As I concur entirely in the views expressed by my brother Manning in these causes, I do not propose to enter into any extended argument on the legal questions involved.
It is very manifest that Alanson Thomas had no title to any land not covered by his deed. If he had any rights outside of the land there described, they arose not from the deed, but from circumstances which entitle him to relief independent of it — or, in other words, from the equity to have a neAV deed conforming to some right which was not perfectly assured by the deed as drawn and executed.
The complainants undertook to purchase from Alanson, and they, in like manner, could only obtain a legal title to what was covered by the deed under which he claimed. They took a conveyance from him of lands not embraced in that deed, and, so far as depends on any right obtained merely from him, that conveyance would be operative to pass no more than he possessed, which would be the legal estate in the lands he owned, and any claim he might have to the lands he did not legally own.
It certainly requires no great amount of reasoning to show that Alanson Thomas had no rights which would be enforced by any court of law or equity. The ground of relief against mistakes is placed upon the same basis with that for specific performance, and the mistake is corrected by establishing the original right to a conveyance, or other instrument, under some agreement which, by reason of the mistake, has not been fully carried out. To make out the mistake, it is necessary to make out the contract, in order that the court may see how far it has failed in the per*103formance. In this case, not only is the deed shown to have been made for the express purpose of defrauding creditors, but there is not the slightest evidence of any previous bargain, or even conversation, between Aaron and Alan-son Thomas, on the subject of making such a deed at all. Nor have we any evidence whatever of when it was delivered, or what 'took place on the delivery. While the ■case shows thus clearly the fraudulent character of the transaction, and while it shows as clearly that no consideration passed, or existed even, for the imperfect deed, there is an entire absence of testimony from which we may gather any of the facts attending the iniquitous arrangement. All of the testimony on the subject is of subsequent acts and declarations, made with the plain design of blinding creditors, and from which it is as easy to infer that the description was made intentionally erroneous, in order to deceive creditors, as that Aaron Thomas designed putting himself entirely in his son’s power, and leaving no provision for his other heirs. But were the actual understanding, and a mistake, plainly proven, it would not avail any more to entitle Alanson to relief. He would not have the shadow ■of an equity.
The equities upon which the complainants rely, are not Alanson’s equities, but entirely outside matters. They depend really upon acts said to have been done by Aaron Thomas, which, it is claimed, should operate as equitable estoppels upon him and his heirs. And here, I think, a little confusion has arisen in assuming that the case stands as it would have stood had he lived. Whatever rights exist against an ancestor,- will undoubtedly, as a general rule, exist against his heir. But here, Aaron died before either of the complainants acquired any rights. He never made any representations to them whatever. And I have been unable to find any rule of law which authorizes a person to hold another liable for acts or representations not made to himself, or to some one under whom he derives *104title, who has innocently acted on, and been deceived by,, them. The complainants had no rights against Aaron Thomas by reason of any such representations or acts, and their grantor had none. They can, therefore, in my opinion, have none against his heirs.
Christiancy . J. :
After a most careful consideration of these cases, I am unable to agree in the opinion which has been given by my brothers Maiming and Campbell.
I think Ave are all substantially agreed upon the folloAVing facts,— at all events, I think they are sufficiently established by the evidence:
First, That the deed from Aaron Thomas to Alanson Thomas was fraudulent as to creditors:
Second, That there is no sufficient evidence that complainants had any actual notice of the fraud at the time of" them respective purchases:
Third, That complainants are purchasers for a valuable consideration:
Fourth, That there was a mistake in the deed from Aaron to Alanson Thomas — both parties understanding and treating it, during their respective lives, as a deed of the whole farm, including the lands claimed by complainants— and that they both died in ignorance of the mistake; that from the date of the deed in 1838 till the death of Aaron in 1841, both he and Alanson Thomas represented the latter to be the owner of the farm under said deed; that though both remained in possession, Aaron, for the greater portion of the time, had actual possession of but a small part, where he resided, and the business was carried on chiefly, if not entirely, in the name of Alanson, to whom Aaron directed persons wishing to transact business in respect to the farm or farm produce, and persons wishing to lease or purchase any parts of the farm, as well as those who applied to assess or collect taxes thereon, declaring to such persons that the *105farm belonged to Alanson; that Alanson leased out portions of the farm in his own name, with the full knowledge of Aaron, and without objection from him; that Aaron, in fact, took especial pains to induce the public to understand and believe that Alanson was the owner; that he twice directly testified, in a court of justice, that the farm belonged to Alanson,- — -once in his affidavit in the suit with Hurd, in February, 1846, and once in his answer to a bill in chancery •by Warren, in January, 1845; and that, in this suit, Aaron disclaims all title, saying (under oath) that he had conveyed to Alanson, and that the latter had been in possession from the date of the deed; that in 1839, in an action of trespass before Dort, justice, he disclaimed any interest in the lands leased by Alanson to Lawrence and Sherman,, respectively, which he testified had been so leased by Alanson to them:
Fifth, That complainants had no notice of the mistake in the deed at the time of their respective purchases from Alanson, in 1848 and 1850, except such constructive notice as is by law to be implied from what appeared on the face of the deed and record, by reason of their claiming through the deed in question:
Sixth, That Mr. Backus, who was the counsel and professional adviser of both Aaron and Alanson, from 1838 or 1839, till the time of their deaths, frequently had both the patent and the deed in question in his possession, and never discovered or knew of the mistake, — both parties always speaking of the farm as Alanson’s, and never having intimated to him that the deed had been made to defraud, creditors; that both complainants, before purchasing from Alanson Thomas, applied to, and inquired of, him, whether they could-get'a good title; that he informed them a conveyance from Alanson would be good, and that he so believed:
Seventh, That Alanson continued in the open and peaceable possession of the land in question after the death of *106Aaron, and up to, and at the time of, the respective conveyances to complainants:
Eighth, That the mistake in the description was first discovered by Titus Dort, administrator of Alanson, after the death of the latter, and some time after the respective conveyances to the complainants — -the latter being then in possession, improving and using the land as their own.
