This action is based on a life insurance policy taken out by deceased in favor of plaintiff, he representing himself to be plaintiff’s husband at the time he had the policy issued. He paid one premium and died before another payment became due. A rehearing was granted and the case-again argued.
Life insurance: insurable interest. 1. The defense is based mainly upon the contention that deceased and plaintiff were not husband and wife at the time the policy was issued. That therefore plaintiff had no insurable interest in the life of deceased and the policy being-for that reason -a mere wagering contract on the life of another was invalid. It is a matter of' - _ . dispute between the parties whether deceased and plaintiff were husband and wife at the time the policy was issued; but for present purposes, we will assume they were not, and so assuming, we are of the opinion that the policy is not void on the ground of lack of insurable interest. It is well settled law that one who has no insurable interest in another’s life can not insure that other’s life. It is against public policy, a rule of policy founded, in great part, on the temptation which would present itself to the beneficiary. The-beneficiary would have more interest in the assured’s death than his life. But there is a well grounded distinction in this, regard that has received repeated recognition; and that is, that the assured may, himself, insure his life for the benefit of one who has no insurable interest therein. The supreme court of Georgia said in Life Assurance Co. v. Paterson, 41 Ga. 338: “It would seem, when the person whose life is-insured is himself the actor in the matter, the amount of temptation held out to others to take his life, may, as a general rule, at least, be left to Ms discretion.” So we take it to be-well established that where- one of his own free will, without fraud, insures his own life (paying the premiums therefor) for the benefit of one not having an insurable interest in his life the policy will be valid. May on Ins., secs. 399 E, 112; Mut. *642Aid Ass’n v. Houghton, 103 Ind. 286; Mut. Ben. Ass’n v. Blue, 120 Ill. 121; Bursinger v. Bank, 67 Wis. 75; Ins. Co. v. Jenkins, 15 Ind. App. 297; Scott v. Dickson, 108 Pa. St. 6; Aid Ass’n v. Jones, 154 Pa. St. 29; Hienlein v. Ins. Co., 101 Mich. 250; Martin v. Stubbins, 126 Ill. 387; Sabin v. Phinney, 134 N. Y. 423; Clark v. Allen, 11 R. I. 439. The distinction stated was expressly applied in McFarland v. Creath, 35 Mo. App. 112; a case involving a benefit society certificate. The point is ruled against defendant.
2. As before stated, it is a matter of dispute whether deceased and plaintiff were husband and wife at the date of the application for the policy or afterwards. The facts, in a general way, were these: Deceased and plaintiff had been regularly married for about two years when they were divorced. In two weeks after the divorce they, as plaintiff testified, made a verbal agreement to assume the. relation cf husband and wife and after the lapse of some days lived and cohabited together until deceased died. It was while thus living together in this relation under such agreement that deceased applied for and obtained the policy in suit. By the terms of the application and policy he warranted, or at least represented himself to be a married man and that plaintiff was his wife. This warranty or representation is claimed to be a misrepresentation and is interposed as a defense. Plaintiff’s claim in answer to such defense is two-fold: Eirst, that there was no misrepresentation, since, as she claims, there was a common law marriage between her and deceased; and, second, if there was a misrepresentation and no marriage, yet such misrepresentation did not contribute to deceased’s death and therefore, under section 5849, Revised. Statutes, 1889, can not avail defendant as a defense. That section and the one following are as follows:
“Spc. 5849. Misrepresentation. — No misrepresentation made in obtaining or securing a policy of insurance on the life or lives of any person or persons shall be deemed material, or *643render the policy void, unless the matter misrepresented shall have actually contributed to the contingency or event on which the policy is to become due and payable, and whether it so contributed in any case shall be a question for the jury.
“Sec. 5850. Defense in Case of Suits. — In suits brought upon life policies, heretofore or hereafter issued, no defense based upon misrepresentation in obtaining or securing the same shall be valid, unless the defendant shall, at or before the trial, deposit in court for the benefit of the plaintiffs, the premiums received on such policies.”
Marriage: civil contract: common law: witness. The verbal agreement to become husband and wife was shown by plaintiff and we must hold that she was a competent witness for that purpose. Green v. Green, 126 Mo. 25; Drinkhouser Est., 151 Pa. St. 294. That marriage is a civil contract which may be made between parties competent to make such contract, without the formal ceremony before a minister or civil officer designated by the statute, is established law. Dyer v. Brannock, 66 Mo. 391; Cargile v. Wood, 63 Mo. 501. That there was such informal marriage the testimony of plaintiff alone tended to prove.
