— Action in trover. The petition in substance alleges that the defendant, an incorporated live stock commission company, doing business at the St. Joseph Stock Yards, converted to its own use six carloads of cattle, of which the plaintiffs were the owners, etc.
The answer, after a general denial, alleged: (1) That the defendants received said cattle for sale from' plaintiffs’ authorized agent and were handled by it and the proceeds thereof paid to plaintiffs, through their ágent; and (2) that plaintiff, John E. Mosby, and one Biggs, conspired to cheat and defraud this defendant by shipping to Saint Joseph, in this State, a certain lot of cattle, which said cattle then belonged to said plaintiff Mosby and Biggs, or one or the other of them, it being the purpose and design of said conspiracy that said Biggs should come to Saint Joseph with said cattle and there *504dispose of them and then abscond, and that afterwards Mosby should claim that the cattle belonged to him and that said Biggs had no authority to dispose of them and should claim apd recover damages for their conversion. That pursuant to said conspiracy, said Biggs did, bring said cattle to Saint Joseph’and dispose of them through defendant as commission merchant, which was in the line of defendant’s business at Saint Joseph at that time, and that said Biggs, pursuant to said conspiracy, afterwards ábsconded himself in aid of said plaintiff’s claim for said cattle.
The replication was a general denial. There was a trial and at the conclusion of the evidence the court gave to the jury a peremptory instruction to find for the plaintiff. Judgment went accordingly, and defendant appealed. The error assigned by the defendant for a reversal of judgment, is the action of the court in the giving of the said instruction.
I. The general rule is that such an instruction ought not to be given unless the other party admits all the constitutive facts, or such facts have been established by documentary evidence which he is estopped to deny. This rule is, however, subject to the exception stated in Bank v. Haniline, 67 Mo. App. 483, and approved in the later case of Brewery Co. v. Lindsay, 72 Mo. App. 591. But where there is no evidence tending to prove any one of the defenses pleaded, and there is no dispute as to the facts entitling plaintiff to a recovery, such an instruction may be properly given. Hoter v. Lange, 80 Mo. App. 234.
The question now is, whether or not there is any substantial evidence in the record before us which tends to prove either one of the two defenses pleaded by the answer. As to the first of these, it is to be observed that it does not require direct evidence to establish an agency; for like any other fact, it may be established by circumstances, the conduct of the parties and the relations previously existing between them. Hull v. Jones, 69 Mo. 587; Mitchum v. Dunlap, 98 Mo. 418; *505Werth v. Ollis, 61 Mo. App. 401. And the nature and extent of the authority of an agent need not be established by positive evidence; the triers of the fact are at liberty to infer it from circumstances, or the practice and course of business. And a party may he bound by the unauthorized act of another on the principle of estoppel, as where he has placed such other in a position as to his property, which was calculated to deceive others dealing with sueh person as apparent agent in reference thereto. Hoppe v. Saylor, 53 Mo. App. 4, and cases there cited.
The agency of Biggs is very clearly established by the evidence. It is in effect conceded that after the cattle had been driven from Woodward to Jet, a town eighteen miles from Pond Creek — the latter being more than one hundred miles from the former, where plaintiff resided — that plaintiff placed Biggs in the absolute possession and control of them. The plaintiff then disappeared and did not see the cattle again for about two months, and until a few days before they were shipped to defendant by Biggs. During the time of the plaintiff’s absence, Biggs handled and controlled the cattle in his own way. He abandoned the contract which plaintiff had made for grazing and feeding, and made a contract therefor with another person at another and different place to where the cattle were removed. He purchased feed, paid pasturage, hired help, and the like. The plaintiff and Biggs were_shown to have passed themselves off as half-brothers and to have sustained for years the closest and most intimate relations, as that of partner, employee -and employer, etc. When Biggs was arrested for theft, the plaintiff mortgaged his little home to keep him out of jail. The former it seems, enjoyed the fullest confidence of the latter. Besides this, a few days before the cattle were shipped by Biggs, the plaintiff came to where they were being pastured and fed. He then endeavored to make a sale and had persons come and look at them with the view of purchasing. Shortly after this plaintiff told Millegan, *506who had been employed to feed and care for the cattle, that in case “we” make a sale of them, one of 'us — referring to himself and Biggs — would be back. Plaintiff told another witness, Gibson, that there would be some one there to- look at the calves and if “we” do not sell them “we” are going to ship them. There is also' evidence tending to show that just before the cattle were shipped, plaintiff let Biggs have one hundred and seventy-five dollars, and that immediately thereafter Biggs deposited in a bank one hundred and fifty dollars which amount was checked out by him in payment of the expenses incurred in moving the cattle to Pond Greek, from where they were shipped to defendant.
