By the Cov/rt —
Atwater, J.— This was an action brought by the Appellant, Stevens, to foreclose a mortgage made and executed by Newton, one of the Defendants, May 9th, 1857. Judgment was taken by default, against all the Defendants except Hatch and wife, who answered, alleging that C. C. B. Hatch was seized in fee simple, and in possession of twenty acres of the premises mortgaged, and that she acquired title thereto through a deed of conveyance' made by Defendant Newton to said C. C.-B. Hatch, made and delivered March 1, 1858, recorded May 10, 1858, in Ramsey County, and that at the time of the execution of the mortgage set forth in the complaint, the said Newton had not any title to the premises claimed by Defendants, and that the title of Newton was acquired subsequent to the execution of the mortgage to the Plaintiff.
These allegations were denied by the reply.
A jury trial was waived and the cause was tried by the Court. The whole evidence submitted in connection with the pleadings, was the deposition of Geo. L. Becker, Esq., on the part of the Defendants, which was read without objection and by consent. The facts may be stated as briefly as in any other manner, by quoting the material parts of this deposition, which are as follows :
“ On the 23d of July, 1856, Newton wrote to me that a deed I had made to him the October previous, contained an erroneous description of the land intended to be conveyed. I had sold him a strip of land 160 rods by 20 rods, off the north side of the north half of the southeast quarter of Section 10, T. 28, R. 23. In the deed, which was dated Octoher 28, 1855,1-had described the land as a part of the *72S. W. quarter of said section 10, and on July 23, 1856, be wrote to me calling my attention to the description, and asking me to correct it. I replied to him under date of July 31, 1856, by stating that I had made out a deed for a strip of land from north side of north half of southeast quarter, &c., a copy of which letter is hereto annexed as Exhibit A, and received as original. Under date of August 29, 1856, Mr. Newton replied, that it was all right as I wished to do; The reply is Exhibit B, received by consent as the original. The deed lay in the safe of Hollinshead & Becker until I saw Mr. Newton in the spring following. He informed me then that he had made a loan on the property to Mr. John Gr. Stevens, and desired me to make to Mr. Stevens a statement of the condition of the property, which I did, under date of May 12, 1857, hereto annexed, marked as Exhibit C. I do not know whether I delivered the deed to Newton for record, or recorded it myself. I think the letter to Stevens was written the 12th, as dated, and retained until after the mortgage was recorded.”
The material portions of Exhibits A and B above referred to are as follows, the first being the letter of Mr. Becker to Mr. Newton of July 31, 1856 :
«* * * j have made out a deed to you rectifying the mistake in my former one, for land on the reserve, as I before wrote you. I need no deed from you. This deed from myself and wife to you, is in our safe to guard against accidents to me, but I would rather not record it until I see you again in St. Paul, and we can both see for ourselves that all is right. However I will do as you desire in the matter.”
The next is the letter of Mr. Newton in reply to the foregoing, dated Superior, August 29, 1856, as follows:
“Tours of July 31st received, in relation to your deed to myself of Reserve lands. It is all right as you wish to do.” (The balance of the letter relating to other matters.)
Then follows a letter from Mr. Becker to the Plaintiff, giving a statement of the title to the mortgaged premises, (including the tract in dispute,) which the writer concludes is satisfactory. This letter is dated May 12, 1857, but retained, as Mr. Becker states in his testimony, until the mortgage was *73recorded. Then follows the deed from Becker aud wife to Newton, dated October 23, 1855, filed for record November 25,1355. Also the deed of Becker and wife dated May 10, 1856, to .Newton, recorded May 13, 1857, at 8 o’clock a. m., and which states that the same was given to correct an error in the deed of October 23d, 1855. The mortgage from Newton to Stevens was recorded May 13th, 1857, at eleven o’clock A. M.
