after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. Exception is taken to the action of the court in permitting the witness, Kate Began, the sister-in-law of deceased, to state, over the objection of defendant, how much money the deceased had on deposit in the bank, and what evidence he *299held of such deposit. The theory of the state was that the homicide was committed for the purpose of robbery. The evidence on the part of the state up to this point tended to establish this theory. It showed that defendant and deceased had been engaged in the afternoon of September 2d, in preparing for their proposed journey to Idaho; that the defendant probably knew of the amount of money deceased had on deposit, and that he held a certificate for it. It also showed that he probably knew that deceased intended to withdraw the money, or a part of it, during the afternoon; for the deceased came with the defendant to the house of the Regans during the afternoon, and after staying a few minutes, the two hurried away again together; the deceased stating to the witness that he was going to the bank to get money for his expenses, and to pay her for board. Evidently their appearance at the house at this time was to secure the certificate, in order to draw the money. When deceased returned alone, presently, he told the witness that he had failed to get the money, because the bank was closed, and that he had borrowed §25. The evidence was clearly admissible as tending to prove motive. It furnished facts from which the jury could draw the inference of robbery, and the state was entitled to this inference. “Any evidence that tends to show that the defendant had a motive for killing the deceased is always relevant, as rendering more probable the fact that he did kill him. ” (Underhill on Criminal Evidence, Section 323.) This rule is especially applicable to cases like the present, where responsibility for the homicide rests entirely upon circumstantial evidence. (1 McLain, Cr. Law, Section 416; State v. West, Houst. Cr. Cas. 371; People v. Ah Fung, 17 Cal. 377.) The presence or absence of it is not conclusive, however, but is to be considered as any other eyidentiary fact bearing upon the ultimate question of the guilt or innocence of the defendant, and is more or less significant in the light of the facts of the particular case. The finding of a motive is not indispensable however. Were this true, it would oftentimes be impossible to secure conviction; for such is the nature of the human *300heart, and so various are the springs of action hidden therein, that it is often impossible to fathom it and assign any motive whatever to the act under consideration. Under such circumstances it is the duty of the jury to convict, notwithstanding the lack of proof tending to show motive, if the crime is otherwise clearly established. (Pointer v. United States, 151 U. S. 396, 14 Sup. Ct. 110, 38 L. Ed. 208; Johnson v. United States, 157 U. S. 321, 15 Sup. Ct. 611, 39 L. Ed. 717.) Whether the evidence complained of as improperly admitted, was sufficient to satisfy the jury that the murder of Regan was committed for the purpose of robbery, or not, it was proper matter for consideration. (1 McLain, Cr. Law, Section 116; State v. Crowley, 33 La. Ann. 782; Howser v. Com. 51 Pa. St. 332; Early v. State, 9 Tex. App. 476; Kennedy v. People, 39 N. Y. 215 Marable v. State, 89 Ga. 425, 15 S. E. 453; Kerr on Homicide, Section 172.) The relevancy and materiality of this evidence were not affected by the subsequent admission of the defendant, when sworn as a witness, that he knew all about the financial condition of deceased, and ■of his failure to-obtain any money from the bank.'
2. After the same witness had identified the articles of clothing taken from the valise left by defendant at Gregson, ■on the morning after the homicide, the court permitted her to recount to the jury the opening of the trunk which deceased had left at her house. She stated that this was accomplished by means of the key which was shown to have been found on the trail leading from the supposed scene of the homicide to the river. The witness then proceeded, over the objection of defendant, to enumerate the articles found in the trunk, and to compare the laundi’y marks upon some shirts and collars taken from among them with the same character of marks upon others found in the valise. • The marks were shown to be the same, and thereupon all the articles were exhibited to the jury. Defendant alleges that this was prejudicial error. The evidence was properly admitted. The defendant took the valise to Gregson station, and left it there, where it was after-wards found. It was competent to identify the articles found *301in it as the property of the deceased, both upon the question of motive, and as tending to corroborate the statements of witnesses who identified the defendant himself as the person who came to Gregson from the direction of the place, where the body of deceased was found. The identification could properly be made by the testimony of the witness, who knew the articles, or by way of comparison of the laundry marks upon them with those upon the articles known and admitted to belong to deceased, or by both methods. The identity of these marks was also strongly corroborative of the statement of the witness, who claimed to know and recognize the articles taken from the valise as the property of deceased.