If the creditors of Aaron Thomas, or subsequent bona fide purchasers from him, were to be affected by the corree-' tion asked by the bills, and such creditors or purchasers were opposing the relief, a veiy different question would be presented, and, in such case, perhaps no relief could be given. But the relief is asked only against the heirs of Alanson Thomas and the administrator on his estate, and js opposed only by them. Heirs have none of the equitable rights of purchasers who have paid their money for the land, but, upon principle and authority, stand precisely in the condition of their ancestor — having no greater rights— and can avail themselves of no defense which would not have been equally available to him (Jackson v. Garnsey, 16 Johns. 191); and there being no legal evidence in the ease of any debts against the estate — nothing from which debts to any definite amount could be inferred, if any mere inference were permissible, nor any thing to show that the administrator is seeking the property at the instance of creditors' — the administrator stands in no better position than the heirs. — Osborne v. Moss, 7 Johns. 163. Both the above were cases of fraudulent conveyances by deceased, in one of which the heir, and in the other the administrator, sought to set up the fraud in defense;- but in both it was held incompetent.
I shall therefore consider the cases before us as if these bills had been brought against Aaron Thomas himself. And looking at the facts of the case in the light of plain common sense, and applying those principles of honesty and fair dealing universally recognized as governing the ordinary business transac*107tions of men,, the case would certainly seem to present a very strong and clear equitable right in the complainants as ■against Aaron Thomas, and, upon every principle of justice, to entitle them to a correction of the mistake. And if'a court of equity can not grant relief in such a case, it must be deplorably infirm in the administration of remedial justice. Just reasoning should lead to just results; and any course ;of reasoning which leads to a result opposed to the just rights of the parties, should, at least, be carefully scrutinized ■before it is admitted as established law.
I propose to examine the objections urged to the relief in these cases, and to show, also, the ground upon which I think it should be granted.
One principal ground upon which my brethren feel bound to deny relief is, that the contract or transaction between Aaron Thomas and his son, Alanson, was fraudulent as to creditors, and therefore illegal between the parties at common law, as opposed to public policy; and that courts will •not enforce an illegal contract.
Whether the contract, as between the immediate parties, was illegal in that' sense which would prevent Alanson Thomas from sustaining an action upon it against Aaron Thomas, is by no means well settled by the cases; for, though we admit that the statute 13th Elizabeth, and our own statute in reference to fraudulent conveyances, are only in affirmance of the common law; it does not follow that the common law went further than the statute, and made such contracts, even when executory, void or illegal as between the parties, so as to enable one of the parties to set up his own fraud in his own defense. It is true it was so held in Smith v. Hubbs, 1 Fairf. 71; in Norris v. Norris’ adm’rs, 9 Dana, 317, and by Cowen and Bronson, judges, against the opinion of Nelson, chief justice, in Clark v. Nellis, 20 Wend. 24; and this decision was sustained in the Court of Errors (4 Sill, 424), by a vote of ten to nine — the Chancellor, who voted for reversal, concurring with the Supreme *108Court in their view of the law, but thinking it inapplicable to that case. While, on the other hand, directly the opposite view of this question has been held by the Supreme-Court of Indiana, in Findley v. Cooley, 1 Blackf. 262, and the Supreme Court of Massachusetts in Fairbanks v. Blackington, 9 Pick. 93, and, as I think (notwithstanding the criticisms to the contrary), by the Court of King’s Bench, in Hawes v. Leader, Cro. Jac. 271. And in the last case, and all the following cases, among many others, the contract has been expressly declared to be good between the parties, and void only as to creditors, without any reference by the court to any distinction between the case of an executed and executory contract. — Jackson v. Garnsey, 16 Johns. 191; Drinkwater v. Drinkwater's adm’r, 4 Mass. 354; Cushwa v. Cushwa’s lessee, 5 Md. 45; Broughton v. Broughton, 4 Rich, (S. C.) 492.
It is true those who claim such contracts to be illegal as between the parties, undertake to base these decisions on the ground that the contracts in question were executed, and not executory. But while this distinction is well founded in principle, when applied to cases where the contract has been fully performed, so as to place the party claiming under it, without the aid of the court, in full possession of the thing illegally contracted for, yet, when applied to the class of cases last cited, where, though the contract is com-, pleted, the £>arty has obtained nothing by it, and never can obtain any thing without the aid of the court, the distinc-. tion alluded to becomes merely verbal and technical, without any foundation in principle. The rule which forbids the maintenance of a suit upon an illegal contract while executory, is based upon the ground of public policy; that courts? to discomage fraud, should refuse all aid to parties seeking to derive advantage from their own illegal acts; yet, without the aid of the court, the personal property in Hawes v. Leader, the land in Jackson v. Garnsey, the only substantial benefit, the illegal end and object of the contracts, could *109never have been attained, and the contracts would have been mere waste paper. If, therefore,- the contracts were illegal, the court in these, and all other cases of this class, directly-aided the guilty party in violating the law of the land; and the merely verbal distinction between executed and executory contracts can not alter the fact. I am well satisfied, therefore, from these considerations, as well as from the fact that the courts expressly declared the contracts to be valid between the parties, and placed the decisions on the broad .ground that a defendant shall not set up Ms own fraud in efense, that the courts did not consider them illegal contracts in any sense; and that subsequent judges, in carrying out a favorite theory of their own, have given reasons for these decisions never thought of by the courts who -made them, and by no means flattering to their good sense. In every substantial sense, within the principle of the rule which refuses to carry into effect illegal contracts, all the deeds and contracts referred to in this class of cases remained executory. To hold otherwise would be to hold that parties to an illegal contract might, by formal ceremoMes always in their power, by the necromancy of ink and paper, or by the enchantment growing out of the delivery of a pewter dish (as in Hawes v. Leader), get entire control of the courts, and compel them to aid in giving effect to illegal transactions.
