• 1. In the district court of Lancaster county, Nebraska, John Fitzgerald, on behalf of himself and all other stockholders of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company,; filed his petition against said Construction Company and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company as defendants. This petition stated that the capital stock of the aforesaid Construction Company amounted to $1,500,000, divided into shares of $100 each; that of these, at the time of bringing suit, John Fitzgerald was the owner of 1,500 shares, Jay Gould of 4,000 shares, Sidney Dillon of 1,000 shares, Morton, Bliss & Co. of 2,000 shares, Russell Sage of 2,700 shares, George J. Gould of 500 shares, and S. H. Mallory of 1,500 shares. The matters complained of in the petition, for the most part, arose out of a written contract made between the said Construction Company and the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company, whereby was undertaken by the Construction Company the building of the line of road of the railroad company. Following this contract there was entered into another between the aforesaid Construction Company and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, whereby the last named company be*397came entitled to the stock and bonds of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company to be issued to the Con? struetion Company in consideration of its construction of the railroad aforesaid. The other matters which gave rise to this controversy had their origin in the construction by said Construction Company of the line of railroad of the Pueblo & State Line railroad, and the subsequent ownership of the stock and bonds of said Pueblo & State Line Railroad Company issued to the Construction Company, and by said Construction Company turned over to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. For the stock and bonds of both railroads to be constructed as aforesaid the Missouri Pacific Railway Company agreed to give to the Construction Company first mortgage bonds of the said Missouri Pacific Railway Company equal to $11,000 per mile of the railroads completely constructed by the said Construction Company as aforesaid. The petition averred that payment in bonds was in fact only made at the rate of $10,000 per mile, though the roads had been fully constructed; that the Missouri Pacific bonds received at that rate were purchased by certain named officers of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company at a discount of ten per cent, though said bonds were worth par; that though the agreed rate at which the Missouri Pacific Railway Company was to transport material necessary for the construction of the work aforesaid was at the rate of three-fourths of a cent per ton per mile, in fact for a large amount of said material there was charged and collected from the Construction Company payment at the rate of three cents per ton per mile, which excess, the said petition alleged, was still due the said Construction Company; that said Missouri Pacific Railway Company^ officers, by collecting interest which was not in fact due, and upon other unfounded pretenses, had exacted and withheld from the Construction Company large sums of money, for which said Missouri Pacific Railway Company ought to be held to account. There were other mat*398ters complained of in the petition, but for our present purpose the above described causes of action are amply sufficient.
That it might appear that the suit was brought by Mr. Fitzgerald as a stockholder of the Construction Company, he made the following averments in reference to certain of the matters above described :
“ Complainant says that shortly after said contracts were made, those owning a controlling share of the stock of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company procured a controlling share of the stock of the Construction Company, notably Jay Gould, Russell Sage, George J. Gould, and Sidney Dillon; that at the date of said contracts the directors of the Construction Company were as follows: John Fitzgerald, S. H. Mallory, S. S. King, T. M. Stewart, and Edward A. Temple, who were the directors at the time the said contracts were made and entered into; that after they had obtained control of this stock they demanded the resignation of all the directors except Fitzgerald and S. H. Mallory, and on November 3, 1886, the said board of directors was changed, and in place of Messrs. King, Stewart, and Temple were elected George J. Gould, Russell Sage, and Richard Cross; that two of said directors, complainant afterward found out, were directors in the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and that said Richard Cross was a member of a firm which were bankers for the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and that the directors were absolutely under the control of the Missouri Pacific management; that this board of directors has not been changed, except that George J. Gould has gone out and Sidney Dillon, another Missouri Pacific director, and one of its largest stockholders, has been elected in his stead, and that now the said three directors have assumed and had the management in all important matters of said Construction Company, and have managed its affairs in the interest of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and have *399been, as will hereinafter more clearly appear, under the control of Jay Gould, the president of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, the largest owner of its stock, and who controls it. ' * * * That the payment of only $10,000 per mile in five per cent bonds for the first one hundred and fifty miles was brought about by the fraudulent acts of the Missouri Pacific, as follows : That by the contract with the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company the Construction Company was to build a railroad from the east line of Kansas to the west line thereof and equip the same as to be thereafter located, and properly grade the line according to the engineer’s survey of the same.”
