This application for citizenship is opposed by the examiner on the ground of violation of the Volstead Act (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1923, § 1013814 .et seq.). In the Nagy Case, 3 F.(2d) 77, this day decided, I have discussed the question in its general aspects. This petitioner, however, asserts that, since he was not charged with manufacture or sale, but was only charged with having some illicit liquor in his possession for the purpose of personal consumption, as he claims, it is “tithing mint, ¡anise, and cummin,” and “sticking in the bark,” to refuse him citizenship, when, as he avers, not thousands, but thousands upon thousands, of “the best people” in the United States are notoriously indulging themselves in the unlawful possession of liquor, and he asserts, further, that this offense of his, which is a misdemeanor punishable only by fine, ought to be analogized to other minor offenses, such as those against the traffic laws, etc., so as to constitute no impediment to his entrance.
The petitioner asserts that this court has admitted applicants, although it has appeared that during their five years’ probation they have been arrested for violation of the traffic laws, for engaging in fistic encounters, etc.-, and that there can be no soundness in the distinction between a liquor misdemeanor and a traffic misdemeanor. It may be true that a casuist, or a metaphysi-cian, viewing crimes broadly, or a Mikado, whose “object all sublime, he would achieve in time, to make the punishment fit the crime, the punishment fit the crime,” could not point to any reasonable difference between these offenses, as to the penalty to be imposed, or the consequences to follow, there is certainly no difference in morals, since both are mala prohibita, and in no sense mala in se, and neither carries with it'any moral odium, except that which abstractly attends the breaking of any positive law.
If I were inclined to draw a distinction between the measure of guilty reprobation involved in breaking traffic laws and that involved in breaking the noncommercial features of the Volstead Act, by a comparison of the ease and apparent facility with which our good citizens accomplish both, I would be hard put to it to determine which law is less regarded, for, although there were in this city something like 50,000 traffic arrests during the year,. and less than 1,000 Volstead arrests, it is common experience that the number of violations of offenses of a personal or social nature, which do not hunt public places for their commission, as traf-ile offenses must, cannot by any means be measured by the arrests for them. As between fistic encounters and Volstead violations, I might place the distinction upon the grounds that “millions for defense” applies in this country in a just cause to personal as well as national controversies, and that the ability to defend by sound, round blows is an Anglo-Saxon right, which ought not lightly to be taken away.
It is not necessary, however, to resort for the determination Of this ease against the applicant to any of these considerations. The law governing naturalization points the plain way for me to follow. Neither traffic laws, nor laws concerning breaches of the peace through fistic encounters, rest upon or are embodied in the Constitution of the United States. The Prohibition Amendment is an integral of that Constitution, and if I follow the law, both literally and upon its reason, I cannot hold that one who, during his probationary period, has deliberate-*79iy violated that Constitution, and been convicted for such violation in a court provided for its interpretation, has shown himself so attached to its principles as that I should admit him.
It might be that in a case of this kind, where such clear and convincing evidence was presented that the offense was sporadic, and of such character as that it did not furnish an index to the offender’s mind toward the Constitution, but that it was merely a lapse or fall from grace through the influence of original sin, that I ought to hold otherwise. I have no judicial power, however, to read the minds or consciences of men. I can only judge of these by their actions, and nothing connected with the charges in this ease in any way supply that overwhelming measure of proof needed to rebut the inferences arising from the conviction.
The applicant, having elected during Ms probationary period to violate the Constitution, must stand without its pale, until, in accordance with its (not his) terms the gates are opened to him, and he is allowed to enter the promised land.