But suppose it be admitted that the contract, as between Aaron and Alanson Thomas, was illegal, so that the latter 'could maintain no action upon it: it can not prejudice the complainants here. It is true that where a statute declares a contract absolutely illegal and void, to all intents and purposes, as has sometimes been done in reference to notes and contracts given for a usurious or gambling consideration, they have been held void in the hands of a bona fide holder. But contracts are treated as void at common law on the ground of public policy only; and the rule, ex twrpi *causa non oritur actio, is subject to all the limitations and *110qualifications which, sound public policy may dictate; and courts will sustain, or refuse to sustain, an action upon such contracts, as may be most consistent with sound policy, and best calculated to discourage and suppress such violations of the law. — Story Eq. Juris. §§298 to 300, and cases there cited; Starke's ex'rs v. Littlepage, 4 Rand. 368, per Green J.; Cushwa v. Cushwa's lessee, 5 Md. 52 and 53; Sedgwick v. Sedgwick, 6 Gill, 29.
One qualification of the rule is, that the rule itself shall not be made an engine of wrong and injustice, in the hands, of the wrong-doer against innocent parties. It can never be good policy to punish the innocent for the crimes of" the guilty.. Hence, the rule can not be set up to the preju-. dice of any party innocent of all participation in the wrongs or whose rights have been acquired without notice of it. I. am not aware of any case, at law or in equity, where a, contrary doctrine has been held, unless the illegality or fraud occurred directly in the course of judicial administration^ and if there be any such, I can not esteem it as good law or good sense. In some of the cases, general language has been used, which, abstractly considered, might be supposed, to extend the rule to innocent parties; but when considered with reference to the cases before the courts, it will be found to apply only to the parties in fault. The rule is laid down, with its proper limitations, by Lord Brougham, in Armstrong v. Armstrong, 3 Myl. & K. 64; and see Fivaz v. Nicholas, 2 M., G. & S. 512 to 514; and Cowen J. admits this in Clark v. Nellis, 20 Wend.; and the Chancellor in the. same case (4 Mill). The rule in question is the same which declares that a party “must come into court with clean,, hands” — “that no polluted hand| shall touch the pure fountain of justice”. — that the court will not aid a party seeking the reward of his iniquity. And in Holman v. Johnson, Cowp. 343, a leading case on the subject, Lord Mansfield says, 5,n speaking of the ground on which the defense of’ illegality is allowed, “It is. not for the sake of the defend:_ *111ant, bnt because they will not lend their aid to such a plaintiff^
And, as against an innocent party, “no man shall set up his own iniquity as a defense, any more than as a cause of action”; per Lord Mansfield in Montefiori v. Montefiori, 1 W. Bl. 363; see also per Abbott Ch. J. 2 B. & Aid. 368; and see argument 4 Bing. 639; and in Doe v. Boberts, 2 B. & Aid. it was held that a party could not set up his own fraud in defense against his own deed, though the fraud amounted to illegality, and the plaintiff was a party to it. — See Cushwa v. Cushwa’s lessee, 5 Md. 45, 54; Broughton v. Broughton, 4 Rich. 492.
Not only is it incompetent to set up such a defense against an innocent party, but the law will discriminate as to the degrees of guilt, as between the immediate parties; and it is well settled, both at law and in equity, that to enable a party to a transaction merely illegal as against public policy, to show his own fraud in his own defense, the plaintiff must not only be in delicto but in pari delicto. And it is in this class of cases that the rule in pari delicto especially applies; and though the plaintiff may, to some extent, have participated in the illegal transaction, yet, if not equally guilty with the defendant (or at least if there be strong mitigating circumstances in his favor) the latter will not be allowed to avail himself of the defense. — Skaife v. Jackson, 3 B. & C. 421. Smith v. Cuff, 6 M. & S. 160; Alsager v. Spalding, 4 Bing. N. S. 407; Horton v. Riley, 11 M. & W. 492; Turner v. Hoole, Dow. & Ry. N. P. C. 27; Smith v. Bromley, Doug. 696; Osborne v. Williams, 18 Ves. 379; Whaley v. Horton, 1 Vern. 483; Bainham v. Manning, 2 Vern. 242; Anandale v. Harris, 2 P. Wms. 432; James v. Bird’s adm’r 8 Leigh, 510 (referring to case of Austin v. Winston, 1 Hen. & M. 33); Story Eq. Juris. § 300; Adams v. Barrett, 5 Ga. 404.