Plaintiff alleged that the first one hundred and fifty miles of the line of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad was constructed according to contract and fully completed, but that by reason of the refusal of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to allow its engineer to accept the said one hundred and fifty miles with a. view to its acceptance in accordance with the terms of the contract, the Construction Company was unable to secure its acceptance by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and that to secure payment for the said one hundred and fifty miles the Construction Company was compelled to accede to the proposition of Jay Gould, the president of the Missouri Pacific, and to accept $10,000 per mile, which, as plaintiff alleged, had already been fully earned. The petition alleged that the pretense upon which the president of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company founded the claim of that company to a reduction of payment per mile was, that the road was not completed, and, as plaintiff alleged, this was untrue in fact, and that the road was then fully completed according to the terms of the contract, as would have been found had the civil engineer of the Missouri Pacific inspected the road as was contemplated by the contract between the Construction Company and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and *400that for these reasons the reduction of $1,000 per mile exacted and compelled was wholly without consideration, for which reason, as the plaintiff alleged, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company was still indebted to the Construction Company to the amount of the discount aforesaid with interest thereon.
Plaintiff further alleged that on or about the middle of February, and just before the first bonds of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company for $1,500,000 were issued and delivered to the Construction Company, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company issued $4,666,000 par value of its bonds and sold them to its president, Jay Gould, at par, so that afterwards, when the $1,500,000 were delivered to the Construction Company, the president of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company held the amount already stated and had entire control and could manipulate as he pleased the price and issue of bonds of the said Missouri Pacific Railway Company.
The petitioner further alleged that the Missouri Pacific directors, Sidney Dillon and Russell Sage, together with R. J. Cross, who acted with them, had control of the Construction Company, and that the management of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company controlled the Construction Company the same as it controlled the Missouri Pacific Company, hence it placed the bonds at once in the hands of Jay Gould and others in the management of and stockholders in the Missouri Pacific Railway Company; that on the 29th day of July, 1887, there were earned and due by the completion of the road under contract to the Construction Company, from the' Missouri Pacific Railway Company, nearly $4,171,000 worth of the five per cent bonds which were undelivered (except $1,500,-000 of the same); that on that date, or the day before, the Missouri Pacific management, in order to injure and violate the contract it had made with the Construction Company, and in order to bankrupt and make said Construction Com*401pany worthless, took the action shown by the record of the Construction Company, hereinafter fully set out, with reference to the discount of ten per cent on $5,000,000 par value of bonds of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company •owned by the Construction Company. In reference to the meeting at which the action was had as described in the record referred to, the plaintiff alleged that he and S. H. Mallory, two of the directors and stockholders of the Construction Company, had no notice. That in accordance with said resolution the said three directors, combining with Jay Gould, proceeded to sell or dispose of said bonds, ■or of all said bonds that had been issued to the Construction Company, and the $2,500,000 borrowed of Jay Gould. The petition then in detail stated the manner in which the bonds of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company were disposed of on the basis of ninety cents on the dollar, the recipients being Morton, Bliss & Co.,- and certain named holders of stock of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. The amount of bonds distributed is shown by this detailed statement to have reached in the aggregate the sum of $8,200,000. In the petition the plaintiff used the following language:
“Complainant further alleges that the withholding of the delivery of the bonds by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company; that the pressing of spurious accounts that did not exist; that the loaning of $2,500,000 by Gould when there was more than that due from the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, was a conspiracy in which the Missouri Pacific was the principal actor, and done for the purposes and benefit of the Missouri Pacific, and particularly for the benefit of its management, and to the great damage of the Construction Company iir the sum of at least $700,000, and that this does not include $02,500 of interest that the ■Construction Company was forced to pay on account of the failure of the Missouri Pacific to deliver bonds due, and the unlawful, acts of the directors in borrowing. Corn*402plainant submits that the act of July 28, 1887, when the meeting was called and action taken without notice to either Mr. Mallory or your complainant, was null and void, and was not binding upon complainant.
