(after stating the facts as above). The record shows that the case came on for trial before the court below July 8, 1924, a jury having been ex- , pressly waived by the parties, and that not a single exception complained of by any assignment of error was taken during the course of the trial. That being so, even if there had been any error committed by the court in any of its rulings during the trial, they cannot be here considered, not only because of provisions of the federal statute, but of numerous decisions of the Supreme Court, of this court, and many other federal courts. See sections 649, 700, Revised Statutes (Comp. St. §§ 1587, 1668), and sections 1266-1268 Compiled Statutes of 1918; Norris v. Jackson, 9 Wall. 125, 19 L. Ed. 608; Cooper v. Omohundro, 9 Wall. 65, 22 L. Ed. 47; Town of Martinton v. Fairbanks, 112 U. S. 670, 5 S. Ct. 321, 28 L. Ed. 862; Lehnen v. Dickson, 148 U. S. 71, 13, S. Ct. 481, 37 L. Ed. 373; Pabst Brewing Co. v. E. Clemens Horst Co. (C. C. A.) 264 F. 909; Oakland Water Front Co. v. LeRoy (C. C. A.) 282 F. 385; Dunsmnir v. Scott, 217 F. 200; United States v. Columbia, etc., R. R. Co. (C. C. A.) 274 F. 625; United States Shipping Board Co., etc., v. Drew (C. C. A.) 288 F. 374; Wear v. Imperial Window Glass Co., 224 F. 60, 139 C. C. A. 622; Ewert v. Thompson (C. C. A.) 281 F. 449; Luther v. Gibson, 196 F. 203, 116 C. C. A. 35.
The recordjshows that some time after the conclusion of the trial the court decided .the ease in an opinion dated July 14 and filed July 15, 1924, commencing with the words, “The court finds for the1 plaintiff,” and ending with the words, “If either party requires formal findings, they may prepare and submit them on due notice.” Subsequently the plaintiffs in error filed a large number of exceptions to the decision of the court, and to the reasons therefor assigned by the court in its opinion, none of which exceptions are we authorized to consider for the reason already stated.
Section 9889 of the Revised Codes of Montana of 1921, under which the action was brought, provides, among other things, as follows:
“A tenant of . real property or mining claim, for a term less than life, is guilty of unlawful detainer:
“1. When he continues in possession, in person pr by subtenant, of the property, or any part thereof, after the expiration of the term for which it is let to him, without the permission of the landlord, or the successor in estate of his .landlord, if any there be.
“2. Where he continues in possession, in person or by subtenant, without permission *474of Ms landlord, ór the successor in estate of his landlord, if any there be, after default in the payment of rent, pursuant to the lease or agreement under which the property is held, and three days’ notice, in writing, requiring its payment, stating the amount which is due, or ^possession of the property, shall have been'served upon Mm, and if there be a subtenant in actual occupation of the premises; also upon such subtenant. * * *
“3. When he continues in possession, in person or by subtenant,' after a neglect or failure to perform other conditions or covenants of the lease or agreement under which the property is held, including any covenant not to assign or sublet, than the one for the payment of rent, and three days’ notice, in writing, requiring the performance of such conditions or covenants, or the possession of the property, shall have been served upon Mm, and if there be a subtenant in actual occupation of the premises, also upon such subtenant. * * * ”
By his amended complaint the plaintiff below set forth the lease of January 15, 1921,'and alleged the entry of the Theatres Company into the possession of the theater premises under, the lease, the execution of the two mortgages to the trust company, their foreclosure, the sale of the mortgage property to the latter company under the decree of foreclosure, from which no redemption was made, the subsequent conveyance of all the property so sold to the purchaser, the subsequent agreement of the plaintiff to purchase the property from the trust company, and its conveyance to him pursuant to that agreement, the provision of the lease to the effect that the right of the Theatres Company to occupy the theater premises should terminate one year from and after the date of sale under foreclosure of either of the mortgages mentioned in the lease, and further alleged, in substance, that on the 15th of November, 1923, the plaintiff notified the defendants that he had contracted for the purchase of the building and was entitled to the immediate possession thereof, which possession he demanded, and. that thereafter, and on or about December 26th of. the same year, he caused a notice to be served upon each of the defendants, together with the other four directors of the Theatres Company, notifying them of his contract of purchase, and of Ms right of possession to the building, and demanding the delivery of such possession to him, and also notifying them that, in the event of their failure to comply with Ms demand, they would be held responsible for the damages sustained by the plaintiff, as well as for the value of the use and occupation of the theater premises during the time the plaintiff was entitled thereto; that the plaintiff has been advised by the four directors of the Theatres Company who were not made defendants to the action of their willingness to surrender the possession of the property to him, for which reason they were not made parties.
The complaint also alleged the monthly value of the use and occupation of the theater premises by the defendants, and further alleged that in the building there is a central heating plant, the heat for which is furnished by the central heating plant of the city of Missoula, which heat is purchased by the plaintiff, and that the defendants have been heating the theater premises since November 15, 1923, with heat which has come into the building through the common delivery pipe; that the light and power delivered to the building is delivered through one service, the meter for which is in the possession, of the defendants; that the said heat, light,, and power used, by the defendants, and paid for by the plaintiff, plaintiff estimates at the sum of $914.05, from November 15, 1923, to January 31,1924; and that the plaintiff has-been damaged and will in the future be-damaged in the sum of $266 per month for-such use made by defendants of such heat, light, and power.
