— The plaintiff, an attorney at law, sued the defendant, a statutory city of the fourth class, to recover the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars for alleged legal services rendered the latter by the former. The trial court gave judgment in favor of plaintiff on the following statement of “facts agreed.”
I. The mayor of defendant city employed plaintiff to represent it — the city— as legal counsel in a certain damage suit.
n. That after the plaintiff had performed the services required of him by said employment, he presented to defendant an account therefor for $150, and at a regular meeting of its board of aldermen the said account was by said board allowed and a warrant was ordered to be drawn on the city treasury therefor.
IH. The warrant was subsequently drawn in due and regular form, signed by the mayor and attested by the clerk, and presented to the treasurer, but not paid for lack of funds.
IY. The record of the proceedings of the board of aldermen showed that “the account of Dougherty & Fowler, attorneys for the city in the Leabo case for $300 was presented and on motion was allowed by the following vote. Combs, yes; King, yes; Bangs, no.” It was agreed that the above entry was the only rec*626ord either of any warrant, for, the issue of any warrant or for allowing the hill and the only one that referred to it.
Y. That the damage suit was for $5,000 and amount recovered $150. That the fee charged by plaintiff was reasonable.
The statutes, section 5907, Revised Statutes, provides that in case a city attorney has been appointed the mayor and hoard of aldermen may, if they deem it necessary, employ additional counsel and pay them a reasonable compensation for any legal services deunanded by the city. We may perhaps presume that at the time of the plaintiff’s alleged employment by the mayor that a city attorney had been duly appointed and was performing the duties of that office. It has been seen from the facts agreed that the .plaintiff’s employment as additional counsel for defendant was made by the mayor only and not by the mayor and hoard of aldermen, as required by the statute just referred to.
The law is well settled that when special powers are conferred, or where a special method is prescribed for the exercise and execution of a-power, this brings the exercise of such power within the provision of the maxim expressio unius, etc., and by necessary implication forbids and renders nugatory the doing of the thing specified except in the particular way pointed out. [Kolkmeyer v. Jefferson City, 75 Mo. App. 1. c. 683; McKissick v. Mt. Pleasant Twp., 48 Mo. App. 416; Heidelberg v. St. Francois Co., 100 Mo. 74.] The mayor can make no valid appointment or employment of- any of the officers or persons referred to in section 5907, supra, without the consent, and approved of a majority of the members elected to the hoard of adder-men. It is, therefore, obvious that the employment of the plaintiff by the mayor was invalid for the want of the concurrence of the majority-of the board of aider-men. The consent and approval by the latter was es*627sential to give it validity. [Eichenlaub v. St. Joseph, 113 Mo. 395.]
But it may be contended that even though the employment by the mayor without the consent and approval of the board of aldermen was invalid, yet since the latter was in the first instance authorized to give its consent and approval thereto, it could ratify the. action of the mayor and thus validate the plaintiff’s employment. A ratification may be defined to be ‘ ‘ an acceptance or adoption of an act performed by another as agent or representative in particular confirmation of what has been done without original authority. ’ ’ A municipal corporation may ratify the unauthorized acts and contracts of its officers which are within the scope of the corporate powers. The principle as to ratification is the same with corporations as with individuals. [Billon on Corp., sec. 163.]
The insuperable difficulty to be met in the endeavor to uphold the theory of ratification is that while the statement of facts agreed shows that the board of aldermen allowed the plaintiff’s account for the services performed by him under his contract of employment by the mayor, and that a warrant for the amount thereof was ordered to be drawn on the defendant’s treasury and was signed by the mayor and attested' by the secretary, the undisputed record kept by the board of aldermen of its proceedings shows that of the’ four members of the board of aldermen only three were present at the meeting when the plaintiff’s account was passed upon by that body and that only two voted for the allowance. If all three of the four who were present had voted for it there would, I think, be some sufficient ground for claiming a subsequent ratification of the employment. The board is, under the statute, required to consist of four members, three of whom were required to constitute a majority; and, therefore, in order to make valid an appointment or employment by the mayor under said section 5907 the consent and ap-'1 *628proval of three members of the board was required. And the sole act of the mayor in entering into a contract of employment with plaintiff could not in principle be ratified by a less number than a majority of the board; which, as has been seen, the plaintiff’s employment did not have in this case.
It is true that in a paragraph of the statement of facts agreed it is recited that at a regular meeting of the board the plaintiff’s account was presented and was “considered to be just and proper and a warrant ordered to be drawn on the city treasurer for the amount of said account;” but this is contradicted and rendered nugatory by the recital in a subsequent paragraph to the effect that the only record of said board in relation to the allowance of said account or the issues of a warrant therefor shows, as already stated, that there was present when the said board met and allowed said account and ordered a warrant to issue therefor, only three members and that only two of these voted in favor of said allowance and the issue of the warrant therefor. Since, in the statement of agreed facts, such a repugnancy exists, I think the facts as disclosed by the record of the board ought to control us in determining whether or not that body allowed plaintiff’s account and ordered a warrant to be drawn therefor; and if so, then there was no such allowance and no ground upon which to base the claim of ratification.
If the plaintiff’s employment by the mayor alone can be upheld, then that officer may fill each of the offices mentioned in said section 5907; or he may enter into any contract within the corporate authority of the city without the concurrence and in spite of the board of aldermen. The exercise of such powers by the mayor alone we think inefficacious to bind the defendant, because impliedly forbidden by the statute.
While the plaintiff seems to have rendered very meritorious services in behalf of the defendant, I have been unable to discover anything in the agreed facts to
*629warrant the conclusion that the plaintiff is entitled to recover of defendant for the value thereof; I cannot concur with the majority in the opinion expressed by them.
ELLISON, J.— I believe the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed. The statute applicable (section 5907, Revised Statutes 1899) reads: “In case a city attorney has been appointed, the mayor and board of aldermen may, if they deem it necessary, employ additional counsel and pay them reasonable compensation for any legal services demanded by the city.” As stated by Judge Smith, the board of aldermen consisted of four members and three of these were present at the meeting which allowed plaintiff’s account, two of them voting “yes” and one voting “no.” The three being a majority of the whole body constituted a'quorum, and the ifcwo voting “yes,” being a majority of that quorum, made a valid action of the board of aider-men. [1 Dillon oh Munic. Corp., secs. 278-282.] It is not necessary that a majority of the whole body favor a measure, unless the law governing such body so declares. Oh the contrary, it is only necessary that a majority of those present (if they constitute a quorum) should favor the measure.
Affirmed.
Broadclus, Jconcurs.