“Complainant further says that without tbeir knowledge the Missouri Pacific management, in taking stock in the Construction Company, that is, the persons who governed both companies, to-wit, Jay Gould, George J. Gould, Russell Sage, and Sidney Dillon, who owned a majority of the stock of the Missouri Pacific, and likewise a majority of the stock of the Construction Company, so arranged that they owned such stock proportionately to the amount of the stock in each company, so that any act which would injure or damage the Construction Company, and which would benefit the Missouri Pacific Company, would notin any way affect them, and that their acts were done for the purpose of bankrupting and injuring the Construction Company to its great injury. * * *
“ Complainant further says that the Construction Company was the owner of three town sites and a great body of real estate along the entire line of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railroad and the Pueblo & State Line railroad, which it is of great interest to the Missouri Pacific to get control of, and that the acts of oppression and wrong and of fraud, and of violation of the contract, have been for the sole purpose of getting control of the same and of freezing out all stockholders except the management of the Missouri Pacific; and as a part of the scheme by which this was to be done, about the time the work was finished and the contracts completed, that it had to do for the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, the Missouri Pacific Railway directors who had control of the Construction Company had in fact peremptorily refused to raise money to pay off the contractors, laborers, and persons who had done the work, but allowed the debts of some $70,000 or $80,000 for that purpose to accumulate, know*403ing at the time that Mr. Mallory and Mr. Fitzgerald had personally obligated themselves to pay said debts, and as soon as they found out that they were personally .obligated to pay the same they refused to take any steps toward paying the debts which had been contracted, and they were forced to pay the same, and that your complainant was forced to sue the Construction Company individually, and that the Missouri Pacific tried every means to defeat these just claims and put your petitioner to large expense, but that he now holds a judgment against the said Construction Company in round numbers of $52,000, with interest, amounting to $55,000; that there are other debts and other judgments against the Construction Company, which the said directory in New York refuses to make any provision for, and has refused to allow any settlement to be.made, and that on the last of May, 1888, they refused to allow any salaries to any officers to settle up the business of the Construction Company out of the salaries of the officers. This was done for the purpose that the heavy burden placed upon your complainant should be borne by him, with the hope of crushing and bankrupting the concern and making him pay the same and freezing him out of the Construction Company; that there are other debts, amounting in all to probably $100,000, which are unpaid and which the directory of the Construction Company, under the control of the Missouri Pacific, have refused to take any steps to pay, but that the directory, in order to bankrupt the Construction Company, have commenced spurious cases in Kansas, alleging that the company was about bankrupt, and assuming the right, and with an attorney employed by Sidney Dillon and Russell Sage, to go into court and make an accounting with the Missouri Pacific; that since the commencement of this suit the said stockholders of the Construction Company, namely, Jay Gould, George J. Gould, Sidney Dillon, and Russell Sage, who hold a majority of the stock, have sent their proxies to the attorney of the *404Missouri Pacific Railway Company with instructions for him to elect another director of the Missouri Pacific, A. L. Hopkins, who is and has been an employe of the Missouri Pacific,, and who has always acted with them, and is a director and large stockholder of the Missouri Pacific Company. The stockholders, by this action, and by the election of the directors of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, making a majority of the board and controlling all the directors, of it but one, have incapacitated themselves to act in any mattérs where the Missouri Pacific is concerned, and makes it an absolute necessity that a receiver be appointed for the purpose of paying the debts and winding up the affairs of the corporation.”
The petition closed with a prayer for such a judgment in favor of the Construction Company against the Missouri Pacific Railway Company as upon an accounting it should be found entitled to, and for other equitable relief. This lengthy and perhaps tedious quotation from the petition of the plaintiff has been rendered necessary, in order that it might appear what averments have been made, with a view to accounting for the failure of the directory of the Construction Company to seek the relief demanded for said Construction Company against the Missouri Pacific Railway Company in this action; and furthermore, to show in what manner the plaintiff excuses the commencement of this suit by himself as a stockholder, for the enforcement of the aforesaid rights of the Construction Company, since neither the findings of the court nor the evidence adduced showed a demand to have been made prior to suit brought as alleged in the petition for the commencement of an action for the relief herein prayed.
2. In argument it was insisted, with great tenacity, that it was necessary in every case to show that a demand had actually been made by the stockholder, upon the directors that they move for the protection of the corporation, and that their refusal be shown before an action might be com*405menced on the relation of a stockholder to enforce the rights of such corporation. Ordinarily, perhaps, this contention is correct. In the case at bar, however, it was sufficiently shown and found that • the directors of the Construction Company were so immediately under the control of the management of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, against whom suit must be brought, and had in connection with that management shown such a disposition to betray the interest of the company in favor of which they owed their best endeavors, that an application to them as directors to act was altogether unnecessary.