As conclusions of fact, the Court found, “that at the time of the execution and delivery of the said mortgage as aforesaid, the said last named deed from the said Becker and wife to the said Newton, had not been delivered to the said Newton, but had remained, and was in the safe aforesaid, and in the custody and control of the said Becker, that'said deed was first delivered on the 13th day of May,' 1857, when the same was filed for record as aforesaid,,” And as conclusions of law, inter alia, the Court held “that said Newton had no title to the said twenty acres at the time of the execution and delivery of the said mortgage to the Plaintiff ; that the acquisition of the title to said twenty ac’"os after the said mortgage was executed by virtue of the said second deed from the said Becker and wife to said Newton, did not enure to the benefit of the said Plaintiff as against the Defendants Hatch and wife, and that the said mortgage is not a valid and subsisting lien upon the said twenty acres,” &c. And the said twenty acres were adjudged to be the property of Charlotte C. B. Hatch. Erom which judgment the Plaintiff appeals to this Court.
Before passing to an examination of the main question presented by the facts above disclosed, it may ho proper to remark, that the [Respondents have no equities as innocent purchasers for a valuable consideration as against the Appellant. Their deed from Newton was made and delivered March 1, 1858. An examination of the records would, have disclosed the fact, that Newton acquired this property May 10, 1856, as in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, that is presumptively the time of the delivery of the deed. And the same deed disclosed the fact, that he was in equity the owner of the premises, from October 23,1855. The deed *74from Becker to Newton was in fact recorded, before the mortgage from Newton to Stevens. Here were circumstances amply sufficient to put Respondents on inquiry, and if they purchased with full knowledge of all the facts disclosed upon the trial, their claim must be regarded as solely of a legal nature, unsupported by equities.
The important question presented by the case is, whether there was a delivery of the deed from Becker to Newton, of May 10, 1856, before the execution and delivery of the mortgage from Newton to the Plaintiff. Erom a careful ex-ination of the facts proved, and the authorities applicable, I think there was a good delivery of this deed, previous to the execution and delivery of the mortgage. It will be observed that this was not an original sale of the premises, but a com rection of a previous deed. Newton was already the equitable owner of the premises, and the sole object of the deed was to correct an error, and vest the legal title in Newton, to which he was rightfully entitled. This fact is not wholly unimportant, in the circumstances, in determining the intent of the parties as to the disposition of the deed. I think there can be no question but that the object of Becker at the time of the execution of this deed, and at the date of his letter to Newton of July 31st, 1856, was to vest in Newton a good title in the premises; and such was the desire of the grantee. This relieves the case of a consideration which sometimes proves an embarrassing feature, in analagous cases, leaving only for determination whether the parties have by their acts given effect to their intent.
The doctrine seems to be settled beyond reasonable doubt, that where a party executes and acknowledges a deed, and afterwards either by acts or words, expresses his will, that the same is for the use of the grantee, especially where the assent of the grantee appears to the transaction, it shall be sufficient to convey the estate, although the deed remains in the hands of the grantor. At the time this second deed was executed, Becker did not pretend to be the rightful owner of the premises, and the facts I think show conclusively that he intended to vest the legal estate in Newton at the date of his letter of July 31st, and actually did all he could to carry out such in*75tent. Tbe grantor was tben in St. Paul, and tbe grantee in Superior, "Wisconsin, and a manual delivery in person was impossible. But be certainly both speaks of, and treats tbe deed, as belonging to Newton, bad'placed tbe same where be deemed it safe against accidents to bim, and offers to record it if Newton wishes it done. It is true, be says be would rather not record it until be sees Newton in St. Paul, but that clearly was not with tbe object or design of controlling tbe -ultimate disposition of tbe deed, but rather for tbe benefit of Newton, that be might see it was all right before recording. No record was necessary in order to pass title, and both parties evidently thought tbe legal title was tben vested in Newton. Tbe latter assents to tbe disposition Becker bad made of tbe deed, and if Becker might still be considered as having control of tbe deed, it would rather be as Newton’s agent, than as of bis own right. It is impossible even to imagine any valid reason why tbe grantor should have desired any control of tbe deed, since there was no condition whatever to be performed by tbe grantee to entitle bim to receive the deed; but upon tbe facts disclosed, the grantor would have been a wrong doer in withholding tbe deed after demand. Every presumption therefore must be in favor of giving full effect to the deed, as of tbe date of its execution, or at least, from tbe time tbe grantee assented to it.
