This is an action which was brought to recover the value of a cow killed upon a public crossing over defendant’s railroad in Cooper county. The plaintiff had judgment in the circuit court and defendant appealed.
statement. It was conceded at the trial that the provisions of article 2, chapter 5, Revised Statutes, commonly known as the “stock law,” were in force 001111^ w;here the injury happened. It appears from the evidence that plaintiff’s cow on the day of the injury escaped from a pasture in which she had been confined and from thence entered upon defendant’s railroad at a point where it crosses a traveled public road and where she was struck and injured by a passing train. The defendant contends that the plaintiff’s cow was, when injured, running at large in violation of the statute just referred to and that consequently the trial court erred in refusing its peremptory instruction.
The statute, section 2608, requires that a bell shall be placed on each locomotive engine and be rung at a distance of at least eighty rods from the place where the railroad shall cross any traveled public road and be kept ringing until it shall have crossed such road, or a steam whistle shall be attached to such engine and be sounded at least eighty rods from the place where the railroad crosses any such road and be sounded at intervals until it shall have crossed such road. It is also further provided in the same section that the railroad company shall be liable for all damages which any person may sustain at such crossing when such bell shall not be rung or such whistle sounded as therein required.
*266■^n“s°o?k:'stock law. appeal. *265The common law exempted the proprietor of land from the obligation of fencing it and imposed on the *266owner of domestic animals the duty of confining them on his own premises. Gorman v. Railway, 26 Mo. 441. Section 354 of the stock law already referred to declares it to be unlawful for the owner of any of the species of domestic animals-therein mentioned to permit the same to run at large outside of his inclosures. And section 358 of that law exempts the landowner from fencing against any of the species of domestic animals enumerated in said section 354, supra. It thus appears that the stock law is somewhat analogous to the common law on the subject. The provisions of the former are not in jpari materia with those already referred to relating to the precautions required of railroad companies in approaching public crossings. They deal with distinct subjects. The former does not relieve such companies of the duty enjoined by the latter. There is no repugnancy and no-repeal by implication or otherwise of one by the other. Both can stand together. Nor does the former contemplate the killing of stock wandering upon the land of another, but, on the contrary, it provides for the taking up and impounding such stock, the care to be bestowed upon them while so impounded, etc., how the expense is to be paid, and gives a remedy for the damages done while running at large. R. S., secs. 354, 355, 356, 357. Under these statutory provisions there can be no doubt but that railroad companies have the right -to restrain stock found running at large, but nowhere do we find any provision exempting them from the duty of giving the signals in approaching public crossings required by section 2608, nor from liability caused by the omission to perform' such duty. In a Georgia case—Railroad v. Hamilton, 71 Ga. 464—there was an instruction refused to the effect that “if the cow was permitted to run at large by plaintiff and was killed by defendant’s cars since the adoption of *267the stock law, then plaintiff was guilty of negligence and .there could be no recovery.” In respect to this instruction it was said by the court in the course of the opinion that it “was manifestly wrong in that it assumed that the running at large of the cow, without reference to other facts proved, was of itself such negligence as would defeat a recovery and this though the conduct of the defendant’s agents running the engine and train may have been wholly without justification.”
contribu"tory~neg-m«e cauf™*1Permitting domestic animals to run at large in violation of the stock law is no doubt evidence of negligence when considered only as an abstract question, but the negligence of the plaintiff available to defendant in a suit like this must be contribütive — i. e., the direct and proximate cause of the injury of which plaintiff complains. It will not do to say that the act of permitting plaintiff’s cow to escape and run at large was negligence directly contributing to the injury merely because if she had been kept in the inclosure she would not have got upon the crossing, for the same kind of logic would prove the plaintiff guilty of .negligence by the simple act of owning the cow. In a legal sense it must be the direct and proximate, and not the remote, cause of the injury; or, in other words, it must have been near in the order of causation (Shearman-Redfield, Negl. 37, 38) and must have contributed, to some extent, directly to the injury, and must have been not a mere technical or formal wrong contributing either incidentally or remotely, or not at all to the injury. Isher v. Railway, 27 Conn. 303; Redfield, Railway Cases, 485-489.
Notwithstanding the negligence of plaintiff in permitting his cow to run at large in violation of the stock law, and but for which she would not have got upon the crossing, yet if the negligence of defendant in *268omitting to give one or the other of the statutory signals in approaching the crossing where she was struck by defendant’s train was the immediate and direct, the mere proximate cause of the injury, the defendant would be liable therefor. Buck v. Railway, 46 Mo. App. loc. cit. 566, and numerous authorities there cited. Holland v. Railway, 16 Mo. App. loc. cit. 175. And this was a question of fact to be left to the jury.
The remark quoted by defendant from the opinion in Campbell v. Railway, 59 Mo. App. 156, was correct as applicable to a case of that kind. The inference is not to be deduced therefrom that railway companies are relieved from the observance of the precautions required by section 2608, supra, in those localities where the stock law is in force.
_._. demur. rer to evidence. II. A careful reading and consideration of the evidence has not convinced us that it did not authorize the'submission of the case to the jury.
ñaisTlustrucIII. The defendant objects that the plaintiff’s first instruction which told the jury that it was the duty of the defendant’s employees on its engine to commence sounding the whistle at a point eighty rods from the crossing and to continue sounding it %mtil the engine had passed the crossing. The statute already quoted in the first paragraph of this opinion only requires that the whistle shall be sounded eighty rods from the crossing and be sounded at intervals until the engine shall have passed the crossing. The requirement of this instruction was manifestly in excess of that of the statute. Nor did it, as no doubt was intended, tell the jury that, if the defendant neglected to give one or the other of the said crossing signals as hereinbefore indicated, and that the plaintiff’s cow was struck by defendant’s engine on the crossing, the verdict should be for plaintiff, unless *269it further believed that such neglect on the part of defendant was not the proximate cause of the defendant’s engine striking the cow, in which case there could be no recovery.
The defendant’s third and fourth instructions fairly expressed the law applicable to the case, and should have been given and the plaintiff’s first should have been refused.
It results that for the error in giving and refusing of said instructions the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.
All concur.