In section 886 of Beach on Private Corporations the following language occurs: “ Where a request that the corporation itself bring the desired suit is apparently useless, it is excused, and need not be made. Accordingly, where the directors of a corporation having the authority to direct its litigation are themselves guilty of the wrong complained of, a court of equity will interfere at the instance of the stockholders without a demand and refusal upon the part of the directors to bring the suit, for it would be against the plainest principles of justice to permit the perpetrators of the wrong to conduct a litigation against themselves.”
In Barr v. New York, L. E. & W. R. Co., 96 N. Y., 444, Miller, J., delivering the opinion of the court, said: “We are referred by the learned counsel for the appellants to the case of Hawes v. Oakland (14 Otto [U. :S'.], 45Q) as authority for the doctrine that no action can be maintained by a stockholder of a corporation under the allegations contained in the complaint in the action at bar. We do not think the case cited sustains the position contended for. It is there laid down that where the board of directors of a corporation is acting in a manner destructive of the rights of the other shareholders, or where the majority of the shareholders themselves are oppressively and illegally pursuing a course in the name of the corporation which is in violation of the rights of the other shareholders, and which can *406only be restrained by the aid of a court of equity, an action to obtain relief may be maintained by a stockholder.”
In Cook on Stock and Stockholders and Corporation Law, section 741, we find this statement of the rule: “ There are occasions when the allegation that the stockholder has requested the directors to bring suit, and they have refused, may be omitted, since the request itself is not required. This occurs when the corporate management is under the control of the guilty parties. No request need then be made or alleged, since the guilty parties would not comply with the request, and even if they did the court would not allow them to conduct the suit against themselves.” This is believed to be a correct statement of the rule. ■ At least, in no case cited has it transpired that under allegations like those in the petition under consideration, relief has been denied. The action was, therefore, properly commenced and prosecuted by John Fitzgerald as a stockholder of the Construction Company, for the enforcement of its rights against its co-defendant, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. The prayer of the petition was for judgment in favor of said Construction Company against its co.-defendant, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. The findings of the court and its judgment were in accordance with that prayer.
In the further consideration of this case it must be borne in mind that while John Fitzgerald, as a stockholder, has a standing to allege the grounds of indebtedness as between the Construction Company and its co-defendant, and to pray for proper relief, such relief is in no way prayed on his own behalf individually, but on behalf of the Construction Company as a corporation; as much so as if the action had been begun by authority of its directors and in its own name.
3. Incidentally it was stated in the petition that a receiver had been appointed for the Construction Company in a court of general jurisdiction in Kansas; and it also *407appears from the record that another receiver was appointed for the same company in a court of general jurisdiction in Iowa. The appellees insist that, it having appeared that a receiver had been appointed, such receiver is an indispensable party in this case.
In Béach on Receivers, section 680, the following language occurs: “The general rule as to the right of a receiver to bring suits in the courts of other states than that in which he is appointed is well settled. It has been stated by Mr. Justice Wayne in a leading case to be, ‘ that he has no extra-territorial power of official action; none which the court appointing him can confer with authority to enable him to go into a foreign jurisdiction to take possession of the debtor’s property; none which can give him, upon the principle of comity, a privilege to sue in a foreign court or another jurisdiction, as the judgment creditor himself might have done where his debtor may be amenable to the tribunal which the creditor may seek; ’ [citing Booth v. Clark, 17 How. [U. S.], 322-338]. The rule thus laid down by the supreme court of the United States has been followed by other courts with essential unanimity, and can hardly be said to be seriously questioned. [In support of this proposition there are cited many authorities.] Applying this rule, it was held that a receiver of the effects of- a debtor, appointed by a court in New York, had no right to file a bill in the District of Columbia for the purpose of obtaining possession of funds due to the debtor, the appellate court affirming the action of the court below in dismissing the bill.”
This rule is thus discussed in section 47 of High on Receivers: “Questions of much nicety have sometimes arisen in this country as to the extent to which the courts of one state will recognize the functions and powers of a receiver appointed in another state, and as to the right of such receivers to act beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the court appointing them. The better doctrine upon- this *408subject undoubtedly is, that the legal authority of a receiver is co-extensive only with the jurisdiction of the court appointing him, and that as a matter of strict right, the courts of one state are not bound to recognize a receiver appointed in a foreign state. The rule is founded upon the recognized principle that the laws of one state have no force proprio vigore beyond the territorial limits of such state, although, upon considerations of courtesy or comity, they may be permitted to operate in another state for the promotion of justice, when neither the latter state nor its citizens will suffer any inconvenience from the application of the foreign law.”