In 2 Hilliard on Real Property, 282, it is stated that “ no particular form is necessary to tbe delivery of a deed.” This may consist in an act without words, or in words without any act. Thus, where tbe deed lies upon a table and tbe grantor says to tbe grantee, “go and take it up, it is sufficient for you,” or, “it will serve your turn,” or, “take it as my deed,” or, where be holds it out and says, “here is “your bond, what shall I do with it,” though it never comes into tbe hands of tbe obligee; this is a good delivery. Tbe same is held in Shep. Touchstone, 57. It is true, that in these cases, tbe grantee is spoken of as being present, but I do not think there is any difference in principle whether tbe grantor speaks tbe language to the grantee in person or by letter. Tbe main thing which tbe law looks at, is whether tbe grantor indicates bis will that tbe instrument should pass into tbe *76possession of tlie grantee, and if that will is manifest, fclion the conveyance enures as a valid grant, although as above stated, the deed never comes into the hands of the grantee.
In Doe vs. Knight, 5 Barn. & Cress., 671, the Court went even further, and held that a mortgage found among the papers of the mortgagor after his death, and in regard to tlie execution of which the mortgagee knew nothing, took effect even as against tlie creditors of tlie deceased. The Court there held that a deed will operate as a deed, though never parted with hy the grantor, citing several authorities, upon which the Court remark: “On these authorities it seems to mo, that whore an instrument is formally executed, and delivered, and there is nothing; to qualify the delivery,- hut the keeping the deed in the hands of the executing party, nothing to show that he did not intend it to operate immediately, that it is a valid and effectual deed, and that delivery to' the party who is to take by it, or to any person for his use, is not essential.” The delivery hero spoken of, was a delivery to the sister of the grantor, who lived in the same house with him, hut who was not informed of the contents of the paper, nor directed to deliver it to the grantee, and afterwards the deed was taken hy the grantor. And in fact, it does not appear ever to have been beyond his control, and the delivery to his sister could have had no other effect than as a circumstance indicating perhaps in some degree the mind of the grantor that the same should enure as a grant. There are several other English authorities nearly to the same offset, which it is deemed unnecessary to cite, as the counsel for the Respondent claims, that while there may he doubt upon the English authorities, the American authorities relievo the question of doubt, and establish that in the case at bar there was no delivery. It may be proper therefore to examine some of these authorities, and see how far they sustain the views of tho Respondents.
In Souverbye vs. Arden, 1 John. Ch., 240, it was held that “if, at the time of executing a deed, there was no delivery, or intention to deliver, these are facts which should he explicitly proved hy the grantor.” The Chancellor cites with approbation, Shelton's case, (Cro. Eliz., 1,) in which the “deed was *77sealed in tbe presence of tlio grantee and others, and was read, but not delivered; nor did the grantee take it, but it was left behind in the same place; and jet in the opinion of all the justices, it -was a good grant, for the parties came together for that purpose, and performed all that was requisite for perfecting it, except an actual delivery; being left behind, and not countermanded, it was held to be a delivery in law.” In this case it is true the parties were present, but no act seems to have been done save'to read the deed, that is, to make the grantee acquainted with the contents, and the decision must have been based on the ground that the minds of the parties assented to it as a deed. If this assent be ascertained in any other manner than by the personal presence of the grantor and grantee, I do not see why it should not be equally binding. And in Souverbye vs. Arden it is further held, that “a voluntary settlement, fairly made, is always binding upon the grantor, unless there be clear and decisive proof, that he never parted, nor intended tojparb with the possession of the deed; and even if he reto,ins it, the weight of authority is decidedly in favor of its validity, unless there be other circumstances beside the mere fact of his retaining it, to show it was not intended to bo absolute.” If this be true of a mere voluntary deed, where the grantor is under no obligation to convey, it would seem the presumption should be much stronger in favor of the validity of a deed, where the grantor was under both a moral and legal obligation to convey, and the circumstances show in the strongest manner the intent of the parties to make the grant absolute.