The facts of the case having, by stipulation of the respective parties, been left to the determination of the court, its general finding for the plaintiff necessarily established the truth of all the material facts alleged in the complaint. And since the statute (section 9901, Rev. Codes of Montana. 1921) expressly declares that, if the proceeding be for an unlawful detainer after-neglect or failure to perform the conditions, or covenants of the lease or agreement under which the property is held, or after default in the payment of rent, the judgment shall assess the damages occasioned to the plaintiff by any such unlawful detainer alleged in, the complaint, and proved on the trial, and. find the amount of any rent due, if the alleged unlawful detainer be after default in the payment of rent, and shall be rendered; against the defendant, guilty of such unlawful detainer, for three times the amount, of the damages thus assessed, and of the rent found due, it is impossible, we think, to hold the judgment here complained of erroneous in any respect, unless we are prepared to-sustain the contention of the plaintiffs in error that they were not guilty of any unlawful detention of the theater premises.
*475As the ease comes to us we must take it 'that the Theatres Company was in actual possession of the theater premises and that the plaintiff in error Turner was its manager, and the other four plaintiffs in error (four of its directors), each of whom refused to surrender the possession of the premises in question, notwithstanding the willingness of the other four directors to surrender them. Under such circumstances wo think that the law is that the plaintiffs in error were rightly adjudged to have committed the alleged and proved unlawful detainer. The five, in effect, combined in the unlawful, wrongful withholding of the premises from the true owner. Such act was plainly a tort. In the case of Centennial Brewing Co. v. Rouleau et al., 49 Mont. 490, 500,143 P. 909, 972, the Supreme Court of Montana said of its statute: “A holding over without the permission of the landlord is an essential element of the wrong defined and denounced by the statute.” In that case the court further held that, where unlawful detainer is alleged and proved, and damages therefor awarded, judgment for treble the amount of the award follows as a matter of eotirse, and that the court has no discretion to adjudge otherwise.
In St. Louis Brewing Ass’n v. Niederluecke et al., 102 Mo. App. 303, 308, 76 S. W. 645, 647, it was held that: “Individuals who are acting in concert pursuant to a general design to withhold premises from the one entitled to possession may be joined in an action of unlawful detainer.” In section 2536 of Fletcher, Cyc. Corporations, it is said: “Generally there is no question as to liability of corporate officers for torts, provided the officer was so connected with the tort as to bring him within the rule. If the tort is committed by the officer sought to be held liable, then of course no question arises. So if he is one of several officers or agents, all of whom actively participated in the tort, there is no question as to his liability. * * * ” And in the next section, 2537:
“Liability of officers for torts, where they act together, is joint and several. The rule is the same as in the ease of any. other tort, and is so elementary as not to require further consideration, except to state that one director is not always liable merely because another director who has committed a tort is liable. * * * ”
In Hitchcock v. American Plate Glass Co., 259 F. 948, 952, 953, 171 C. C. A. 24, 28, 29, the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Third -Circuit said: “The director of a corporation is ordinarily liable only for those torts which he himself commits. But his liability is not limited to tortious acts which he actually and physically commits; it extends as well to tortious acts which he actually brings about. Where a director or manager of a corporation — who sustains to the corporation the relation of master or principal in the sense of being its dominating force — himself commands the commission of a tort by the corporation, though he does it as an officer and in the name of the corporation, he is individually liable. National Cash Register Co. v. Leland, 94 Fed. 502, 508, 37 C. C. A. 372. This is so because, in an action for infringement of letters patent, an individual, who has inspired a tort and has participated in its commission, is a joint tort-feasor, and must, on general principles of law and by analogy with other torts, yield to the person whose rights he has invaded the profits which he has gained thereby. When the joint tort is established, the individual joint tort-feasor cannot defend on the plea that the acts complained of were solely the acts of the corporation of which he was ap officer, and that whatever was done by him was done only in that capacity. An executive officer of a corporation ‘cannot shield himself behind an artificial and sometimes irresponsible creation from the consequences of his own acts, even though performed in the name of an artificial body.’ ”
In the case of Patterson v. Minnesota Mfg. Co., 41 Minn. 84, 94, 42 N. W. 926, 929 (4 L. R. A. 745, 16 Am. St. Rep. 671), that court said: “If a director knew that a violation of law was being, or about to be, committed, and made no objection when duty required him to object, and when he had the opportunity of doing so, this would amount to ‘assent.’ ” And in the case of Robinson v. Moark-Nemo Consol. Mining Co., 178 Mo. App. 531, 163 S. W. 885, there will be found cited many eases sustaining the general rule that all persons who direct or wrongfully contribute to the commission of a trespass or other like offense or assent to its commission are equally liable to the person injured.
What the court held in the case of Wootton Land & Fuel Co. v. John, 60 Colo. 305, 153 P. 686, much relied upon by the plaintiffs in error, was that the vice president of a corporation, which ousted the plaintiff in the case from land owned by him, which ouster was not wanton or malicious, hut under a claim of title by the corporation made in good faith, the vice president acting only for it, was not individually liable for damages resulting from the ouster — the plaintiff in the ease claiming rents and profits as the proper measure of damages, thereby making *476the action one of an implied contract, rather than one of tort. We think that case inapplicable to the present one.
The judgment is affirmed. '