This rule, which is laid down with so much confidence by the two text-writers from which quotations have been made, is doubtless correct.
4. The relations, rights, and duties between the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company and the defendants in this action are created and defined by written contracts which are in the words and figures following:
“This agreement, made this 28th day of April, 1886, by and between the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, of the state of Iowa, party of the first part, and the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company, a corporation duly organized under the laws of the state of Kansas, party of the second part, witnesseth: Now, therefore, it is agreed between the parties hereto as follows: The party of the first part agrees to furnish all materials and money and to construct as rapidly as may be determined, from time to time, between the parties hereto a line of railroad from the east line of Kansas to the west line thereof, and equip the same as the same may be hereafter located; to properly grade the line according to the engineer’s survey of the same; to furnish oak ties on curves not less than thirty-six hundred to the mile, and steel of not less than fifty-six pounds to the yard; to build such depots and stations as may be determined upon by the party of the *409second part; to build all necessary sidings and turn-outs,and generally to construct the same equal to the railroads now being built in southern Kansas; and upon the completion thereof, to equip the same with, at least, one thousand dollars ($1,000) of rolling stock per mile. In consideration thereof, and in payment therefor, the party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part sixteen thousand dollars ($16,000) per mile of its full paid capital stock for every mile of completed road to be constructed, and sixteen thousand dollars ($16,000) per mile in its first mortgage bonds per mile of single track of road, and said bonds to be of the denomination of one thousand dollars ($1,000) each, or of such denomination as may be agreed upon by the parties hereto, and bearing interest at the rate of-per cent per annum, payable in the city of New York and state of New York, where the principal is also payable. Said bonds to be issued for the construction of said road under this contract shall be dated January 1,1886, and run thirty years from date, and to be secured by first deed of even date herewith, duly executed by the party of the second part to the-Company, therein named, of the aforesaid line and branches thereof. The said Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company hereby agrees to issue and deliver to said party of the first part the said stock and bonds at the rate hereinbefore set forth, at such times and in such settlements as the said Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company require in order to obtain the money necessary to perform this contract; and also to deliver to sáid first party all municipal and county bonds voted and to be voted in aid of said railroad, and all donations thereto, as soon as earned and delivered to said second party; and said Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company covenants and agrees to proceed forthwith in the execution of this agreement and to construct said line as rapidly as poásible according to the surveys now made or to be hereafter determined upon; and the said party of the second part *410agrees to procure, or cause to be procured, the right of way of said line of railroads at the proper time in advance of the work so as not to impede or delay construction, which right of way shall be paid for by said Construction Company.
“In witness whereof, the said Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, by their president, has hereto set their hand and seal, and said party of the second part has caused its corporate name to be signed by its president and its corporate seal to be attached by its secretary the day and year first above named.
“ Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, “By its President, S. H. Mallory.
“ The Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway, “By J. J. Burns, Its President.
“Attest :
“Chas. C. Black, Secretary.
“Memorandum of an agreement, made on this 4th day of May, 1886, between the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, party of the first part, and the Fitzgerald and Mallory Construction Company, party of the second part, witnesseth : Whereas, the party of the second part has made a contract with the Denver, Memphis <fe Atlantic Railway Company to construct its road from Chetopa across the state of Kansas, on a line heretofore agreed upon (a copy of which is hereto attached and made a part of this agreement); and, whereas, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company is desirous of obtaining control of the said line of road, it is agreed as follows:
“First — The party of the second part will sell to the party of the first part all of the securities which the said party of the second part is to receive under the terms of the contract dated April 28, 1886, between the said Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company and the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company, for the construction of its road, and said securities amounting to sixteen *411thousand dollars ($16,000) per mile of stock, and sixteen thousand dollars ($16,000) per mile of first mortgage bonds, less the amount of stock that has to be given for municipal and county aid (estimated at about thirty-five hundred dollars ($3500) per mile), and receive in full payment for the same twelve thousand dollars ($12,000) per mile of Missouri Pacific Railway five per cent bonds, to be secured by a deposit of the securities above referred to with a trustee.
