delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an appeal from the judgment of the district court against the administrator, substituted for the intestate, against whom suit was commenced in his lifetime. The cause, after the overruling of a demurrer to the complaint, was tried and determined upon the facts set forth in a statement agreed to by the parties.
During all of the time mentioned in the complaint, said Thomas E. Courtney did business in Butte as a merchant, having a fixed place of business, selling divers kinds of merchandise, including spirituous, malt, vinous and fermented liquors and wines in quantities not less than one quart; the sale of such wines and the like being a small part of his general business. He had a license duly issued under the provisions of Section 4064 of the Political Code, the amount paid for the license being that required by subdivision 1 of the section. He did not at any time have a license such as is mentioned in Section 4063 of the Political Code^ as amended by House Bill 162 of the Fifth session of the legislative assembly of 1897, which was in force during all the time mentioned in the complaint. The county treasurer demanded that he take out a wholesale liquor license under said Section 4063, but he refused to do so-, claiming that he had all the license which the law required, in that he had a license to conduct the business of a general merchant, *382including the privilege of selling bis stock of general merchandise, — 'wines and the like being part thereof; and he relied upon Section 4064, supra. The court adjudged that the defendant pay a liquor license fee of $450, the sum of $3 for issuance of the license, and the penalty of $15, — total, $468, — with interest and costs as prayed.
The alleged errors are: (1) Overruling the demurrer; and (2) rendering judgment for the plaintiff.
House Bill 162 is entitled: “An Act to amend Sections 4063, 4064, 4065, 4068 and 4083 of the Political Code of Montana, and to add to Article II, Chapter XII, Title X, Part III, of the Political Code, a Section to be numbered 4084 regarding licenses.” It is contended by appellant that the act is null and void under Section 23, Article V, of the Constitution of the state, which is as follows: “No bill, except general appropriation bills, and bills for the codification and general revision of the laws, shall be passed containing more than one subj ect which shall be clearly expressed in its title; but if any subject shall he embraced in any act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as h> so much thereof as shall not be so expressed.”
The points made by the appellant under the two assignments are that the complaint does not state a cause of action, “that the title of said act does not clearly express the subject thereof, that there are subjects embraced in said act which are not expressed in the.title thereof, and that the said act contains numerous subjects which are not germane to each other, or to the section of the Code which they purport to amend.”
This Act amends Section 4063 of the Political Code. Section 4064 of that Code is as follows: “Every person who at a fixed place of business sells any goods, wares or merchandise, wines or distilled liquors, drugs or medicines, jewelry or wares of precious metals, whether on commission or otherwise, and all butchers, must obtain from the county treasurer in which the business is transacted, and for each branch of such business, license, and pay quarterly therefor an amount of money to be determined by the class in which such person is placed by the *383county treasurer; such business to be classified and regulated by tbe amount of tbe monthly average sales made, or hiring done, and at tbe rate following: Those who are estimated to make average monthly sales to tire amount: " * * (7) Of ten thousand dollars, and less than twenty thousand dollars, constitute the seventh class, and must pay twelve dollars per month. * * *” Although mentioned in the title of the Act of 1897 amending the license laws, Section 4064 is not expressly referred to in the body of the Bill by number or otherwise. Appellant is of the opinion that therefore Section 4064 is not amended, but stands as enacted in the Political Code of 1895. The position of the appellant is that tire Act comes within the inhibition of the constitution, and is altogether void, but, if it be sustained in any part, such part of it as is susf tained will not support the judgment.
Section 4063 of the Political Code, of 1895 was the liquor license law, governing sales of quantities less than one quart. It said nothing about sales in quantities of one quart or more. In the Act of 1897 this Section 4063 was amended, and sellers of all kinds of wines and the like were in the section put, respectively, into two classes, A and B, — to-wit, those who sell in quantities less than one quart, and those who sell in quantities not less than one quart. Clearly, under the Code of 1895 (Section 4064), a merchant’s license, graduated according to the amount of monthly sales, was all that could be required of one who sold “wines or distilled liquors” in quantities not less than one quart,- — -using the words of the section, — whether or not he sold groceries or any other merchandise at the same “fixed place of business.” But under the Act of 1897, at the time mentioned in the complaint, Section 4064 had been amended. As we have said, although mentioned by its number in the title, it is not so referred to in the Act. But Section 4065 in the Code of 1895 refers expressly toi the preceding section, 4064, and declares that the‘Vines and distilled liquors alluded to shall not be sold in.quantities less than one quart; thus clearly making an ordinary merchant’s license the proper and only one to be had for such sellers. The Act of *3841897 leaves out all reference to- Section 4064, and those who sell wines and liquors under .the provisions of the latter section. Considering. these facts, and the further one above stated, — 'that class B of Section 4063, as amended in the Act, treats only of such liquor sellers as were formerly included in the provisions of Section 4064, — it is clear that at the time mentioned in the complaint the last utterance of the will of the people, through the legislature, was that all sellers of wines, liquors, and the like, whether grocers or others, should pay a liquor seller’s license. Section 4064 is clearly amended, so far as the sellers of wines and distilled liquors are concerned, by necessary and very strong implication; the conflict clearly appearing in the then last utterance of the legislature in the Act of 1897, although said section is not mentioned or expressly alluded to by its number in the Act.