To apply these well settled rules to the cases before us — are the complainants in pari delicto with Aaron Thomas in this fraud? In what violation of law have they participa*112ted? What stain is discoverable upon their hands, more than upon the hands of this court ? I can see none, and my brethren do not claim to have discovered any. To apply the rule ex turpi causa to these complainants, or to allow them in any way to be prejudiced by the iniquity of Aaron Thomas, and especially to allow him to set up his own iniquity against these complainants, who are innocent of all participation in it, would, it seems to me, be . extending the rule far beyond the policy which dictates, and should always control, it — converting a broad principle of public policy into an arbitrary technicality, blind alike both to policy and justice; confounding all ideas of right and wrong, and punishing the innocent for the faults of the guilty — thus making the letter of the rule defeat its spirit and its object, and the rule itself an efficient engine for the perpetration of the fraud and injustice it was intended to prevent.
There is nothing arbitrary or technical in the rule in question in a court of law; and I am not willing to close my eyes to the just rights of parties, for the sake of erecting a new, arbitrary barrier to those rights in a court of equity.
The law, I think, need not fear defilement from coming in contact with fraud, for the purpose of suppressing it, or protecting the innocent. I can not resist the conclusion, that it will tend much more to the suppression of fraudulent contracts of this kind, and is therefore more in accordance with sound public policy, to enforce them against the fraudulent party himself, than to allow him, not only to escape the evil consequences, but actually to reap an advantage from his own fraud as against innocent parties. No one, in such case, can suffer any detriment from the enforcement of the contract but the guilty party himself, and he has no right to complain: as he sought the advantage, let him bear the burden of his iniquity.
I think, therefore, this defense is wholly incompetent for these defendants, as against these complainants; that the court have no right to listen to it as against the latter, and *113that the ease is to be considered in all respects as if there had been no fraud, and the contract between the Thomases had been in good faith and for a good consideration.
As to the objection of a want of consideration between Aaron Thomas and his son, I am at a loss to perceive how that can be raised by Aaron Thomas, any more than the fraud; or how he can raise it at all. The transaction was single and entire, and for the purpose of defrauding- creditors. It was without' consideration, simply because it was fraudulent ; and Aaron Thomas is not entitled to have this single transaction divided up into two parts, one fraudulent and the other innocent, so as to allow him to claim the protection due to an innocent voluntary vendor: besides, he has said to all the world by his deed,'and to these complainants in particular, who have bought upon the strength of it, that he had received the consideration of “five thousand dollars, good and lawful money of the United States”; and as they had no notice to the contrary, and bought in good faith (beyond all question as to this point), he would be estopped to deny the consideration as against complainants, had there been no fraud, and the conveyance had been merely voluntary. In Frazer v. Western, 1 Barb. Ch. 220, it was decided that even where a purchaser has notice that the deed to his grantor was voluntary and without consideration, this does not make it his duty to inquire, at his peril, whether it was fraudulent as to creditors; and that the legal presumption is that such conveyance is valid where a relationship of blood or marriage exists between the parties; and see Wyche v. Greene, 11 Ga. 159, where a mistake was corrected in a voluntary conveyance.
But it is further objected that, as to so much of the land as is not actually included in the deed of Aaron to Alanson, owing to the mistake, the transaction must be put upon the ground of a contract to convey; that this is a mere chose in action, and complainants, being merely assignees, can stand in no better position than Alanson Thomas himself. No proof *114of any actual previous agreement in such case need be given; but what was the understanding of the parties, and what was intended to be conveyed, may be inferred entirely from, the deed itself, the subject-matter, the surrounding circumstances, and especially the subsequent acts of the parties. — Story Juris. §162; Farley v.Bryant, 32 Me. 474; Wyche v. Greene, 11 Ga. 159; and see Showman v. Miller, 6 Md. 479, where the agreement was inferred wholly from the deed and the surrounding circumstances, against direct evidence of a different agreement, and the mistake corrected.
That, as a general rule, an assignee of a chose in action takes it subject to all equities existing between the original parties, cannot be doubted. But if this rule were applicable to such cases as the present, as I think it is not, it may well be doubted whether the fraud of Aaron Thomas can constitute an equity in his own favor, as against complainants, who have not participated in the fraud; especially as such a defense is never allowed to a defendant on his own account. But it is said a purchaser of a chose in action must be presumed to have notice of what the rights of the parties to it really were. This is doubtless true, as a general rule (so far, at least, as respects any defense allowed on the defendant’s own account), and when the vendor understands that he is selling, and the purchaser that he is buying, a chose in action; because, in such case, every purchaser knows he is getting nothing except the right of action existing between the original parties; and hence it becomes his duty to inquire into those rights, and it is his own folly if he does not. But where, as in this case, both the vendor (Alan-son Thomas) and the vendees (complainants), understood that the one was spiling, and the others that they were purchasing, the land itself, instead of a mere contract respecting it; and especially Avhere such Avas the understanding of the original transaction by the parties to it, and by all parties throughout, and the purchasers have paid their money for the land itself, and only failed to obtain the title in consequence of *115a mistake in the deed of the first grantor, alike unknown to all the parties — in such a case, it seems to me, the reason of the rule in question substantially fails ; and that, to hold the parties to the ordinary rule applicable to a chose in action, would be to bind them by a contract which none of the parties ever assented to, or intended to make. Non videntur gui errant consentiré; and the rights and obligations of the parties should be put upon the basis of the contract they intended to make, and believed they had made, — the basis of a conveyance of the land itself.
And the rights of the complainants shordd be governed, as to notice of every thing affecting the rights of prior parties, by the same rules which apply to conveyances of land. As such bona fide purchasers, the rules applicable to a chose in action are no way applicable to them (see Leading Cases in Eq. vol 2, pt. 1, pp. 51 and 52); and they stand upon grounds equally as strong as those which protect the bona fide holder of negotiable paper; and are no more bound to inquire into the consideration or the secret motives of the parties to any of the prior conveyances, especially where their immediate grantor is in open and peaceable possession, and no want of consideration, and no illegality or unfairness, appears on the conveyance.