“Second — The party of the second part further agrees that the said railroad to be constructed, and heretofore described, shall be of standard gauge, of not less than fifty-six pounds (56) steel rails, twenty-six hundred (2,600) ties to the mile, with stations not more than eight (8) miles apart, * * * and shall be equal in its general character to the roads now being constructed by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company in the state of Kansas, all to be subject to the approval of the chief engineer of the party of the first part.
“ In witness whereof, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company and the said Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, parties hereto, have executed this agreement the day and year first- above written.
“The Missouri Pacific Railway Company, “[seal.! By Jay Gould, President.
“Attest:
■ “Guy Phillips, Second Ass’t Secretary.
“The Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company,
“By S. H. Mallory, President.”
“addenda to contract.
“It is further agreed that the party of the first part shall make payments for the sixteen thousand (16,000) dollars per mile of first mortgage bonds and sixteen thousand (16,000) dollars per mile of stock, referred to in the first clause of this contract, as follows: On the completion *412of each ten miles of road according to the contract from, not more than two points'connecting with the road of the party of the first part, and on receipt of the sixteen thousand (16,000) dollars per mile of first mortgage bonds and sixteen thousand (16,000) dollars per mile of stock appertaining thereto (less the amount paid out for aid), the party of the first part will deliver to the party of the second part twelve thousand (12,000) dollars per mile of its five per cent bonds according to the above agreement.
“ The party of the first part also agrees that all men and materials used by the party of the second part in the construction of the said railroad shall be transported at actual cost over such portions of the road as may be turned over to ’ the party of the first part during the construction of the same.
“The Missouri. Pacific Railway Co.,
“By Jay Gould, Pres’t.
“Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Co.,
“ By S. H. Mallory, Pres’t.”
The Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company was originally incorporated for the purpose of constructing a railroad from Denver to Memphis, through the state of Kansas. Its authorized capital stock was $10,000,000, but by its articles of incorporation the value of its property was estimated at only $10,000. This railroad company was distinguished not so much for its possessions as for its capacity, as readily appears from the figures just given, as well as from the additional consideration that in • the future it could exercise the right of eminent domain, and in exchange for its stock receive municipal aid along its proposed line through the state of Kansas. It is possibly true that the laws of the state last named should not have permitted this exchange, and yet it is not within the province of this court to pass upon the wisdom of the statutes of another state. The municipalities whose bonds were voted to aid this enterprise were fully apprised by *413the articles of incorporation of the proposed donee that its authorized capital was $10,000,000, while it was patent that its property yas of the value of but $10,000. Under these circumstances, if the Kansas municipalities coveted an interest in this authorized capital stock, and the laws of that state sanctioned the acquisition of a part of such stock by an exchange therefor of municipal bonds, this court cannot interpose a veto to such transactions, no matter upon what scale they may have been carried on. We have neither jurisdiction to question the law, nor do the municipalities concerned ask us so to do. With more courage than judgment, perhaps, Messrs. Fitzgerald & Mallory attempted to secure control of the leverage offered by the railroad company to obtain bonds of the municipalities of the state of Kansas lying along the route of the railroad, but later they found their means inadequate to this undertaking. Under stress of financial difficulties, Messrs. Fitzgerald & Mallory applied to the managing officers of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company for assistance. As a condition precedent to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company’s compliance, its officers required that a construction company should take the place of Messrs. Fitzgerald & Mallory as contractors. The memorandum of agreement of May 4, 1886, was thereupon entered into between the substituted construction company and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. A significant part of the preambles with which this contract began was the recitation of the desire of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to obtain control of the line of railroad to be constructed. As the construction of the railroad line progressed, stock of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company at the rate of $16,000 per mile, less $3,500 per mile intended to be exchanged for municipal aid bonds, and $16,000 per mile of its bonds secured by first mortgage on its line, were issued and delivered to the. Construction Company in payment for such construction. Exclusive of $1,000 per mile for *414the purchase of rolling stock equipment (which provision' was afterwards abandoned), the above contract between the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company provided that full payment should be made to the Construction Company in the Missouri Pacific Railway Company’s bonds, bearing five per cent