, and therefore does not take the contract out of the statute of frauds. This was directly so. held in Howe v. Hayward, 108 Mass. 54. The case of Alexander v. Moore, 19 Mo. 143, which has been cited by plaintiffs, is not in point; that case was where a part payment of the price was put into the hands of a third party by the purchaser.
Plaintiffs, however, make the point here that there was no contract for the sale of the hogs by plaintiffs to defendant, but that plaintiffs were merely employed by defendant to purchase the hogs for him. It is enough to say of this, that it is quite apparent such theory was not the theory upon which the case was tried below, and we hardly need repeat, that we will decide the case as it Was tried.
In our opinion, the instructions of the court were proper as applied to the various phases of the evidence. There was an addition made by the court to some of those offered by the plaintiffs, wherein plaintiffs, after submitting certain hypotheses, closed by declaring the measure of damages which plaintiffs were entitled to *640recover, the court added a proviso to such direction, that plaintiffs must have sold the hogs to the best advantage. When it is considered that plaintiffs, when they, according to their theory, found that defepdant had abandoned the contract, sold the hogs and were seeking to recover the difference in the price they got and the price they were to get under the contract, it is apparent the addition was properly made by the court, since it is the law in such cases that the best price which may be obtained must be. We discover no error in other minor changes.
The instructions in behalf of defendant merely submitted the case to the jury, from the standpoint of the defendant’s theory, and were proper. Th? tenth instruction was on the question of defendant’s alleged abandonment of the contract, and, under the evidence, must have had reference to his deliberate withdrawal therefrom while it was yet obligatory upon him. It was proper, therefore, to submit to the jury in this respept the question of defendant’s intention.
We have examined the objections made to the court’s ruling on the evidence, and have discovered no substantial error materially affecting the merits of the case. Whether any of the hogs were lost from overheating on the drive to Seymour, could have no bearing on the rights of the parties under the contract. Nor was it of any moment what plaintiff, Jennings, might have heard as to defendant’s being dissatisfied with his contract. Nor as to what plaintiffs paid for the hogs.
A full consideration of the points made by plaintiffs, has not led us to the discovery of anything which would justify our interference with the judgment, and it is accordingly affirmed.
All concur.