Appellant relies upon Section 5165 of the Political Code, which reads: “If conflicting provisions are found in different sections of the same chapter or article, the provisions of the section last in numerical order must prevail, unless such construction is inconsistent with the meaning of such chapter or article.” Why does the section last in numerical order prevail ? Because, if not inconsistent with the meaning of the chapter or article, it is the last utterance on the subject. If the legislature in the Act of 1897 had not amended Section 4063 to include wholesale liquor dealers, formerly included in Section 4064 of the Code of 1895, then the rule expressed in Section 5165 might apply, as contended for; but the legislature, with Section 4064 before it, evidently considered it when it so' amended Sections 4063 and 4065, although it hunglingly failed, in express terms, to amend Section 4064 by striking out the words “wines and distilled liquors.”
This being our view of the law respecting the amendment of Section 4063, if the Act be vali<¿ under the constitution, we hold that the complaipt states a cause of action.
Is the Act valid, or is it, as appellant believes, void, as falling under the inhibition of said Section 23 of Article V of the *385Constitution ? Does tbe title of tbe Act, above stated, clearly express tbe subject of tbe Act ?
Tbe Minnesota constitution (Article IV, Sec. 27) provides that “no law shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be expressed in its title.” In Kelly v. City of Minneapolis, 57 Minn. 294, 59 N. W. 306, 26 L. R. A. 97, 47 Am. St. Rep. 605, tbe supreme court, in a long opinion, covering several points, summarily disposed of tbe point that tbe act under consideration was void, in tbe following language: “Appellants claim that said Chapter V, Sp. Laws 1885, is unconstitutional, because tbe subject of tbe act is not expressed in the title. Tbe title to tbe act is An act amending section 2 of chapter 8 of tbe charter of tbe city of Minneapolis.’ Tbe title is sufficient. (State v. Madison, 43 Minn. 438, 45 N. W. 856; Willis v. Mabon, 48 Minn. 140, 50 N. W. 1110, 16 L. R. A. 281, 31 Am. St. Rep. 626.)”
The title of tbe Act before us is not skillfully drawn. There is no' comma after “4084” in tbe title as it appears in the original bill in the secretary of state’s office, or as it appears in tbe printed laws. But tbe insertion or absence of punctuation marks is not always fatal to a correct understanding of what language is intended to mean. In Ewing v. Burnet, 11 Pet. 41, 9 L. Ed. 624, the supreme court of the United States said that punctuation “is a most fallible standard by which to interpret a writing; it may be resorted to when all other means fail, but the court will first take the instrument by its four corners, in order to ascertain its true meaning; if that is apparent on judicially inspecting tbe whole, tbe punctuation will not be suffered to change it.” (Wade v. Lewis and Clarke County, 24 Mont. 335, 61 Pac. 879.) It ought to have been obvious to a legislator to whose attention the bill was brought by the reading of the title that the subject of the bill was licenses. There is a multitude of authorities all of which hold that an Act amend-atory, as tbis is, has a sufficient title, under a constitutional provision like ours, if it cite the number of the section and the chapter of the Code to be amended and affected thereby. (Commonwealth v. Brown, 91 Va. 762, 21 S. E. 357, 28 L. R. A. *386113, citing Missouri, Indiana, Iowa, Tennessee, Wisconsin; Dogge v. State, 17 Neb. 140, 22 N. W. 348; Muldoon v. Levi, 25 Neb. 457, 41 N. W. 280.) “This is tbe general bolding of tbe courts on tbe subject,” says tbe United States circuit court of appeals in Steele County v. Erskine, 39 C. C. A. 180, 98 Fed. 221, considering “An act to amend Section 10 of Chapter 38, Laws of 1887, being Section 545 of tbe Compiled Laws,” and construing and applying a provision of tbe constitution of North Dakota similar to ours, except that tbe word “clearly” appears before tbe word “expressed” in tbe Montana constitution, and citing City of Omaha v. Union Pac. Ry. Co., 36 U. S. App. 615, 20 C. C. A. 219, 73 Fed. 1013; Swartwout v. Railroad Co., 24 Mich. 389; People v. Pritchard, 21 Mich. 236; People v. Kirsch, 67 Mich. 539, 35 N. W. 157; State v. Read, 49 La. Ann. 1535, 22 South. 193; and State v. Stewart, 52 Neb. 243, 71 N. W. 998. “There has been a general disposition to construe tbe constitutional provision liberally, rather than to embarrass legislation by a construction whose strictness is unnecessary to tbe accomplishment of tbe beneficial purposes for which it has been adopted,” says Mr. Cooley in bis work on Constitutional Limitations (175), citing a very large number of cases. When we reflect upon the meaning of tbe word “express,” we cannot bold that tbe word “clearly,” above referred to, makes tbe numerous decisions and opinions to which we have referred inapplicable to tbe Act before us.