annual interest, issued at the rate of $11,000 per mile of constructed railroad. It is possible that at one time the municipalities which issued their bonds might have been relieved in a proper forum as against the inadequacy between the stock issued to them and the aid bond's given in exchange for them. These dealings, at most, authorized the election to treat the bonds as voidable, not necessarily void, provided the right of election was exercised in due time and before other rights had accrued. In so far as our action should be governed by considerations of public policy, it seems quite clear that' the inadequacy referred to should not be given great prominence, not only on account of whaft has already been said, but because of the fact that on the 1st day of January, 1887, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company executed a trust mortgage to secure its negotiable five per cent bonds to be issued in the aggregate not in excess of fifteen million dollars, and as part of “the underlying securities” for the payment of these bonds", there were deposited with the trustee named in the mortgage, the bonds of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company, and other companies whose lines of railroad were constructed under much the same contracts as those above set out, made between the same parties. After the lapse of several years, it is fair to assume that these negotiable bonds have passed into the hands of innocent purchasers for value, whose rights should not unnecessarily be ignored. It seems to the writer hereof that an inquiry into the original motives and conduct of the parties not involved in this litigation is unnecessary, and in view of the rights of the holders of the bonds of *415the Missouri Pacific Railway Company such an inquiry might be very mischievous. There are no pleadings in the record upon which questions of public policy, as affecting the status of the parties to this controversy, are presented. The building of railroad lines were legitimate enterprises— possibly there may have been too great a margin for the work undertaken with its incidental risks. The roads have been built and no one questions that this is so. To us are presented simply questions as to the rights of the parties to the proceeds earned under contracts which in their inception at most were not void, but voidable only. No one concerned elects to treat them as void; we should hesitate long before becoming the moving party in that direction.
Due issues were made up as to all claims asserted by each party, upon the trial of which the district court made special findings as to each subject of controversy, and rendered a judgment, from which both parties appeal — the Construction Company by John Fitzgerald, however, having first completed its appeal, has hereinbefore been styled the appellant. The pleadings in this case are very voluminous, and as the gist of the controversy is for all practicable purposes sufficiently set out in the findings of the district court, they, rather than the averments of the pleadings, will be hereinafter resorted to for a statement of the matters of difference between the parties litigant.
5. In a review of the issues joined it is evident that the liability of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company for such acts as were charged against its officers in the discharge of their duties, as such, should first receive attention, since it is insisted by defendants that these acts cannot be imputable to the railway company itself.
The following apt language is employed by Harlan, J., in the opinion of the supreme court of the United States, in Denver & R. G. R. Co. v. Harris, 122 U. S., on page 607: “In Philadelphia, W. & B. R. Co. v. Quigley, 21 How. [U. S.], 202, this court held that a railroad corporation was *416responsible for tbe publication by them of a libel in which the capacity and skill of a mechanic and builder of depots, bridges, station houses, and other structures for railroad companies were falsely and maliciously disparaged and undervalued. The publication in that case consisted in the preservation in the permanent form of a book for distribution among the persons belonging to the corporation, of a report made by a committee of the company’s board of directors, in relation to the administration and dealings of the plaintiff as a superintendent of the road. The court, upon a full review of the authorities, held it to be the result of the cases ‘ that for acts done by the agents of a corporation, either in contractu or in delicto, in the course of its business and of their employment, the corporation is responsible as an individual is responsible under similar circumstances.’ In State v. Morris & E. R. Co., 23 N. J. Law, 369, it was well said that if the corporation has itself no hands with which to strike, it may employ the hands of others; and it is now perfectly well settled, contrary to the ancient authorities, that a corporation is liable civiliter for all torts committed by its servants or agents by authority of the corporation, express or implied. * * * The result of the modern cases is that a corporation is liable civiliter for torts committed by its servants or agents precisely as a natural person, and that it is liable as a natural person for the acts of its agents done by its authority, express or implied, though there be neither a written appointment under seal nor a vote of the corporation constituting the agency or authorizing the act. (See, also, Salt Lake City v. Hollister, 118 U. S., 256-260; New Jersey Steamboat Co. v. Brockett, 121 U. S., 637; First Nat. Bank of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, v. Graham, 100 U. S., 699-702.)”