A bona fide purchaser is a peculiar favorite of courts of equity, and those courts have gone, perhaps, further in protecting such purchase than in protecting any other right cognizable in equity.— See Leading Cases in Eq. ed. above cited, pp. 37 and 48 ; Sugden V. and P. 11th ed. 924 to 1013. And though the statute expressly declare a fraudulent conveyance void as against creditors, and make no exception in . favor of bona fide purchasers, yet such purchasers will hold even against creditors. — Anderson v. Roberts, 18 Johns. 516; Jackson, v. Terry, 13 Johns. 471; Boyce v. Waller, 2 B. Monr. 91; Fraser v. Western, 1 Barb. Ch. R. 220; Lee v. Abbe, 2 Root, 359 (and such is the rule expressly enacted by our own statute, Comp. L. vol, *1162, p. 948, §3202, in force when the conveyances to complainants were made). But if a statute declare negotiable paper absolutely void, it is void in the hands of a bona fide holder.
But it is objected that complainants can not claim to be bona fide purchasers, because the deed was recorded, and they were bound to take notice of any defect of title appearing on the record. I am at a loss to perceive how the record of the deed can have any bearing upon this question. The purpose of the registry law, as I understand it, is not to give notice, as between a grantor and his grantee, immediate or remote, for the protection of the grantor, but as between prior and subsequent purchasers and incumbrancers from the same grantor, and for the protection of purchasers. As between Aaron and Alanson Thomas, or as between the former and the grantees of the latter, the question would be precisely the same if the deed had never been recorded.
I admit the general rule, that a purchaser is bound to notice such defects of title, and such incumbrances, as appear on the face of any deed through which he derives title, whether it appear directly or by reference to some other paper mentioned in it. This was the rule at common law, and does not depend upon the registry. But it will not, I presume, be contended, that under this rule, the deed itself could give the complainants notice of the fraud or illegality, as this does not appear on the deed, expressly or by reference; much less that complainants could thereby be made particeps criminis in the original illegality. Constructive notice, implied by this rule, is purely a fiction of law, adopted for wise purposes, and wholesome in its operation when confined within its proper limits: but in fictions juris, semper equitas existitq and to extend it so far as to make an innocent man particeps criminis in a past transaction of which he is actually ignorant, would make it an engine of oppression.
But it is contended, that under this rule, the deed of Aaron is notice to complainants of the mistake in the dqgd itself; *117and that, therefore, they are not bona fide purchasers,. in respect to this mistake. I frankly admit I was at first deceived by the plausibility of this position, but further reflection, and a most careful investigation, have satisfied me that I was in error, and that the position is unsound; that the deed can not, as between these parties, be held to be notice of a mistake like this, without leading to gross absurdity. If the -question had arisen between these complainants and subsequent purchasers from Aaron Thomas, the rule contended for might apply. But this point, being in no way dependent upon, or affected by, the fraud, can be no stronger against complainants than it would have been against Alanson Thomas, had he purchased of Aaron Thomas in perfect good faith, and the same mistake had occurred. If the deed itself was notice of this mistake to complainants, then, much more, or, at least, equally, was it notice to Alanson Thomas, who took the deed, kept it in his own possession, got it recorded, and held under it till the day of his death (twelve years after) without any suspicion of the mistake. I can see no ground for holding, in such a case, that the second purchaser is bomid to notice such a mistake in the deed, more’ than the first, who takes it directly and holds under it. And the result will be, if the deed itself is held to be conclusive evidence of notice of the mistake in the deed, and the purchaser taking under it is to be held to have taken it with knowledge of the mistake, then the very fact that such a mistake has occurred in the deed, will be a bar to its correction; and the whole jurisdiction of chancery, on this subject, is at an end. I can not, therefore, admit that a mistake of this kind, when the question arises, as in this case, without intervening equities, is one of those defects of title of which a purchaser is bound, at Ms peril, to take notice. It is simply and purely a mistake; and a subsequent purchaser can no more be bound to notice it, or, as between these parties, to suffer from its non-discovery, than the party to whom it is directly made and delivered. Gross negligence *118might possibly be a bar to such correction in either case. But the mistake in this case was eminently calculated to mislead. In the description, as contained in the patent, there are fourteen courses (and as many distances). The mistake in the deed consists in omitting four of these courses and distances. This is precisely the kind of mistake which would be most likely to be overlooked by any one but a surveyor; few men, not familiar with surveying, would be able to carry these various courses and distances in the mind through the entire description, so as to discover any discrepancy between the description and the shape of the tract upon the ground The quantity mentioned in the deed agrees, to a fraction, with that mentioned in the patent, — IS'! 6-100ths acres. The mistake therefore could only be discovered, by ordinary men, by a careful comparison with the patent; and it is not too much to say that a large majority of business men, and even those who are in the habit of examining titles, would be liable to be deceived by the mistake. And it can hardly lie in the mouth of Aaron Thomas to allege gross carelessness in these complainants, in not discovering it, when he himself, who caused it to be prepared, and executed it, lived and died in ignorance of the mistake, and twice, at least, testified to facts which must have been willful perjury, if he was aware of the error.
