This is an action for an Injunction to restrain plaintiffs from removing a building off land of the defendant.
On the 28th of September, 1869, the defendant demised to Lanphere a part of a vacant lot of ground in Omaha Oity, for the term of five years. Lanphere agreed to pay defendant for the use of the premises, the-taxes accruing thereon during the term, and a certain stipulated rent for each year, to be paid quarterly. He took possession under a written lease, and afterwards placed on the ground certain improvements, and has occupied the same in part as a dwelling house, and in part as a house of trade or business.
The lease provides that in case he shall fail to pay the rent and taxes, the defendant might, at her option, declare the lease at an end and .re-take possession of the premises; and further provides, “that all unpaid rents and taxes, that shall remain against said premises, shall be and they are hereby made a special lien upon all improvements and buildings which may be erected or placed upon said premises, and that no improvements or buildings shall be removed from said premises, while any rents which have become due, are unpaid, or any taxes remain unpaid upon the same.”
It is alleged that the plaintiffs were about to remove the building off the premises, and that they had conspired together to defraud the defendant; therefore the defend*135ant asked for a perpetual injunction, and prayed that it may be adjudged she has a valid and prior lien upon the building, to secure the payment of the rent and taxes, superior to the claim of the plaintiffs. The lease was not recorded. ,
On the 21st of October, 1869, Lanphere in order to secure the payment of a note to Richards and Motheshead, executed and delivered to them a chattel mortgage on the building, which was recorded December 21, 1869. The mortgagees assigned the note and mortgage to the plaintiff Spaun, who denies the lien of the defendant, and denies any conspiracy and fraud, and says that neither he nor Richards and Motheshead ever had any knowledge or notice whatever that defendant claimed, or could have, any lien upon the building by virtue' of the lease or otherwise ; and he claims that by virtue of the mortgage, and the recording of the same, he has a prior and superior lien to any lien of the defendant upon the building.
It appears that sometime after the. execution of the lease, the building was put on the leased premises by the tenant, and set on blocks, without any cellar or foundation under it, and was so placed on the premises for e£ dwelling house, and house of trade or business, and was so occupied by the tenant.
Now, if this building shall in law be deemed personal property, then it must necessarily follow as a sequence that it is subject to chattel mortgage, and is liable to levy and sale upon execution for debts of the tenant. Therefore, the first question for consideration is, what fixtures erected by a tenant during his term, upon the demised premises, are removable by him? for, if removable, then such fixtures are personalty, and not real property.
The general common law rule is, that whatever is annexed to the freehold becomes part of it; but as far back as we can trace the rule in the books, it was not inflexible, and had its exceptions. As between tenants *136for life or in tail, and remainder-man or reversio.ner, it was construed liberally in favor of tbe former. And in Van Ness v. Pacard, 2 Peters, 143, it is said, that “an exception of much broader cast, and whose origin may be traced almost as high as the rule itself, is of fixtures erected for the purposes of trade. Upon princijrles of public policy, and to encourage trade and manufacturers, fixtures which were erected to carry on such business, were allowed to be removed by a tenant during his term, and were deemed personalty for many purposes.” And the “ question whether removable or not, does not depend upon the form or size of the building, whether it has a brick foundation or not, or is one or two stories high, or has a bi’ick chimney. The sole question is whether it was designed for the purpose of trade. * * * * And the fact that the house was used for a dwelling house, as well as for trade, is no ground to declare that the tenant was not entitled to remove it.” Lawton v. Lawton, 3 Atk., 13. Penton v. Robart, 2 East, 88. Pooles Case, 1 Salk., 368.
And this right of removal, in later decisions, is so far extended as between landlord and tenant, that a “ tenant for life, for years or at will, may, at the expiration of his estate, remove from the freehold all such improvements as were erected or placed there by him, the removal of which will not injure the premises, or put them, in a worse plight than they were in when he toohpossession.” Whiting v. Brastow, 4 Pick., 310.
However, as between vendor and vendee, the rule is different from that of landlord and tenant. In the former case, anything of a permanent nature fitted for and actually applied to use upon the premises by annexing the same, becomes part of the realty and passes to the vendee, though it might be removed without injury to the premises. 1 Washburn on Real Property, 15. But in the latter case, whatever a tenant affixed to the leased *137premises may be removed by him during bis term, provided tbe same can be done without injury to the freehold. Nor will a conveyance of the premises by the landlord, interfere with the rights of the tenant in respect of such fixtures. Ibid 18, Sec. 27.