3. Exception is also taken to the part of the statement of the witness, Maggie Donohue, in which she related the substance of a conversation between defendant and deceased while engaged in packing the valise at the house of Michael Regan. Something was said about how deceased would manage to get his trunk” to the Coeur d’Alene country, where they were going. Defendant told deceased that after they had settled down, he (defendant) would send for his wife, and that she would call at Regan’s for the trunk and take it with her. This statement was clearly a part of the res gestae. The parties were engaged in preparation for their proposed joui-ney, upon the first stage of which the homicide was committed. Upon the theory (which in the light of all the proof, is not improbable) that the defendant deliberately enticed his unsuspecting companion to an untimely death, the jury were properly allowed to consider all that was then said and done, as a part of the entire transaction. It matters not that the particular remark had no apparent significance; nor does it alter the case that the defendant subsequently testified that he was never married. The office of the jury was to inquire into the whole transaction, from the time of its inception until its completion and to draw therefrom their own conclusion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. (Kerr on Homicide, Section 429; People v. Potter, 5 Mich. 1; 1 McLain, Cr. Law, Section 411; State v. Donelon, et al 45 La. Ann. 744, 12 South. 922.)
*3024. Jerry D. Murphy, the undersheriff of Silver Bow county, who went to Cripple Creek, Colo, to bring the defendant back to Montana after the arrest, was sworn as a witness, and testified as to the appearance and behavior of the defendant at the time the witness first saw him. The witness was asked to describe defendant’s actions. He replied: “He was shaking and very, nervous, and went by me and turned his head away from me, as though he had run onto something he didn’t want to see. He turned right away, as though he was about to be devoured. ’ ’ Counsel moved the court to strike the last sentence of his answer from the record, but assigned no ground for the motion. The motion was denied. Exception is taken to this ruling. The demeanor of a defendant at or about the time he is charged with a crime is always proper matter of evidence to go to the j ury as indicative of a guilty mind. So, also, the jury may, for the same reason, be permitted to consider his acts and conduct at the time of his arrest, and to draw such inference from them as experience and observation of human conduct may suggest. Caution should be observed in considering such evidence, however lest an inference of guilt be improperly drawn from the fear and excitement naturally evinced by an innocent man when he is suddenly confronted with a serious charge, and is overcome by contemplation of the possible consequences to himself and family. (1 Rice on Evidence Section 318; Greenfield v. People, 85 N. Y. 75; McAdory v. State, 62 Ala. 154; Bishop’s New Cr. Proc. Section 1249.) The evidence elicited was clearly competent. (Com. v. Sturtivant, 117 Mass. 122; Wharton’s Cr. Ev. Sections459, 460.) The whole statement is a compound of fact and conclusion, — a “shorthand rendering of the facts” as they were observed by the witness, — and falls within the exception to the general rule excluding opinion evidence, under which a witness may be permitted to state his conclusion upon matters with which he is especially acquainted, but which cannot be specifically described. (Id. Section 460.) The use of the expression, ‘ ‘as though he was about to be devoured, ’ ’ was perhaps objectionable on the ground that it is vague and conveys *303no definite idea. But, in the light of the other part of the statement, it is reasonably certain that the witness intended to convey the idea that the defendant appeared to be in fear and that the jury so understood him. The defendant suffered no prejudice by the ruling, though the expression might well have been rejected if the motion had been made upon the proper ground.
5. Proof was admitted showing the effort made by the officers of Silver Bow county immediately after the homicide, and subsequently up to the date of the arrest, to find and apprehend the defendant; and, as a part of this proof, it was shown that a reward was offered, and that notices containing a description of defendant were sent to different places throughout the country. All this evidence was proper. It tended to show flight and concealment on the part of defendant, both of which are circumstances ordinarily indicating guilt. (1 Rice on Evidence, Section 318; People v. Ogle, 104 N. Y. 511, 11 N. E. 53.) The flight or concealment may be apparent only, and may be susceptible of explanation, but proof tending to establish either is always competent.
6. The persons constituting the crew which took the early morning train from Anaconda to Butte, from which defendant stated he had been thrown, when accounting for his condition on reaching Gregson, were all sworn, and permitted to state that they were the only persons on the train, and that no one had been put off on that particular morning. That this evidence was competent does not admit of discussion. It tended to show that defendant gave a false account of himself at Gregson, and was a circumstance strongly indicative of his guilt. (State v. Benner, 64 Me. 267; Will’s Circumstantial Evidence 108, 109.)