But there are also other reasons why Aaron Thomas can not insist upon holding these complainants bound by this mistake, and why he should not be at liberty to object to them the want of consideration, or his own intended fraud upon creditors. His own acts tended to lead them into the error, and to disarm them of any suspicion of fraud. I do not allude to any merely verbal statements of Aaron Thomas made to persons not shown to have communicated with complainants, and Avho did not, under the influence and belief of such statements, in any Avay advise or mislead the complainants in respect to the title. Nor are complainants to be affected by rumors and neighborhood reports or surmises. *119If, without proof, they are presumed to have known these, then equally must they be presumed to have known the testimony of Aaron on the public records of the courts. But I refer especially to the matters stated in the four following points as tending directly to mislead complainants:
1st. The description in the deed, as I have shown, was hi its nature calculated to deceive, and did deceive them, as it had deceived him, as well as Alanson and the widow and heirs. And if the error in the deed was intentional on his part, to defraud creditors, and to induce the belief that the whole had been conveyed, when he knew the contrary, the case is still the worse for him and his heirs; as it not only admits that the error was such as he supposed likely to deceive, but that he actually intended it should deceive. He must be presumed to have intended the natural consequences of his acts. The trap, though set for creditors, was so set and baited as to be equally dangerous to purchasers; and when the latter have been caught, shall he come into court and seek to avoid the consequences of his acts, on the ground that he only intended to entrap creditors ? When courts become more solicitous for the protection of the avowed swindler (as this suggestion would make him) than of his innocent victim, it will be time enough to listen to the plea. But this suggestion is wholly inadmissible, as it is against his own oath, twice repeated, and there is nothing in the case to warrant it.
2d. He represents on the face of the deed that he had received five thousand dollars in cash, in payment for the land; and no man can believe that, but for this deed, complainants would ever have purchased the lands from Alanson Thomas.
3d. The fact that he put Alanson in possession, with all the apparent indicia of ownership, recognized him as the owner nine years during his life, and left him in peaceable possession at his death, and that this possession continued, open and visible to all the world, up to the time of the purchase by these complainants.
*120All these are continuing representations of Aaron Thomas, which did not end with his death, but tended as directly and as strongly to induce complainants to act upon them as any representations he could have made, during- his life, to complainants in person. His death took nothing from the effect of these acts and representations; and to hold that his heirs are not to be bound by them, because the purchases were not made till after his death, would, in my view, be little less unreasonable than to hold that a grant by deed could not bind his heirs. It is doubtless true, that if the heirs had discovered the mistake after the death of Aaron, and had taken possession of the land omitted by the mistake, or had instituted proceedings for its recovery from Alanson, before complainants purchased, they might not have been estopped by these.acts and representations of their ancestor; because complainants would not then have been deceived; the possession by the heirs, or the pendency of the suit for its recovery, would have been notice to them of the claim of the heirs, and consequently of the mistake.
I can not admit that there is any principle of law which limits the effect of such acts and representations to the period of a man’s own life, or which prevents Ms heirs being bound by them after Ms death, wherever he would be bound by them if living. Nor that there is any principle which confines the rule of equitable estoppel to such representations as are made directly, and in person, to the parties acting upon them. Whether direct or indirect, in the presence or in the absence of the parties, is immaterial, so that they are calculated and intended to produce, and do produce, the end.
But, 4th, it is also in evidence that Mr. Backus, the counsel and adviser of Aaron and Alanson during their lives, and who frequently had both the deed and the patent in his possession; who had ahvay heard both speak ofsthe farm as Alanson’s, and never heard from either any fraudulent purpose connected with the deed, nor ever discovered the mis. take, — was inquired of by these complainants as to the title *121before they purchased, and he informed them that a deed from Alanson would be good.
It is true that, on the death of Aaron Thomas, the powers of Mr. Backus, as his attorney, ceased. But his death did not obliterate the impression, nor take back the information he had imparted; and Mr. Backus doubtless acted upon that information in perfect good faith, and was entitled to act upon it, when he advised these complainants that the title of Alanson Thomas was good. If Mr. Backus, and, through him, the complainants were misled, the acts and representations of Aaron Thomas tended to mislead them.
I think, therefore, that Aaron Thomas can be no more at liberty to insist upon his fraud, the want of consideration or the mistake in the deed, as against these complainants, than if he had been present at the sale by Alanson to them, advising it, and giving the strongest assurances of Alanson’s title. The case is even stronger against him than any verbal representations could have made it, because no one would be so likely to rely upon any verbal assurances, as upon a solemn deed of conveyance, duly executed, acknowledging full consideration, and followed by many years of peaceable possession under it.
It is well settled at law, that where goods are obtained by fraud, under circumstances which would render the sale void between vendor and vendee, and the vendor has furnished, however innocently, to the vendee any of the evidences of ownership, calculated to mislead a purchaser, and the goods are purchased bona fide from the fraudulent vendee, relying upon such evidences of ownership, such purchaser will hold against the innocent vendor. — Ash v. Putnam, 1 Hill, 307; and see Rowley v. Bigelow, 12 Pick. 307 (which perhaps goes too far); Peabody v. Fenton, 8 Barb. Ch. R. 451, and Lupin v. Marie, 2 Paige, 169.
In the case of Teasdale v. Teasdale, Sel. Ca. Ch. 59, it was decided that, even where a person has been induced to become a purchaser by the misrepresentation of another *122ignorant of his own right, but where he ought, as a prudent man, to have had notice of it, equity will grant relief to the purchaser.
But the cases before us are much stronger, and it seems to me, stand upon the ground of that numerous class of cases, where the party, knowing his rights, willfully conceals them, encourages another person to purchase, and, when the purchase has been made on the strength of the representations, seeks to take advantage of his own wrong to the injury of the purchaser; as in Savage v. Foster, 9 Mod. 35, Ibbottson v. Rhodes, 2 Vern. 554. Shall the fraud of a party shield him when his ignorance would not ? When others have been induced to purchase property on the strength of his representations, shall he be allowed to excuse himself on the plea that he only meant to defraud creditors, when the allowance of the excuse would defraud purchasers also?