In the case of Hatch vs. Haskins, 17 Maine, 391, which is cited by Respondents3 counsel, the point decided so far as it has any bearing on the case at bar, was, that “ the possession and production of a deed by the grantee is prima fade evidence of its having "been delivered; and for like reasons, in the absence of all contradictory testimony, the presumption arises, when found in the possession and produced by the grantor, that it has not been delivered.” The only evidence in that case touching the mortgage in question, was that the same had been found signed and acknowledged among the papers of the administrator of the mortgagor, some years (as *78it would appear,) after tbe death of tbe latter, there being no evidence aside from this that it was ever intended to give it effect as a mortgage. The case is, therefore, evidently not very closely analogous to the one at bar.
The case of Maynard vs. Maynard, 10 Mass., 456, which is also relied upon by the Respondents, although perhaps more nearly analogous to the present than the one last above cited, is still widely different from it. The point decided as stated in the syllabus is, that “ where A. signs and seals a deed conveying land to his son, and leaves it with the scrivener, with directions to get it recorded, which was done; and the deed, at the grantor’s request, still retained in the scrivener’s hands until the death of the son, when the father reclaimed and cancelled it, the son having known nothing of the transaction; it was holden, that the father was still entitled to the land, as against the heirs of his son, the conveyance never having been perfected by a delivery of the deed.” The Court in its opinion says, that a the act of registering a deed does not amount to a delivery of it, there not appearing any assent on the part of the son, or even any knowledge that the deed had been executed in his favor.” I think it may well be questioned whether such act does not amount prima faeie to a delivery, as a number of authorities assert such doctrine ; but the Court in that case did not base its decision on that fact, or certainly not that alone,-as it is furcher remarked, “but the facts in the case at bar, testified by the person who acted as the scrivener and magistrate, leave no doubt of the intention of the grantor ultimately to pass this land to his son but to heap the control over it, until he should be more determined upon the subject.” And herein we think the facts in that case show directly the opposite of what is shown by the facts in the case at bar. That was the case of a voluntary conveyance, and not only was the object of the conveyance totally different from that in the present, but the intent of the parties as to the control of the deed, as evidenced by the facts, was likewise different. And even in that case it was not decided whether the record of the deed would not be sufficient to give a title to attaching creditors of the grantee as against the grantor.
*79In Stilwell vs. Hubbard, 20 Wen., 44, where the grantee was not present at the time of the execution of the deed, no formal delivery having been made to a third person, and the grantor by his declaration showing that he intended the deed should operate in the nature of a testamentary disposition not to take effect until his death, the deed was held inoperative for want of delivery. That case does not reach the question here at issue. Bronson, J., in delivering the opinion of the Court, says : “The deed was never delivered to nor accepted by Altie, the grantee, but remained in the possession of the grantor until the time of his death. There were no formal words of delivery and nothing was said at the time the deed was executed from, which, it can 1)6 i/nf erred that Hubbard intended it should be a present operative, conveyance. On the contrary, it plainly appears that he impended, the deed should not take effect until after his death” The Court cite Doe vs. Knight, and it may reasonably be inferred, that had the deed fallen within the principle of that case, it would have been sustained.