In the case at bar the demised premises were vacant when demised to the tenant, and the tenant put his building on the same and set it on blocks, without a foundation under it. The removal of such a building clearly comes within the rule, that the tenant may remove from the freehold all improvements erected by him, the removal of which will not injure the premises, or put them in a worse plight than they were in when he took possession.
And it seems clear also, upon principles well founded in reason and public policy, that the rule of law is well established, that buildings placed upon leased premises by the tenant, to be used for the purpose of trade and business, cure im law deemed personal property, and may be mortgaged as chattels, or levied on as personalty, and sold upon execution, and that the purchaser at such sale has the right to enter upon the premises to remove them. Lemar v. Miles, 4 Watts, 332. Doty v. Gorham, 5 Pick., 487. Van Ness v. Pacard, supra.
And I think, upon principle, the rule with equal force applies to all other fixtures erected by the tenant, which are removable during his term.
The second question raised in the case, and urged by counsel is, that the building being on the land of defendant, the mortgagees were charged with notice sufficient to put them upon inquiry as to any legal or equitable right of the defendant. In some cases it is true, that a party may have sufficient notice to put him upon inquiry in respect to the subject matter in controversy; but if, as I think very clearly appears, the building is inlaw deemed a personalty, subject to all the incidents of personal prop*138erty, then this doctrine of notice does not apply to this case, because at the time the mortgage was given, and when the same became forfeited, the property was in the possession of Lanphere, the tenant.
But in' respect of claims of lien by written pledge, the notice, to be sufficient, must be full, clear, and explicit; it must express the amount or sum for which the property was bound, and generally must give substantially the same information as would be given by an inspection of the deed. Denny v. Lincoln, 13 Met., (Mass.), 203. And the notice must be certain and true in point of fact, not vague and general expressions resting on hearsay. Butler v. Stevens, 26 Maine, 484. The law does not favor secret liens.
The third question raised by the pleadings, and urged in the argument, is, whether the defendant has -a valid, prior lien, by virtue of the lease, on the building to secure the payment of the rent and taxes, superior to that of the mortgagees, under the mortgage, upon the same? The provision in the lease to secure a lien on the building, is not a contract between the defendant and the tenant, in which they mutually agree that the tenant shall erect certain buildings, and the defendant shall have an interest in the same, to the extent of all unpaid rent and taxes. It is not a mutual agreement, fixing the interests of the parties in respect of a building to be erected by the tenant. The tenant was under no contract, and entered into no contract to erect such building or any other improvement whatever. But it was an effort on the part of the defendant to create a lien, somewhat in the nature of a chattel mortgage, upon a something not m esse.
Can a valid charge be made upon a thing not in existence? I think it cannot. It is a very ancient rule of law, that a man cannot grant or charge that which he has not; and in Jones v. Richardson, 10 Met., (Mass.), *139488, it is said that this “is a maxim of law too plain to need illustration, and which is fully supported by all the authorities.” Bac., Abr., Grants, D, 2. Cadman v. Freeman, 3 Cush, 309. 2 Kent Com., 703. Head v. Goodwin, 37 Maine, 187. Robinson v. Donnelle, 5 Maul and Selw., 228. Chaynoworth v. Tenney, 10 Wis., 400.
This doctrine is applied to mortgages of goods which may be subsequently acquired by the mortgagee; it is equally applied to sales of personal property, and rights of property. Chesley v. Josselyn, 7 Gray, 490. Rice v. Stone, 1 Allen, 569. The lease not having been put upon record, it could not affect the rights or liens of third parties without notice. They are protected by the registry acts of our state. Sheldon v. Conner, 48 Maine, 584. There is no evidence showing that the mortgagees of the tenant had any notice whatever of the defendant’s claim of lien upon the building. The building is a personalty, and was in possession of the tenant when the mortgage was executed. At the time the lease was executed the building, as appears by the facts before us, had no existence as the property of the tenant. Therefore, in any aspect of the case, as it is now before this court, I think the mortgagees secured by their mortgage a lien upon the building, and a superior equity to any claim of the defendant against the same. The judgment of the district court is reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.
Eeveksed and remanded.
Mr. Justice Maxwell concurs.