In every view I have been able to take of this case, I am compelled to look upon these complainants as bona fide purchasers, without notice of the fraud, want of consideration, or mistake; and this is simply giving effect to the purchase according to the actual understanding and intent of the parties.
But here the broad ground is taken (though no such objection was urged on the argument), that a purchase in good faith and for a valuable consideration, is no ground to sustain a bill for relief in a court of equity, though it is a good defense; and for this my brethren have cited Beekman v. Frost, 18 Johns. 544 (in which the Court of Errors reversed the opinion of Chancellor Kent by a vote of 15 to 10); and Jackson v. Cadwell, 1 Cow. 622. The latter case decided nothing of the kind, and could not, as it was an action of ejectment; but it contains a mere dictum, to that effect by Woodworth J. But in the case of Beekman v. Frost, the broad unqualified language used by the court would carry the rule nearly to the extent claimed by my brethren, though the case before the court by no means *123warranted such, an extent of application. But if the rule be admitted to the unqualified extent there stated, as I understand the language of the court, it would not apply to the cases before us; as I think the language of the decision applies only where the bill basis the claim for relief on that ■ground. My brethren seem to have taken it for granted that such is the case with the bills in the cases before us.
But these bills do not claim relief on this ground, as respects the fraud between the Thomases. This is no part of the case made by the bills, nor do they in any manner allude to the fraud. The defendants have undertaken to set up this fraud in their defense. As to this they are the assailing party; and if admissible at all (as I think it is not), they have the affirmative of the issue, and must prove notice to complainants of the fraud, instead of requiring the ■complainants to prove the negative.
The present cases are not, then, within the reason given for the rule in Beekman v. Frost, if that reason be the true one. It is true these bills claim that complainants purchased bona fide, without notice or knowledge of the mistake; but so much would have been necessary had they purchased directly from Aaron Thomas, and the mistake had occurred in his deed to them.
But, relying upon the general language of the court in Beekman v. Frost, my brethren have laid down the rule as one of universal application to all complainants who may happen to be bona fide purchasers, without exception or limitation. But the language of judicial decisions must not be taken abstractly, without reference to the facts of the case to which it is applied; and where general language is used, it can not be taken as authority further than justified by the case; and construing the decision in Beekman v. Frost, secundum subjectam materiam, it only justifies the application of the rule there laid down, to bona fide purchasers who do not show an equity superior to that of the -defendant.
*124That there are oases, and a great variety of them, in which a bona fide purchase might be a good defense, and yet no ground for relief, I do not deny; because a court of equity will not grant affirmative relief to a complainant who does not show a right superior to that of the defendant- — in other words, superior equity (I here use the terms in the broad sense, including cases of equal equity prior in time, or coupled with the legal estate). If the equities are equal, potior est conditio defendentis.
But so strong is the position of a bona fide purchaser in a court of equity, that the court will sometimes protect him as defendant, even where the complainant shows a superior right; as, for instance, where complainant shows an equal equity coupled with the legal estate — Joyce v. De Moleyns, 2 J. & L. and Bowen v. Fvans, 1 Ibid. 264 (cited Lead. Ca. in Eq. note to Basset v. Nosworthy); and even though complainant be in possession under his legal title.— Wallwyn v. Lee, 9 Ves. 24. This would seem to depend mainly, if not entirely, upon considerations connected with discovery — the court refusing to appeal to the conscience of a party to make discovery when he has in good faith parted with Ms money in ignorance of the conflicting right,
In all such cases, and m all others where such purchaser can not show a superior equity (M the sense in which I have used these terms), he could not, certainly, obtain relief as complainant. But that there is any established rule in a court of eqmty which denies relief to a bona fide purchaser who shows equities superior to those of the defendant, I can not admit. I can discover no principle on which such a rule can be justified; and the decisions cited, when considered with reference to the subject-matter, will justify no such conclusion. And after a careful examination, and much reflection, I must declare my conviction that the rule, as broadly stated in Beekman v. Frost, and by my brethren in this case, has no existence — -that it exists, m fact, only as it is based upon, and forms an instance in illustra*125tion of, the more general rule, that complainant must show equities superior to those of the defendant. If the bona fide purchaser show such superior equity, is it sufficient reason for denying relief) to say to him “This court' does not grant relief to a bona fide purchaser”? He is surely -entitled to ask the reason why; and it seems to me it would be exceedingly difficult to give one which could be appreciated by a man of plain common sense. What right have the court to erect an arbitrary barrier of this kind against the rights and equities of parties, and to shield themselves under the plea of infirmity self-imposed? It is as great a wrong to deny relief in such a case, as to grant it where it is not due. Either is an abuse of power. The pressure of these considerations has been felt by those who feel bound to acknowledge the existence of the rule as one of universal application too firmly established to be shaken. And great pains have been taken, and much ingenuity exercised, to discover a reason. Such was the course of the court in Beekman v. Frost; and yet my brethren agree with me that the reason there given (the oath of the party) is not sufficient for a case like these before us; and my brethren seem to think it is not the true reason of the rule, and they give a new, but what they deem the true, reason, viz., “That the right of a bona fide purchaser is an imperfect right.”