Tbe title refers to licenses, and points out sections of a certain Code to be amended, and was sufficient to inform tbe legist lators as to what was before them, and was sufficiently expressive of tbe subject. Tbe matters treated of in'the Act all refer to licenses, and are germane, and not foreign, to tbe subject of tbe title.
It is not necessary for us to consider tbe question whether Sections 4075 and 4079, appearing in full in tbe Act, but not mentioned in tbe title, are valid, as legally enacted, or not, as they have nothing to do with liquor dealers’ or merchants'’ licenses, although they are germane to tbe subject expressed in tbe title. Tbe failure to make reference to them in tbe title *387does not invalidate tbe Act as to other matters therein germane to the subject expressed in the title.
Section 6 of the Act purports to add a section to be numbered 4084 to Article II, Chapter XIII, Title X, Part III, of the Political Code. The title gives notice of a Section 4084 to be added to Chapter XII of the same Article, Title and Part of the Code. Appellant contends that tbe Act is void as to such addition because of this failure to mention it in the title of the Act. Respondent resists this and says, besides, that, being a penalty clause, it need not be mentioned in the title, and cites In re Ryan, 20 Mont. 64, 50 Pac. 129. This ease is not in point. The proposed section adds a penalty of 10 per-cent to the amount of the license. In the judgment in this case the items comprising the sum of $468, besides interest and costs, are $450 for license for three semesters, $15 “damages,” and $3 issue fee. Section 4044 of the said chapter on “Licenses” directs “fifteen dollars damages” to he included in the judgment in ease of suit and recovery. Failure to mention the proposed new Section 4084 properly in the title will not invalidate the whole Act, and whether or not it was necessary to mention it all (being a penalty section) in the title, or whether said Section 4084 is valid or not, need not he decided herein, as the amount charged, $15, is less than 10 per cent of the amount of the license, and not more than the penalty provided for in Section 4044, and therefore appellant is not injured. If Section 4084 is not in operation, then Section 4044 is.
Section 8 of the Act purports to repeal Section 4048, which fixed a fee of $1 for issuing a license, and Section 4070 relating to license for standing stallions, jacks and other male domestic animals. We need not pass Upon the question whether the latter section is repealed or not The appellant asserts that Section 4048, which fixes the fee of $1 for issuing such license is not repealed, because.not mentioned in the title of the Act of 1897, and that the whole Act is void. Respondent says that it is repealed, although not mentioned in the title. Holding, as we do, that Section 4064 is amended, and that judgment for the amount of the license for a period covering three semesters was lawfully *388rendered for tbe plaintiff, it is unnecessary for ns to pass upon tbe question wbetber Section 4048 is repealed or not, for respondent claims tbat it is, and therefore abandons tbe $8 charge. Without bolding tbat tbe court was in error in allowing such charge, we may therefore order tbat tbe judgment be modified by striking out this item. We have nothing to do with Section 8, so far as it purports to repeal Section 4070.
For tbe reasons stated herein, let tbe judgment be modified by striking out- tbe item of $3, sufra,, and, as modified, let it be affirmed.
Modified and affirmed.