7. Counsel complain that the trial court committed error prejudicial to the defendant in failing to instruct the jury specifically that they were at liberty to find the defendant guilty of either degree of murder or manslaughter. The information charges murder of the first degree. An examination of the instructions shows that the court, after giving to the jury *304the statutory definitions of all grades of homicide, submitted, also instructions clearly and correctly distinguishing murder of the first and second degrees. They were also instructed that, if the proof justified a verdict of guilty of the crime charged in the information, they should find the degree. There was no proof tending to establish facts from which the jury could infer the crime of manslaughter. Under the proof the defendant was guilty of murder, or he was innocent. This being the case, the instructions were sufficient. The court was not required to leave to the jury the question as to whether the defendant was guilty of manslaughter. (State v. Calder, 23 Mont. 504, 59 Pac. 903; State v. Fisher, 23 Mont. 540, 59 Pac. 919.) For while, under the rule as stated in State v. Fisher, it was necessary to instruct upon murder of the second degree, in order that the jury might be left to consider the question of the presence or absence of deliberation, it was perhaps, not necessary for the court to go further, and define manslaughter, although it was entirely proper to do so. By the definition of this latter grade of homicide the jury were given a clearer understanding of the elements necessary to constitute the only crime of which the defendant could properly be found guilty; that is, murder of the first or second degree. No juror, after hearing or reading the instructions as a whole, could have been mistaken as to his duty in the premises; nor could he have understood that the court intended to exclude from his consideration the question as to whether the defendant was guilty of murder of the second degree. In the particular under consideration, the instructions furnish no ground for complaint.
8. Among the instructions are two paragraphs submitted at defendant’s request. Complaint is made that they are comments upon the weight of the evidence, and were therefore, prejudicial. It is not necessary to quote these paragraphs or to comment upon them. Conceding that they are open to the criticism counsel make, the defendant cannot complain. (Territory v. Burgess, 8 Mont. 57, 19 Pac. 558; Newell v. Meyendorff, 9 Mont. 254, 23 Pac. 333, 8 L. R. A. 440.) They are *305not inconsistent with the other instructions, and are favorable to the defendant, rather than the contrary.
We- take occasion in this connection to remark upon the duty of trial courts in regard to the identification of instructions. Under the various provisions of our Code of Civil Procedure, and the Penal Code, the instructions given and refused are deemed excepted to, without a bill of exceptions, and are made part of the judgment roll and the record on appeal. ^Code of Civil Procedure, Sections 1080, 1151, 1176, 1196; Penal Code Sections 2070, 2176, 2229; Wastl v. Montana Union Railway Co. 24 Mont. 159, 61 Pac. 9.) The same rule applies to both civil and criminal cases. Subdivision 7 of section 1080 of the Code of Civil Procedure, as amended by the act of 1897 (Ses. Laws of 1897 p. 241), provides: “The court shall either give each instruction as requested, or positively refuse to do so, or give the instruction with a modification, and shall mark or endorse upon each instruction so offered in such manner so that it shall distinctly appear what instructions were given in whole, or in part, and in like manner those refused. All instructions given by the court must be filed, together with those refused, as a part of the record. ’ ’ The amended section is identical with the old section, except that the old section required parties requesting instructions to sign them, while this provision is omitted from the amended section. The amendment was overlooked in the discussion in Wastl v. Montana Union Railway Co. supra, because not called to our attention, but this in no wise affects the decision upon the point presented. The provision of the subdivision ■quoted requires the trial court to identify the instructions as those given to the jury, either in the form requested, or as modified, as well as those requested and refused. This identification is directed to be made by the indorsements upon the instructions themselves, and the clear implication is that the indorsement should show, also, at whose instance the particular instruction was given. In this way it is made clear to this court what reviewable errors, if any, have been committed by the trial court to the prejudice of the complaining party. *306Being thus identified and filed with the record, as required, under the section cited they are a part of the record on appeal. As was said in Wastl v. Montana Union Railway Co., they may also be identified and made a part of the record by bill of exceptions. Inasmuch as the minutes of the trial in criminal cases must also be a part of the judgment roll, and record on appeal (Penal Code, Section 2229), we see no reason why, if the indorsements are not made under the requirements of section 1080, supra, the identification may not be made subsequently by an entry in the minutes of the trial. In the present case, the record failing to properly identify the instructions, upon proper motion by the attorney general, the identification was permitted to be made by the court below, by an order made as of the date of the trial, and the record amended accordingly. Much the better practice, however, is for the court to follow the statute in spirit as well as in the letter, and make the proper indorsements at the time of the trial.
9. Several other assignments of error are made by counsel. We have carefully examined them all They are without merit.
The judgment and order appealed from are therefore affirmed. Affirmed.