The case of Scrugham vs. Wood, 15 Wen., 545, is more nearly analagous to the one at bar, in which it was held that where a deed of lands is prepared for execution, read, signed by both parties and acknowledged as their deed before an officer authorized to take acknowledge-ments, it is a complete and valid deed, notwithstanding the witnesses present at its execution unite in testifying that there was no formal delivery of it, and the deed, after the death of the grantor, be found in his secretary among his private papers. The Court say, “no one can doubt, from the account of the execution of the deed given by the Commissioner in connection with the previous preparation of it at the instance of Scrngham, that it was the understanding a/nd i/ntent of all parties at the time of the execution and acknowledgment, that it was delivered.” And the case of Doe vs. Knight is here expressly cited with approval.
In Jones vs. Jones, 6 Conn., 111, the point actually decided as appears from the syllabus was, that “where a parent in consideration of natural affection, executed deeds of part of his estate to two of his children, to secure a provision for *80them, but retained such deeds in his custody, giving directions to his wife to lodge them, after his death, with the town cleric for record, which was accordingly done; it was held, that this was an agreement, which a Court of Chancery would enforce. In that case it was not claimed or pretended on the part of the Plaintiffs (so far as appears from the report,) that there had ever been a delivery of the deeds, but that “these deeds being intended as a family arrangement, in the nature of a testamentary disposition, a Court of Chancery would give them effect, notwithstanding the grantor retained the custody of them during his life time.” And as the reasoning of the Court was almost wholly directed to a discussion of the correctness of this position, the remark, that “the putting them (the deeds,) into the custody of the town clerk for record, must be laid out of the question1 — it was no delivery of them,” is only incidental at most, if not wholly obiter. The case is scarcely parallel in any sense with the one at bar, and undertakes to settle or decide no principle' save that stated in the syllabus.
The ease of Hale vs. Hills, 8 Conn., 39, treats solely of the admissibility of certain evidence, where delivery of a deed was one of the questions in issue, and is entirely silent as to what constitutes a good delivery.
The case of Farrar vs. Bridges, 5 Humphrey, 412, holds that “ no formal or ceremonious delivery of a deed of conveyance is necessary, if no condition he annexed and nothing remains to he performed in order to give effect to a deed of conveyance, its signing, sealing and attestation as a valid instrument between the parties will make it complete and effectual, although the instrument may he left in the possession of the bargainor.” And in Harris vs. Sanders, 2 Strobh. Eq., 370, it is held that “there is no prescribed formula for the delivery of a deed. H it appears from all the facts and circumstances that the gift or contract was complete without any conditions or qualifications annexed, and without anything more remaining to ho done, it is a valid delivery and a perfect deed although left in the hands of the donor.” In the case at bar, can it he reasonably contended, that any conditions or qualifications were imposed by the grantor in order *81to its taking full and complete effect?- Or that, had the grantee been present, it would not actually have been delivered into his hands, instead of being deposited in the safe of Hollinshead & Becker for his use ? And whei’e the intent of parties is manifest, I know not why Courts should not give it effect in this case, not less than others relating to contracts. The cases above cited would seem sufficient to show that the American authorities have established no different rule from that adopted in England with reference to the delivery of a deed, and many others might' be cited, which are equally strong in favor of the position of the Appellant. Rathbun vs. Rathbun, 6 Barb., S. C., 98; Roosevelt vs. Carow, id., 190; Folley vs. Vantuyl, 4 Hals. R, 153; Rose vs. Rose, 7 Barb., 174; Bunn vs. Winthrop, 1 John. Ch., 329; 4 Cow. & Hill’s Notes on Phil. Ev., 829; 12 Ala., 734; Lady Superior vs. McNamara, 3 Barb. Ch. R., 375; Bryan vs. Wash., 2 Gil., 557.
- There are other facts in the case sufficient in my view to show that even were there no delivery in 1856, the deed was received by the grantee in the spring of 1857, previous to the execution of his mortgage to the Plaintiff. But it is unne-, cessary to discuss that point, as we think there was a valid delivery of the deed in the summer oí 1856, and that the lien of the mortgage is prior to the conveyance to Respondents.
The judgment below is reversed.