If the facts and circumstances to which we have just adverted are sufficient to justify the deduction of the inference that Biggs was the agent of the plaintiff, and that as such agent he was authorized to sell the cattle and receive the purchase price, then it is clear that said peremptory instruction should not have been given. A single circumstance may have little strength, and of itself afford no foundation, but when joined to many more of the same nature, all fitting each other, and having the same relation, the whole united may form an arch strong enough to support a presumption of the most important facts. Frost v. Brown, 2 Bay. (S. C.) 133. Presumptions of fact are but inferences drawn from other facts and circumstances in the case, and should be made upon' common principles of induction. O’Gara v. Eisenlohr, 38 N. Y. 298. But the presumption of the existence of one fact from the existence of another, that is, the process of ascertaining one fact from the proof of another fact, is within the exclusive province of the jury. 1 Greenleaf Ev., sec. 48; Lawson on Presumptive Ev., 641. How can it be said that there was no substantial evidence tending to prove the defense of agency, or that the case was not one for the jury, rather than the court. The rule is well settled that if there is any substantial evidence to *507support the defenses pleaded by the answer, the case should go to the jury.
II. And as to the evidence adduced in support of the other defense pleaded, that is, that alleging conspiracy entered into between plaintiff and Biggs to defraud the defendants, it is to be further observed, that it is the well-recognized law that although fraud can not be predicated on mere conjecture, still very slight circumstances will warrant the submission of an issue involving it to the jury. Hopkins v. Sievert, 58 Mo. 201; Spengler v. Kaufman, 46 Mo. App. 644; Ross v. Crutsinger, 7 Mo. 245; Wait on Fraud. Oon. (3 Ed.), sec. 283; Bump on Fraud. Oon., p. 582. It has been in effect ruled that the issue of fraud should be submitted to the jury where it (fraud) can be inferred from all the facts and circumstances in evidence. State v. Mason, 112 Mo. 374; Castle v. Bullard, 23 How. (U. S.) 172. And whenever the necessity arises for a resort to circumstantial evidence, objections to testimony on the ground of fraud are not favored. The widest latitude should be allowed in such cases. Wait on Fraud, sec. 282; Manheimer v. Harrington, 20 Mo. App. 297; Erfort v. Consalus, 47 Mo. 209; Lincoln v. Clafin, 7 Wall. 132.
The essence of a conspiracy is a concert or combination to defraud, which results in damage to the party defrauded. The law treats the case among conspirators as a virtual agency of a limited nature, arising ex maleficio; and, hence, upon the charge of a combination to defraud, the declarations of each if the parties to such combination relating thereto, are evidence against the others though made in the absence of the latter. But the party must, as a rule, first prove the fraudulent combination to deceive and defraud him. Slight evidence of collusion or concert will suffice to let in the declaration of one of the parties as evidence against all. But there must bn some evidence of the combination. This may be inferred from the relation of the parties and the circumstances sur*508rounding them. Bigelow on Fraud, sec. 6; Moncreiff on Fraud and Misrep., 255.
In the light of the principles of law to which we have just adverted, let us turn to the evidence of conspiracy to defraud. The various facts and circumstances which the evidence tends to prove are so numerous and varied that it is impractical to here allude to them all. In assembling the facte and circumstances which are relied on to support the inference of the ■collusion, in addition to those referred to in the preceding paragraph, there are others not without significance appearing in the record which may be considered; such, for instance, as that the plaintiff, just before the shipment of the cattle, was, according to his own confession, very impecunious, having no money except $450 which had been loaned him by the Galena Bank for the purpose of purchasing feed for the cattle. But he and Biggs were not only pecuniarily insolvent, but were in bad repute for honesty in the communities where they lived. There was a first and second mortgage on the cattle to secure debts amounting to about $5,000. The debt secured by the first would fall due April 1Y, and that of the latter was past due.
On March 11, 1890, the plaintiff appeared at Jet where he, as has been stated, made efforts to sell the cattle, and in that connection declared that if he did not then sell them he would ship them. It was on that day (March 11) Biggs by letter made inquiries of the defendant respecting the price of cattle, and about a week thereafter shipped six carloads of the cattle to St. Joseph where they were sold for him by defendant. Biggs did not remain in St. Joseph to receive the proceeds arising from the sale. He returned to Pond Creek. As Biggs had referred defendant to the Walton Bank at Pond Creek, the latter sent the proceeds to that bank for him. The bank held the money for four days and until it could' make-certain investigations in respect to the title of the cattle. Biggs *509made no objection to this. After the receipt of the money, he apparently retired to the deepest seclusion.
It was shown that one Eay Coffee had been employed by plaintiff in caring for the cattle, and that about a week after Biggs had shipped them, he (Coffee) wrote to the plaintiff at Woodward that the cattle were doing well. Coffee at the time of writing this letter was not even with the remnant of the cattle remaining. This letter was asked for at the trial but not produced by the plaintiff. Coffee after this made the plaintiff’s house his home when unemployed. According to plaintiff’s own testimony, he received two letters at Woodward from Biggs after the cattle were shipped and to which he severally replied. The plaintiff’s letters were not taken out of the postofB.ee at Jet, to which place they were directed. On finding this out he called for and received them himself so that he was in possession of the four letters so written. He promised defendant to produce these letters at the trial, but failed and refused to do so.
About the seventeenth of April, the plaintiff turned up at Jet where he made inquiry about the cattle This was the first time he had been seen there since the eleventh of March. If he made any effort to secure the arrest of Biggs, it was, according to his own testimony, of the feeblest kind. Nor does it appear that he made any formal complaint of the Biggs’ theft to the Oklahoma Live Stock Association, of which he was a member. Presumptions of fact are but conclusions drawn from particular circumstances. They are such as are found by experience to be usually consequent upon or coincident with the facts presumed, and either do not arise or are rebutted if they do not correspond with, or are not adequate to account for the circumstances actually proved.
What other deduction can an intelligent mind honestly make from the various circumstances and incidents to which .we have adverted than that there was a conspiracy or combination between plaintiff and Biggs to defraud the defendant. *510In view of all the facts it is inconceivable that there could have been no concert of action — no confederation or understanding between them to defraud defendant. It is difficult to understand why the plaintiff allowed Coffee to make his home with him after the writing of the deceitful letter to him about the cattle, unless that letter was a part of the fraudulent scheme and so understood by plaintiff. Such a letter, if written, would have ordinarily had the effect to allow Biggs to sell the cattle and get aAvay with the proceeds. If Biggs, in selling the cattle, was defrauding plaintiff, tiren Coffee was an .active participant in the fraud. The exceedingly friendly relation existing between plaintiff and Coffee after the fraud is inconsistent with the former’s claim of innocence of a knowledge of the purpose of Biggs to dispose of the cattle in the way he did. It is surpassingly strange that if there was nothing of an inculpatory character in the written correspondence between plaintiff and Biggs, why he did not produce such correspondence at the trial, instead of destroying it. What other inference can be drawn from the conduct of plaintiff in this regard than that such correspondence disclosed facts of a damaging character. An honest man, under the circumstances, would have produced it with alacrity. From the long absence of plaintiff from the place where the cattle were, under the peculiar circumstances, the inference may well be drawn that such absence was to afford Biggs ample opportunity to carry out his part of the fraudulent undertaking. The deliberation practiced by Biggs in the sale of the cattle and collection of the proceeds is not to be overlooked as tending to show that he had no occasion to apprehend any interference from plaintiff. The fact that plaintiff was insolvent, in need of money and had no equity in the cattle, tends to prove a motive for the participation by him in the fraudulent disposition of the cattle. Nor was his character such as to give rise to any rebutting presumption.
To our minds, it is clear that the facts disclosed by the evidence were sufficient to justify the inference of the import*511ant fact of a conspiracy, and therefore it necessarily follows that the declarations of the parties were admissible, subject to the rules of law to which we have hereinbefore referred.
We are satisfied that both of the issues made by the pleadings should, under the evidence, have been submitted to the jury, and, therefore, the peremptory instruction should not have been given.
As to whether or not the defendant, after being introduced by plaintiff as a witness in its behalf, could be impeached by plaintiff, we need only refer to what was said in the recent case of Crieghton v. Modem Woodmen, decided by us at the present term.
The judgment must be reversed and cause remanded.
All concur.