In Booth v. Farmers & Merchants Bank, 50 N. Y., on page 400 et seq., is found the following language: “ When an officer does an act which is within the general scope of his powers, although circumstances may exist which render *417the particular act a violation of his duty, the corporation is nevertheless bound by his act as to persons dealing in ignorance of those circumstances, and is responsible to innocent third parties who have sustained damages occasioned by such act. And the liability of the corporation for the consequences of acts of its officers done within the- scope of their general powers is not affected by the fact that the act which the officer has assumed to do is one which the corporation itself could not rightfully do. A corporation may do wrong through its agents as well as a private individual. (New York & N. H. R. Co. v. Schuyler, 34 N. Y., 30; Farmers & Mechanics Bank of Kent County, Maryland, v. Butchers & Drovers Bank, 16 N. Y., 125; Bissell v. Michigan S. & N. I. R. Co.’s, 22 N. Y., 258; Bank of Genesee v. Patchin Bank, 13 N. Y., 309.)”
In Hussey v. King, 3 S. E. Rep. [N. Car.], on page 926, Davis, J., delivering the opinion of the court, said: “It was long thought that as the corporation had no mouth with which to utter slander, or hand with which to write libels or commit batteries, or mind to suggest malicious prosecutions or other wrongs; as it was an artificial person and could speak and act only through - and by the agency of others, it was therefore not liable for any torts except such as resulted from some act of commission or omission of its agents or servants while acting within the scope of granted powers, or wrongfully omitting or neglecting some duty imposed by its charter or by law; and, consequently, it was -necessary to allege that the act committed was while acting within the scope and power of the company; or that the act omitted was required to be performed. Whether it was wise to depart from this rule that exempted corporations from liability for the acts of agents in cases where the character of the act depended upon motive or intent, seems no longer an open question. The old idea that because a corporation had no ‘soul’ it could not commit torts or be the subject of punishment for tortious acts, may now be *418regarded as obsolete. The rights, the powers, and the duties of corporate bodies have been so enlarged in modern times, and these ‘ artificial persons ’ have become so numerous and enter so largely into the every-day transactions of life, that it has become the policy of the law to subject them, as far as practicable, to the same civil liability for wrongful acts as attach to natural persons, and this liability is not restricted to acts committed within the scope of granted powers, but a corporation may be liable to an action ‘.for false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and libel.’ (Pierce, Railroads, 273.)”
In Miller v. Burlington & M. R. R. Co., 8 Neb., 219, it was said that a corporation is liable the same as a natural person for the tortious acts of its servants and agents in the course of their employment, but to make a corporation liable for such acts, they must be connected with the transaction of the business for which the company was incorporated, for the officers themselves are the mere agents of the corporation, and their powers are necessarily limited within the scope of the purposes of the corporation. The stockholders, however, by electing officers, assume the risk of the faithful or unfaithful management of the corporation, and cases may arise when if one of two innocent persons has to suffer, the one who has created the power and selected the persons to enforce it must sustain the loss.
The citation of other authorities upon a point which may now be considered settled would be a work of supererogation, in no way rendering more clear the principles established by the consensus of the above adjudicated cases. A fuller and more elaborate consideration ■ of the subject could easily be had by mere quotation from the language of section 698 of Cook on Stock and Stockholders and Corporation Law, but the space thereby occupied would be needlessly so taken up, for the result reached in each instance is the same as that enunciated in the opinions from which quotations have already been made.
*4196. In Worthington v. Worthington, 32 Neb., 338, 339, Norval, J., said: “It is well settled in this state that the finding of the district court on conflicting evidence is conclusive on appeal to the supreme court, unless fhere is a clear preponderance of evidence against the finding. (Brown v. Hurst, 3 Neb., 353; Helling v. New England Mortgage Security Co., 10 Neb., 611; Courtnay v. Price, 12 Neb., 188; Jennings v. Simpson, 12 Neb., 558; Aultman v. Patterson, 14 Neb., 57; McLaughlin v. Sandusky, 17 Neb., 110.)”
A patient and careful examination of all the testimony adduced upon the trial before Judge Tibbets serves to justify the confidence in the trial judge which this rule implies, as well as to place us under great obligations for his thorough analysis of the evidence adduced, and his comprehensive findings of the facts thereby established. No other apology or explanation is deemed necessary to .account for the free use which shall be made of the findings of fact thus made by the trial court. Referring to the contracts, which have already been copied, the twelfth finding of fact was as follows:
“(12.) That said agreements were, by all the parties thereto, subsequently modified and changed to the effect that the furnishing of the equipment for the road to be constructed was waived by the railroad company, and the amount to be received by the Fitzgerald & