— This is a procedure which originated in the probate court having fob its object the annulment of the letters of administration, with the will annexed, granted to defendant Joseph H. Larwill on the estate of J ohn C. Larwill, deceased, and to remove him. It was carried by appeal to the circuit court where, on a trial de novo, the facts which the evidence tended to prove were, briefly stated, about as follows, viz: That J ohn O. Larwill, a resident of the State of Ohio, died during the month of August, 1901, at his home in Ohio, leaving a large estate in Ohio, Missouri and other States. The deceased disposed of his entire estate by will and codicil executed and proved according to the laws of Missouri, naming as his executors Paul Oliver and Richmond Smith, both residents and citizens of the State of Ohio, both of whom duly qualified as such and assumed charge of the estate in Ohio. The deceased left no children or descendents of children, and no father or mother surviving him; he was survived by his widow, a resident of Ohio, and by one brother, Joseph H. Larwill, the administrator in Missouri and respondent in this proceeding; the petitioners herein, O. H. and George A. Stevens, were sons of a deceased sister of John O. Larwill. O. H. Stevens received a legacy of $1000 in the will, which he sold and *148transferred to others ;• that he is at present without any interest in said estate. George A. Stevens received nothing under the will, being one of those expressly excluded from participation in the estate. At the time of his brother’s death, the respondent, Joseph H. Larwill, was in the State of Montana, having only recently left his former home in the Territory of Oklahoma, where for four years he acted as postmaster of the city of Guthrie. He was then without a permanent home; while in Montana he received news of his brother’s death, and went immediately to Ohio to advise with the executors of the estate about its care and management ; he was advised by Mr. Smith, one of the executors, to go to Kansas City to look after the property there; Miller Stevens, who acted as the agent for deceased in caring for the Kansas City property had recently died and respondent was advised that the property needed attention. He went to Kansas City and his first act was to consult with Judge Francis M. Black, who had been the attorney for the deceased, as to the best course to pursue in the management of the estate. Judge Black advised him to declare his intention and to become a resident of Missouri, take up his residence, and thus qualify as administrator of the Missouri estate; this respondent did; he engaged lodging and board and became in good faith a resident of Kansas City, Missouri, and was appointed and qualified as administrator with the will annexed of the estate in Missouri. No citation or notice of his intended application for letters was given to petitioners or any one else. He was advised by Judge Black to procure an order from the probate court to take charge of and lease the real estate for the purpose of paying the local debts of the estate, and if necessary the local legacies. The probate court made the order and respondent took charge of the realty and collected rents therefrom for two ■ years from the date of said order. One of the petitioners, George A. Stevens, was a tenant of one of the *149houses, and refused to pay rent for more than a year after the administrator took charge; he was the only defaulting tenant. The inventory filed, showed besides the real estate, personal property to the nominal amount of four or five thousand dollars, belonging to the estate in Kansas City. Defendant has faithfully accounted for all rents and other property coming into his hands, and objection is not made to any specific act of Ms in the care and management of the estate. A partition suit was filed by the petitioners herein in the circuit court demanding sale of Kansas City real estate,, prior to the issuance of letters to respondent; this, suit is designated as a contest by counsel, and it is claimed to have resulted in giving the circuit court prior jurisdiction over the realty involved. In the trial in the circuit court the petitioners applied for a jury trial which the court refused to grant, and the case was tried and the issues determined by the court alone. The prayer of the petition was denied by the court and judgment given accordingly, from which petitioners appealed here.
1. The petitioners complain of the action of the court in refusing to submit the issues to a jury. This is a proceeding bottomed upon section 42, Bevised Statutes 1899, and is equitable in its nature. It would be impracticable, if not impossible, in such a case to dispose of the issues by the verdict of a jury. The whole matter was that which primarily rested in the discretion of the probate court. Whaley v. Whaley, 50 Mo. 577; Bradley v. Woerner, 46 Mo. App. 371; McClelland v. McClelland, 42 Mo. App. 32; In re Meeker, 45 Mo. App. 186; Terry v. McGowan, 68 Mo. App. 612. The proceeding is not an action for the recovery of money oMy, or for specific personal property, and therefore no right to a trial by jury was given in either the probate or circuit courts. [Bray v. Thatcher, 28 Mo. 132; Whaley v. Whaley, supra.]
It is contended that this proceeding is within the *150guaranty contained in section 28, article 2, of the constitution of this State, to the effect that, “the right to trial by jury as heretofore enjoyed.” The right of trial by jury has been frequently construed by the appellate courts of this State as having reference solely to the status of that right as it existed at the time of the adoption of the constitution. [State v. Bockstruck, 136 Mo. 335; State ex rel. v. Vail, 53 Mo. 97; State ex rel. v. Withrow, 133 Mo. 500; Marshall v. Standard, 24 Mo. App. 192; Barnard v. Milling Co., 79 Mo. App. 153.] The section of the statute already referred to upon which this proceeding was brought is to be found substantially in its present form in the laws of 1825, section 16, p. 96, and in each succeeding revision. As authorized by that section it is entirely statutory, having no existence at common law. The right to trial by jury was never given in such cases by the statute, consequently that right has never been “heretofore enjoyed” in such procedure. It has been decided in this State that the constitutional guaranty of trial by jury has no application to cases of equitable cognizance. [Ely v. Koontz, 167 Mo. 371.] Such cases are properly triable by the court and the refusal of a demand for a jury is not error. [Long v. Long, 141 Mo. 352.] The authorities cited and relied on by the petitioners, it seems to us, are without application to a case of this kind.
2. As may be seen by reference to the numerous authorities cited by the industrious counsel for the petitioners, the general rule is everywhere established to the effect that, “when the jurisdiction of a court and the right of a plaintiff to prosecute his suit in it have once attached, that right can not be arrested and taken away by proceedings in any other court.” But this rule can not with propriety be invoked and applied in a case of this kind. An examination of the will and codicil in the light of the authorities cited by counsel has led us to conclude that such will and codicil which were executed and proved in the State of Ohio according to *151the laws of this State and duly recorded in the latter State, under any fair and reasonable construction of the terms and provisions thereof, it must be held that the testator’s entire estate, both real and personal, wherever situate, was thereby disposed of. The statute, section 4383, provided that no partition of lands devised by any last will shall be made contrary to the instruction of the testator expressed in any such will. In ex Parte Cubbage v. Franklin, 62 Mo. 364, it was said that, “our partition law is very broad but it at least provides that partition can not be made in contravention of a will. Indeed, if the contrary was held there would be no use in our statute allowing a testator to make a will.” To the same effect is Sikemeier v. Galvin, 124 Mo. 367.
Again, it appears by the express provisions of the will that one of the petitioners, George A. Stevens, was excluded from any participation in the estate and that the other, Oscar H. Stevens, was given a legacy of $1,000 which he had sold and transferred to another, and so it results that neither of the petitioners now have any interest in the said estate. It is thus made obvious that the court in which the partition suit was brought was shorn of its jurisdiction by the statute, and the want of interest in the petitioners in the subject-matter of the suit. It must therefore be apparent that the rule in respect to jurisdiction of courts already referred to is wholly inapplicable in the present case. If the suit for the partition of the lands of the testator was forbidden by the statute, as we have seen was the case, then certainly the court in which it was brought did not by reason of the bringing of it thereby acquire jurisdiction over the ves to the exclusion of that of the probate court.
But if we are in error in this conclusion, there is still another ground upon which the judgment must be upheld. The inventory shows that the testator left personal property in Jackson county, in this State, consist*152ing of rents due at the time of his death amounting to several thousand dollars and a note due him for $500. In addition to these debts due to him there were debts due by him to Black and Owsley for something like $150. In view of these existing conditions the granting of letters to an administrator in this State to collect and preserve the testator’s estate and pay his debts was entirely proper. [State ex rel. v. Moore, 18 Mo. App. 406; Green v. Tittman, 124 Mo. 372.] It may be that the.debts of the testator in this jurisdiction were not sufficient in amount to authorize the probate court to order the administrator to take charge of his real estate, but however that may be, it is certain that the appointment of such administrator was warranted by the conditions under which it was made. If the order in respect to the testator’s real estate was improperly made the same could have been set aside on motion for that purpose. The setting aside of this order in no way affected or annulled the grant of the letters. The latter would have been valid even though the order in respect to the real estate had been set aside. The letters were one thing and the order of the court directing the administrator to take charge of the real estate was another; The overthrow of the latter would be no ground for invoking the former.
It may be well doubted whether or not instructions have any appropriate place in a case of this kind, but if it is an action at law so far as to entitle the petitioners to a consideration of the issues by the court upon the theories propounded in the instructions requested by them, then we think, for the reasons previously stated, their number five denying jurisdiction to the probate court to grant letters of administration was rightly refused. We may add that, even if the partition suit was ■ properly brought, and the court in which it was brought had exclusive jurisdiction of the real estate to the exclusion of that subsequently exercised by the probate court in ordering it into the charge of the administra*153tor, still, that exercised hy the latter court in granting letters of administration as to the personal estate of the testator was in no way trenched upon or ousted hy that exercised hy the former in the partition suit. Both proceedings may accordingly he carried on in the courts where begun without the wrongful exercise of jurisdiction hy either.
3. The petitioners further contend that the respondent’s letters should he revoked for the reason that no citation of his intended application for such letters was given to them and no inquiry was had as to his qualifications to properly manage said estate. By reference to sections 7, 8 and 11, Revised Statutes, it will there he seen that neither one of those grounds of contention can be sustained. Section 7 provides who shall be appointed administrators in the first instance. •The persons coming in the preferred class in,the order therein named subject to the approval of the court, judge or clerk in vacation are entitled to letters upon application without citation. This is made clear by section 8, which provides that if none of the persons mentioned in section 7, apply for letters within 30 days after the death of the deceased, the court, or judge or clerk may issue citation to him or them on motion of any person interested, to appear and qualify for administration, and if the person or persons so cited fail to administer within the time appointed, letters may be granted to a person or persons not included in section 7. The fact that section 8 requires notice, while section 7 does not, is conclusive that no notice is necessary in case of an appointment under section 7.
The evidence shows that John C. Larwill died a resident of Ohio, leaving a wife but no children or descendents of children. His estate would, in the absence of a will, have descended to his wife and to his brothers and sisters. The wife was at the time of his death, and continued to be a non-resident of this State; she was therefore not entitled'to administer; the right of ad*154ministration in Missouri devolved upon the brothers and sisters of the deceased. Section 11 provides that letters testamentary are to be granted to the persons appointed as executors in the will, but if all such persons refuse to act, or be disqualified, letters of administration shall be granted to the persons to whom administration would have been granted, if there had been no will. The executors named in the will being residents of Ohio, and non-residents of Missouri, were not qualified to act here. The respondent therefore, had a right, under the provisions of section 7, to act as administrator with the will annexed, if the court, or judge or clerk in vacation, believed that he would best manage and preserve the estate, without notice or citation to any other person or persons. Notice to the widow would have been a useless and unnecessary act, she then being a non-resident of this State and disqualified to act. In "Woerner’s Amer. Law of Adminis., sec. 243, the law is thus stated:
“Before any one can be appointed administrator who is not in the preferred class, notice must be given to those having a prior right, to appear and claim their privilege, or show cause why the applicant should not be appointed. To dispense with the citation, those having preference should renounce their claim, or signify their consent to the grant of the petitioner’s request by indorsement upon the petition or some writing of record. But no notice is necessary to the other parties in the same class with the applicant,- the appointment may be made ex parte to any of those who are equally entitledThe statute nowhere provides for any trial or hearing to determine the qualifications of an applicant for letters of administration to properly manage the estate. The matter is left wholly within the discretion of the probate court, with the power to remove bim if found to be unqualified.
It is further contended that the letters granted to respondent should be revoked because he was and is, *155“a non-resident of this State.” The facts as to his residence are, that np to March 15, 1901, he had been a resident of Oklahoma Territory; having closed ont his business there, he made a short visit to Ohio; from thence he went to Montana with a view of locating and going into business; he decided, however, not to remain in Montana, and was on the point of returning when he received a telegram announcing the death of his brother, John C. Larwill, in Ohio. He went to Ohio to consult with the executors named in his brother’s will, about the estate and there learned of the death of Miller Stevens, the agent in charge of the Kansas City real estate. Mr. Smith, one of the executors, suggested to respondent that he go to Kansas City and assume charge of the property. This suggestion was adopted and respondent came to Kansas City, October 14, 1901, and attempted to take charge of the property and collect the rents, but was prevented by the action of petitioners herein, in notifying tenants not to pay any rent to respondent. He testified that he was then without any permanent home, and he thereupon, on or about October 15,1901, decided to become a resident of Kansas City, Missouri, and so declared his intention, engaged board and lodging, opened a bank account, and did other things evidencing his intention to become a resident here and has resided in this city and State ever since. It may be conceded that the respondent became a resident of this State for the purpose of applying for letters of administration, having, under the will, one of the largest interests in said estate. Respondent had not been residing with his family for 13 years at the time of his becoming a resident of Missouri. His wife had resided abroad with her son superintending his education, and at the time letters were granted to respondent, was residing in Baltimore, Maryland, where her son was attending college.
The rule is well established in every jurisdiction that the motive or purpose of a change of domicile or *156residence, is not material. The only question is, whether the change of residence is made by the party with the bona fide intention of becoming a resident of another State. “A citizen of the United States is entitled to transfer his citizenship from one State to another by a change in domicile, whenever he desires to do so. And where there has been an actual removal with intent to make a permanent residence, and the acts of the party correspond with the purpose, the change of domicile is completed', and the law forces upon him the character of a citizen of the State where he has chosen his domicile, although he may have a wife, and declare himself a continuing citizen of the State he had left.” 6 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law (2 Ed.), 32. A change of domicile is consummated when one leaves the State where he has hitherto resided, avowing his intention not to return and enters another State intending to permanently settle there. [Bradley v. Lowry, 122 Fed. Rep. 788.] In Morris v. Gilmer, 129 U. S. 328, the court said: “We are thus brought to the question whether the plaintiff was entitled to sue in the circuit court; was he at the time of the commencement of this suit, a citizen of Tennessee ? It is true as contended by defendant that a citizen of the United States can instantly transfer his citizenship from one State to another (Cooper v. Galbreath, 3 Wash. C. C. 546-554) and his right to sue in the courts of the United States is none the less because his change of domicile was induced by the purpose, whether avowed or not, of invoking for the protection of his rights, the jurisdiction of a federal court. As said by Mr. Justice Story in Briggs v. French, 2 Sum. 251-256: ‘If the new citizenship is really and truly acquired, his right to sue is’ a legitimate, constitutional and legal consequence, not to be impeached by the motive of his removal.’ ”
Whether a change of residence was affected in any case depends upon the intention with which the removal from the formér domicile was made. [Hall v. *157Schoenecke, 128 Mo. 661.] The words inhabitant, citizen and resident mean substantially the same thing, and one is an inhabitant, resident or citizen of the place where he has his domicile or home. [State ex rel. v. Banta, 71 Mo. App. 32.] A man’s residence is his home or habitation fixed at any place, without a present intention of removing therefrom. [Green v. Beckwith, 38 Mo. 384; Johnson v. Smith, 43 Mo. 499.] A husband and wife may have separate domiciles. [Hewitt v. Weatherby, 57 Mo. 276.] When a man is living separate from his wife, his domicile may be in one State, though his wife may reside in another. [Bank v. Cooper, 40 Mo. 169.] To constitute a domicile only two elements are necessary: one of the act and the other of the intention. [Adams v. Abernathy, 37 Mo. 196.]
The above authorities establish the proposition that respondent was a bona fide resident of Kansas City, Mo., at the time letters were granted to him. He has not changed his domicile, but has remained a resident of this city ever since that time. It is contended, however, that an administrator is a State officer and as such is included within the meaning of section 12, article 8, of the constitution of this State which declares that, “no person shall be elected or appointed to any office in this State, civil or military, who is not a citizen of the United States and who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding his election or appointment.” An administrator belongs to the same class of officers as curators, guardians, receivers, referees, and the like, whose duties are private and concern private interests; and are in no sense of the term public. He is invested with no portion of the sovereign functions of the State to be exercised by him for the benefit of the public, and is therefore not an officer of this State within the meaning of the constitutional provision just quoted. We have been referred to no case in which it has been held that an administrator or any one of that class of subordinate officers to which he *158belongs is a public officer within the meaning of the said constitutional provision. The statute — section 10, Revised Statutes — does not require that an administrator shall have resided one whole year within this State, but only prohibits the appointment of a non-resident. It has been held in New York — 71 N. Y. 238 — that a referee is not a public officer within the meaning of a provision of the constitution of that State prohibiting judges from exercising any power of appointment to a public office.
Mechem on Public Officers, section 1, states that, “a public office is the right, authority and duty duly created and conferred by law, by which for a given period, either fixed by law, or enduring at the pleasure of the creating power, an individual is invested with some portion of the functions of government, to be exercised by him for the benefit of the public. As here used, the word ‘office’ is to be distinguished from its application to such positions as are at most quasi public only, as the charge of an executor, administrator, or guardian, and from the offices of a private corporation.” Accordingly, we do not think the respondent’s letters should be revoked on the ground of non-residence of this State.
4. The still further contention that the letters with the will annexed were improperly issued to the respondent, can not be upheld. The non-resident executors named in the will were not authorized to act in this State either in the collection of the debts due the estate of their testator or in disposing of his property for the payment of debts and- legacies. [Emmons v. Gordon, 140 Mo. 498; Cabanne v. Skinker, 56 Mo. 367.] In a case where a will is left by a non-resident owning property in this State, we think the statute — section 254, Revised Statutes — requires the issue of letters testamentary with the will annexed to some person qualified to administer in this State. This conclusion is strengthened by reading that section, 254, in connection *159•with, section 11, already referred to, which provides when an administrator with the will annexed should be appointed.
It is no objection to the grant of letters in this State, that the estate is in process of administration in Ohio, where the testator resided at the time of bis death. The administration here seems to be in the nature of an ancillary administration, as the statute —sections 255 and 266 — provides that the balance in the hands of the administrator after paying' all debts due citizens and others in this State may be transmitted to the foreign administrator in the State or country where the deceased had his domicile. [Spraddling v. Pipkin, 15 Mo. 118.] Instruction number six we think was not a correct expression of the law applicable to the facts which the evidence conduced to prove and it was therefore properly refused.
5. The suit for partition can not be regarded as a contest of the will. The will was duly probated and can be contested only by a direct proceeding in the manner required by sections 4622 and 4636, Revised Statutes. Such a proceeding has been held to be the exclusive remedy for contesting a will once admitted to probate and that its validity can not be attacked in a collateral proceeding. [Jourden v. Meier, 31 Mo. 40; Stowe v. Stowe, 140 Mo. 594.] The beginning of the partition suit therefore afforded no ground for the removal of the respondent from the office of administrator during the pendency of that suit.
The court at the request of the petitioners gave an instruction declaring that if the respondent, “is hostile towards the petitioners being heirs at law of the deceased, that then he should be removed as administrator.” The court, it seems, did not find from the evidence that the administrator was hostile to the petitioners, and so refused to order his removal on that ground. The evidence does show that the respondent did sue and recover of one of the petitioners certain *160rents which, were dne to the estate by the latter and which he had refused to pay. Nothing is seen in this or any other fact disclosed by the evidence which would “intercept and prevent such a management and husbanding of the estate of the deceased as prudence, sound policy and the interest of the devisees and creditors required.”
6. This is a proceeding, as stated at the outset, having for its object a judgment revoking and cancelling the letters of administration granted by the probate court upon the estate of the deceased. Now, if it be conceded that the order of the court authorizing the respondent, as such administrator, to take possession of the lands of the deceased and collect the rents was improper, what of it? Does that order constitute any ground for the revocation of the letters of administration? Suppose, further, that the order so made was in excess of the jurisdiction of the probate court, what has that to do with the appointment and grant of the letters of administration. Or, suppose still further, the lands sought to be partitioned was not disposed of by the will, or not needed by the administrator for the payment of debts due by the deceased in this State, or that the petitioners are heirs at law of the deceased, do any or all of these supposed facts, if found to exist, have any direct bearing on the vital issue in the case, viz.: "Whether or not the letters of administration granted to respondent should be revoked and cancelled? "We think not. The validity or invalidity of this order is a question entirely -foreign to that which the appeal has brought before us for determination and therefore need not be further noticed.
7. During the progress of the trial the petitioners’ counsel asked their witness, Hoyt, to state what the respondent said about petitioners as indicating his prejudice against them. To this question the witness answer, “I know that he did not speak very friendly.” On motion of the respondent this answer was by the *161court stricken out, and of this the petitioners complain. It is the well-established general rule that a witness must state facts and not opinions. [Krueger v. Railroad, 84 Mo. App. 358.] Accordingly, it would seem that when it is sought to establish the fact that one person is hostile to, or prejudiced against another, that it is proper for a witness to state what was said, or the substance of it, so that the court or jury may determine therefrom whether such hostility or prejudice exists. The answer of the witness was but the deduction or opinion of the witness, which was improper. To allow such testimony was to invade the province of the court or jury trying the case, which, of course, was not permissible. If such testimony had been, as it was not, admissible, still we do not think its exclusion would have constituted reversible error, for the reason that a merely hostile or unfriendly feeling of the administrator to the petitioners would not have been material, or of any consequence, unless of such a character as to prevent such management of the estate of the deceased by him as prudence, sound policy and the interests of heirs, devisees and creditors require, of which there is no evidence here; on the contrary, it was shown that the administration had been well and prudently conducted all the way through.
As far as we are able to discover, the record in the case is barren of any error committed by the trial court prejudicial to the substantial rights of the petitioners, and it therefore results that the judgment will be affirmed.
All concur.