I am not sure that I comprehend this reason. It does not convey to my mind any clear or definite idea. If by an “imperfect right” is intended a mere equitable, as distinguished from a legal, right, then it is too broad, and would materially narrow the limits of recognized equity jurisdiction. If it be intended to declare that the right is imperfect only in the sense that, though recognized as a .good defense, it is not recognized as sufficient ground for equitable relief, then it is simply giving in another form ■of words the ride itself as the reason of the rule. There •is no difficulty, it seems to me, in discovering the reason *126of the rule in all cases to which it is applicable, viz., where, the complainant does not show a superior equity. And it is not a little remarkable that the court in Beékman v. Frost should have taken so much pains to find a reason for the universality of the rule, when they have actually (though it would seem almost unconsciously, if they understood it to. be universal) given the true reason for its application to the. case before them. Thus, Judge Spencer after broadly stating-the rule, says (p. 562), “If the defendant has an equal claim to the protection of a court of equity to defend his. possession, as the plaintiff has to assert his right, the court will not interfere on either side.” And though my bretM ren have given a new, and, as I think, an unsound reason for the rule, yet when they come to illustrate th'e rule by the example of a bona fide purchaser of a horse, the true reason appears in the illustration; viz., that complainant must have the superior equity. It is evident to me that the court in Beekman v. Fost, notwithstanding the broad general language used', did not understand the rule as ap,-. plicable to a case where the complainant showed superior equities; and the only case upon which that opinion purports to rest is Patterson v. Slaughter, Amb. 293. Little reliance can be placed upon the accuracy of this reporter (see. Preface to Fden’s P. and 1 Kent, 460). It was merely a motion to take an answer off the files, and to file a new-one setting up a bona fide purchase by defendant’s grantor. It had been claimed, in opposition to the motion, that defend-, ant might file a cross bill; and against this suggestion Lord Hardwicke is made to use the general language cited in Beekman v. Frost, without giving any reason whatever. Other grounds are stated sufficient for granting the motion, as it was-, granted. If Lord Hardwicke used the general language at-, tributed to, him, it was doubtless perfectly correct as applied to that case, which (thongh the case is imperfectly stated) I think was a case in which the defendant could not have shown, superior equities. The case, I think, has never been under-. *127stood, in England, to carry the rule to the extent now claimed for it; and I do not find that it has ever been cited there for such a purpose; and, both before. and sitice, the rule has been otherwise understood in England. In the leading case of Basset v. Nosworthy (Rep. temp. Finch, 102), Lord Keeper Finch, speaking of a bona fide purchaser, declares, “equity will not disarm a purchaser, but assist him.” And the cases are numerous in which relief has been given to a bona fide purchaser as complainant. See the cases collected in note to case last cited (Lead Ca. in. Eq. 46 to 50); and see Shine v. Gough, 1 Ball & Be. 436, where affirmative relief was given on this ground as against the holder of the legal title who had recovered in ejectment.
In the great majority of cases where the rights of a bona fide purchaser have come in question, it is doubtless true that such purchase would only be good as a defense, because the question has generally arisen between two purchasers from the same grantor, immediate or remote, or upon analogous principles; and this is what is generally understood by the terms bona fide purchaser, as mentioned in the books; and few such cases can .arise, where, if the defendant were complainant, the opposite party would not have an equal equity. It is also true that such bona fide purchase is most frequently set up by a defendant, because he is generally the party in possession, and therefore the party attacked. The cases before us are, I think, the first in which the rule in question was ever sought to be applied as between the purchaser and his grantor, mediate or immediate, especially where the equities of the purchaser were superior to those of the grantor. It is easy to see that, in cases between a bona fide purchaser and Ms vendor, such purchaser is quite as likely to have the superior equities as the grantor. The cases before us are an example m which all the equities are on the side of the purchaser, and none are even claimed to exist on the part of the vendor, Aaron Thomas, or his heirs. Mr. Hare, in Ms note (Leading Ga. in Fq. vol. 2, part 1, 54 to 56), condemns *128the generality of the rule in Beekman v. Frost, but uses the following language, which my brethren have quoted : “ There can be no doubt that a defense resting on the ground of a purchase for a valuable consideration as technically made by plea, which does not allege the existence of a good title in the vendor, and which, as remarked by Lord Eldon, implies a want of title in the vendee, can not, in itself, furnish a ground for a suit or action in a court of equity or of laAv.’’ If this language be claimed to apply to the present cases, I have only to remark that, within the meaning of the language above quoted, Aaron Thomas, who had the legal estate, is the vendor of these complainants; and the reference by the author to the language of Lord Eldon, in the case of Wallwyn v. Lee, shows that it applies to that class of cases only where the purchaser could not show a superior equity. But the want of the legal estate in complainants can be no objection to the relief asked for in the cases before us, where the very object of the bill is to obtain the legal estate. To hold that a defendant who has undertaken to convey the legal estate, but has failed to do so by mistake in the conveyance, can insist upon the absence of the legal estate in complainants, as a bar to the correction of the error, would neither be sound logic nor sound law. Such a proposition, when reduced to plain English, would assert that complainant should be denied the relief simply because he has not already obtained it. Equity will place the legal estate, in such case, where, in equity and good conscience, it ought to be; it looks upon that as done which is agreed to be done, and, if not done, will put the parties in the same position as if it had been done as agreed.
I think the complainants clearly entitled to the relief asked by their bill, and my only apology for so extended a discussion, is my imwillingness to sanction the establishment of rules which will not only result in the consummation of a gross fraud upon innocent parties in the cases before us, but which, I think, will operate as an encouragement of fraud in other *129cases. Concurring fully in the opinion of the judge who tried these causes in the court below, I think the decrees in the court below should be affirmed.