This is a suit for damages for the alleged trespass of defendant in cutting timber on plaintiff’s land. The dispute is in reference to three acres of land. The land originally belonged to George W. Jackson, deceased. The plaintiff, his son, after the *511death of his father became the owner by purchase of the interest of the other heirs of his father and was at the institution of this suit the apparent record owner of .the title. It is admitted that defendant entered upon the disputed territory and cut and removed timber therefrom. Although plaintiff had the title to the land he was not in the actual possession at the time of the institution of this suit.
The defense is that the defendant was in the actual possession under claim and color of title. The tract, according to the testimony of some of the witnesses, was included within the fences which enclosed the Pettigrew land on the west up to six or seven years before the bringing of this action, since which time it has been unfenced. Mrs. Pettigrew, the widow of Charles Pettigrew, the then owner of the land, was introduced as a witness upon the part of defendant to prove that her husband had bought the land from Geo. W. Jackson, plaintiff’s father. Her evidence is that she carried by direction of her husband a receipt, acknowledging payment for the land, to Jackson who signed it and told her to go to a man by the name of Eobinson and tell him to draw up a deed conveying the property to her husband and that he would sign it. He also told her to take a deed, called the O’Howell deed, from which Eobinson would be enabled to make out a proper description of the land intended to be conveyed; that she took the receipt and the O’Howell deed to Eobinson, who prepared a deed to be signed by Jackson, and informed him that it had been prepared, whereupon Jackson said to her that as “quick as he got well he would go and sign it,” and that he died before doing so.
Charles Pettigrew, the husband of Mrs. Pettigrew, died in April, 1895, and Jackson died in a short time thereafter. The plaintiff objected to the introduction of the receipt mentioned, which objection the court sustained, and objected also to the competency of Mrs. *512Pettigrew as a witness and to the competency of her evidence for various reasons. Parts of her statements were admitted and parts excluded, but it is exceedingly difficult to determine what was excluded and what was admitted by inspection of the abstract.
The.evidence of defendant tended to show that at times Mrs. Pettigrew cut and hauled timber from the land for fire-wood and that one year, while the fence remained, she leased it to a neighbor. The timber on the land was large and there was little or no grass. Mrs. Pettigrew made no improvements whatever and there were no visible marks to indicate that the land was in the possession of any one, and had not been for several years prior to the alleged trespass. The defendant cut the trees upon direction of Mrs. Pettigrew.
Among other instructions, the plaintiff asked the court to say to the jury that there was no evidence that defendant was in the actual visible possession of the land, which the court refused. The court gave the following instruction at the instance of defendant: “The court instructs the jury that actual possession does not imply that the occupant must actually stand upon his property constantly to keep off intruders, or that he must keep his servant or agent there. Any overt acts indicating exclusive dominion and a purpose to permanently occupy, and not to abandon, the premises, will satisfy fihis requirement.”
Also this instruction: “The court instructs the jury that, if they believe from the evidence that, at the time defendant cut the trees described in the petition, said land was not in the actual possession of plaintiff, but was in the actual, visible possession of defendant or of some third person under whose permission, authority or consent defendant was acting and that defendant, under such circumstances cut the trees in good faith under claim of right, then the jury should find for de*513fendant, although the land and trees, in fact, belonged to plaintiff.”
There is no question of law involved in the case, as the instructions given in behalf of defendant are unobjectionable from a legal standpoint; the question being whether they should have been given under the evidence. Waiving all objections to the competency of Mrs. Pettigrew to testify and the competency and relevancy of her testimony, we are impressed with the conviction that defendant, under his evidence, was a trespasser without justification. Mrs. Pettigrew, under whom he claims authority for entering upon the land and cutting the timber, had no such possession as warranted his act in entering. For six years before the alleged trespass, there had been no fence enclosing the land. No house of any kind, no cultivation whatever, or any thing of any nature to indicate her possession was shown by the evidence save and excepting the stumps of trees that had been cut in the course of years. Had there been color of title shown and any evidence of occupation, however slight, the instructions would have been proper. But both these factors were lacking.
In Carter v. Hornback, 139 Mo. 238, it is held, the “cutting and hauling firewood, sawing timber, making and hauling fencerails from the land and clearing up same” do not constitute actual possession.- Such is the general rule. It is useless to further discuss the question. Plaintiff’s instruction which was in the nature of a demurrer to defendant’s case should have been given. Reversed and remanded.
All concur.