—: evidence: cohabitation and reputation: instructions. But, at the trial, it was sought to more firmly establish the marriage by testimony that plaintiff and deceased cohabited as husband and wife and were reputed to be husband and wife. The testimony of plaintiff was direct evidence tending to prove the marriage itself. The other testimony concerning cohabitation and repute of being husband and wife was evidence . • .. « . * to raise a presumption oi .marriage and irom which a jury would be authorized to infer a marriage. The two branches of testimony are separate and distinct, and'the court gave for plaintiff separate instructions, one on each branch. Number 4 declared the validity of a verbal contract of marriage without formality or ceremony. Number 5 was on the other branch and is as follows :i
*644“If the jury believe from the evidence that the plaintiff and Elijah J. Ashford, for any long period of time after the divorce and before making of said application, lived together publicly as husband and wife; that he passed himself for her husband, and she for his wife, introduced himself and herself to his friends and the public as her husband and she as his wife, cohabited with her as his wife and he as her husband, and held himself and herself out to the public generally as sustaining the relations of husband and wife by their general acts and conduct; then the jury are instructed that the presumption of law is, and the jury have the right to infer, that there had been a lawful marriage between the said plaintiff and said Elijah J. Ashford.”
There was no evidence upon which this instruction could properly be based. On the contrary the evidence showed affirmatively that there was no sufficient reputation of marriage to raise the presumption of a marriage in fact. In order that marriage may be presumed there must be cohabitation, •and, in addition, there must be a reputation with the people in the community or communities in which they live. “If parties cohabit together as man and wife, treat each other as such, and acknowledge the existence of that relation, and thereby acquire a reputation of being married among the people, the fact of marriage may well be' presumed.” Cargile v. Wood, 63 Mo. 601. (Italics ours). This reputation must be general. The parties must have a general reputation of being husband and wife, “and if there is a conflict in the repute, it will not establish a marriage.” 1 Bishop M. & D., sec. 438. “Reputation consists of the belief and speech of the people who have an opportunity to know the parties and have heard of and observed their manner of living.” Oargile v. Wood, supra. In this case the great weight of the evidence was against there being'any marriage at all, yet we concede there was some evidence in that direction, but a presumptive •marriage was not made out. Eor, while there was evidence *645of cohabitation, th&re was none of reputation. On the contrary plaintiff and other witnesses testified to a concealment of her relations with deceased at different times and places. Several other facts developed in evidence showed there was no general repute of the parties being husband and wife. A brother of the plaintiff testified to their acting as husband and wife when they came to his home in Clinton on their travels. He said they “introduced themselves as that to everybody.” “They were traveling in a wagon and everybody thought they were man and wife.” When the manner of life this couple was living is considered, it will show how far the foregoing falls short of sufficient evidence of reputation. They were itinerants going about from place to place in a wagon, their travels beginning in the north end and closing in the extreme south end of the state. He was a great part of the time under the assumed name of Miller. He seemed to have no occupation, unless an occasional horse-trade could be so considered. . The brother’s observation of them was at Clinton where they stopped with them a short time and where deceased made application for the policy in suit. The instruction should not have been given.
Life insurance: innocent and fraudulent misrepresentation: instruction: statute. But counsel doubtless in the belief that the jury would not find there had been a marriage, either on the testimony of a marriage itself or on testimony to establish a presumption of marriage, asked and obtained an instruction which dedared that, “no misrepresentation, if any, contained in said application is under the law deemed material or sufficient to render the policy void, unless the matter so misrepresented shall have actually contributed to the death of the deceased, Elijah J. Ashford. The jury are therefore instructed that although they may believe said Ash-ford stated in his application for said policy that he was married to the plaintiff, when in fact no valid marriage existed *646between them; and that he was in sound health, when in fact his leg was diseased by an ulcer or otherwise; that he was a farmer, when in fact he was a horse-trader, traveling through the country; yet if they further believe that said Ashford died of malignant or pernicious malarial fever and heart failure, and that neither of the matters hereinbefore mentioned actually contributed to the death of said deceased, then neither one nor all of said misrepresentations, even though made, is or was sufficient to render said policy void.”
This instruction is based on section 5849 of the statute above quoted, and an important question in the case is raised by defendant’s counsel challenging the application of such statute to a misrepresentation of the nature now under discussion. The policy provided that statements made in the application should be considered warranties and that if any statements were not true, the policy should be void. In such case we have no doubt (leaving the statute out of view) the statement by deceased that he was married was a material statement. The case concedes that the matter represented in no way contributed to deceased’s dpath. The literal terms of the statute, standing alone, made the representation, in such condition of the case, immaterial and of no avail to defendant. Indeed the literal terms of the statute made misrepresentation of any kind immaterial. But is that the true meaning of the statute? We think it is not. The language is broad, but that its meaning should be limited, is clear from the terms of the section itself and the one following. The latter section expressly, or if not expressly, very clearly, recognizes that there may be. defenses by the company based on misrepresentations. It is true that misrepresentations of matters which contributed to the death would fall under the literal terms of the latter section, but the latter section does not confine itself to such misrepresentations. It includes misrepresentations of any kind in obtaining or securing the policy, save the class of misrepresentations meant by the preced*647ing section. Its terms are general and unlimited, except as limited by the preceding section.
And the preceding section, in our view, does not apply to a willfully fraudulent misrepresentation. The law recognizes a distinction between a misrepresentation and a fraudulent misrepresentation. Monerief on Fraud and Misrepresentation, 83. There are a great many cases which are classed as “innocent misrepresentations.” 1 Bigelow on Fraud, 410; Kerr on Fraud & Mistake, 57. Though should we assume it to be within the power of the legislature to say that one by willful artifice, or device, may ensnare another into a contract which he would not have entered into but for ' the fraud and deception and then enforce it against him, we can not assume the purpose to do so unless that purpose will bear no other reasonable interpretation. If the words of the statute, “no misrepresentation made in obtaining or securing a policy of insurance,” apply to a case of willful fraud, then the legislature has declared that a misrepresentation made in corruption and fraud which induces the contract is lawful and may be practiced with impunity.
“There is believed to be no assignable limit beyond which fraud is destitute of legal effect. It vitiates every transaction, whether of contracts, of judicial proceeding, or otherwise, into which it enters. ‘Fraud and deceit, by him who is trusted, are most odious in law.’ ‘The common law doth so -abhor fraud and covin that all acts, as well judicial as others, -and which of themselves are just and lawful, yet being mixed with fraud and deceit, are in judgment of law wrongful and unlawful.’
“When a man gives formal consent to a thing, impelled . thereto by representations which he is induced to accept as facts, while they are not such, his act is not what it appears to be. His will does not coincide with what outwardly he does. He consents to the thing which is not, but not to the thing which is. And the party responsible for this wrong *648and its effect can not avail himself of any supposed right growing out of the mockery of a contract; for nemo ex proprio dolo consequitur actionem, no one is permitted to extract a right from his own wrong.” Sections 641, 642, Bishop on Contracts.
Life insurance companies had, with the great growth of their business, required an answer by the applicant to a great number of questions, many immaterial, and many about matters which the assured in most instances was liable to be 'mistaken or misinformed. They included not only a history of his own life but largely that of his ancestry. The policy made warranties' of these statements and the courts held that in instances where any of them were untrue, though immaterial, they invalidated the policy. White v. Ins. Co., 4 Dillon U. S. C. C. 171; Jeffries v. Ins. Co., 22 Wall. 47; Anderson v. Fitzgerald, 4 H. L. C. 484.
To avoid this injustice and hardship on the assured the legislature enacted the statute we have quoted. The act was for the relief of the innocent policy holder. It was not intended to facilitate the practicé of fraud, or the gain of the evil doer. Interpreted in that way would make of it a public invitation to the evil disposed to profit by practices of the grossest iniquity. It would force the courts to lend aid and success to a cas,e like this: A man in apparent full health knows that he is afilicted with a disease of the heart and his physician warns him and his family (or it may be, his creditors) that death would almost certainly soon ensue. He plans and conspires with these to procure a large life policy payable to his estate by declaring that he was free from disease. That his heart action was perfect. Shortly after thus imposing himself upon the company he dies by casualty. Whereupon the beneficiaries sue and confess the conspiracy, but rely on the fact that he did not die by the particular matter in which the fraud figured. I can not think any court would so interpret the statute.
*649Or cases like these: Suppose that a -woman disguised as a man obtains insurance from a company which does not insure women (and mány of them do not), representing herself to be a man, and dies from a cause not peculiar to women, a cause common to men or women, in such case the fact that she was a woman did not contribute to her death. Yet can it be possible that the statute, has application to such a case? If it has, then the insurer has no choice of whom he may insure. His freedom to contract as he pleases is gone. Again, it is well known, that the greater the age, the greater is the risk and the larger the premium. Suppose one obtains a policy falsely and fraudulently representing that he is thirty years of age, when in truth he is fifty, or beyond the age which the insurer accepts as risks. He dies by accident, or other means wholly disconnected from age or its incidents. Here'the matter falsely represented in no manner contributed to his death; yet is there no defense for the fraud practiced ? To give the statute the meaning and breadth of application contended for by plaintiff would render insurers a prey to all manner of fraud and deception, helpless in all instances save where the matter of the fraud contributed to the death. We think it ought not to be so interpreted.
We find in White v. Ins. Co., 4 Dillon U. S. C. C. 177, Judge Dillon, on demurrer to the answer, says of this statute that it should have “excepted wilful and fraudulent representations from its-operation, although it is probable that the coxvrts mazy hold that such is its tzrue constzrucUon,” and in charging the jury at the trial in that case, Judge Krekel said the statute did not apply to a case where the misrepresentations “were knowingly false and made with a view to deceive or mislead the company.”
Plaintiff has cited us to Christian v. Ins. Co., 143 Mo. 460, a case where the assured committed suicide and the misrepresentation was as to other additional insurance. The court there said: “It is quite, obvious that misrepresentations, however numerous, cut no figure unless they produce the result *650pointed ont in the section under comment.” But the court in that case did not, and had no occasion to distinguish between innocent and fraudulent misrepresentations.' Eor it is expressly stated: “The answer contains no allegations that defendant would not Jume issued tiie policy had it known'the real state of the facts respecting which the answers were made. Nor does the answer contain nor the evidence disclose that any such misstatements in any way contributed to tJie issuance of the policy.” Defendant properly places much reliance on that statement of the court. It was evidently made by Judge Sherwood, who wrote the opinion, with a view of disclosing that the court was not committing itself on the question of open and willful fraud which induced the contract. But in the case in hand, the answer makes such defense and we have therefore“been put to the necessity of deciding it.
Leaving the statute aforesaid out of the consideration as not affecting the question, it is clear, as we have already said, that the representation that the insured was a married man was a material representation. Ins. Co. v. White, 100 Pa. St. 12; Jeffries v. Ins. Co., 22 Wall. 47. Nor can it be said that the materiality of the representation depends alone upon the force of the law. It depends partly on the law, of course, especially as to its being given effective force. But the parties themselves made it material by the contract. As a free agent the company had the right to refuse to contract except upon the basis of the deceased’s telling the truth about matters which the company deemed material. The deceased accepted the terms and agreed they should be material. And they should be held material except where controlled by the statute. Tn the case last cited, the supreme court of the United States said:
“The jury may say, as the counsel here argues, that it is immaterial whether the applicant answers truly if he answers one way, viz., that he is single, or that he has not made an application for insurance. Whether a question is material *651depends upon the question itself. The information received may be immaterial. But if under any circumstances it can produce a reply which will influence the action of the company, the question can not be deemed immaterial. Insurance companies sometimes insist that individuals largely insured upon their lives, who are embarrassed in their affairs, resort to self-destruction, being willing to end a wretched existence if they can thereby bestow comfort upon their families. The juror would be likely to repudiate such a theory, on the ground that nothing can compensate a man for the loss of his life. The juror may be right and the company may be wrong. But the company has expressly provided that their judgment, and not the judgment of the juror, shall govern. Their right thus to contract, and the duty of the court to give effect to such contracts, can not be denied.”
In the foregoing discussion we have not determined whether the representation was made a warranty by the contract, or merely a representation; since if it be merely a representation, it has been made material by the parties and its falsity has been made a ground for annulling the contract. • In such case its effect is to avoid the policy. Price v. Ins. Co., 17 Minn. 497; Campbell v. Ins. Co., 98 Mass. 381.
—: evidence: character: beneficiary. The trial court ruled that a question asked of plaintiff by defendant whether she had given birth to a child before her marriage was improper. This was an isolated act of several years before the time of the trial, The court’s ruling was right. State v. Gesell, 124 Mo. 535. The plaintiff’s reputation for virtue and chastity was shown to be bad at the time of and before the trial, by several uncontradicted witnesses, but the range of inquiry had not been invited back by the plaintiff herself to the distance which would have made the inquiry pertinent. It is therefore to be distinguished from State v. Sasseen, 75 Mo. App. 197.
The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.
All concur.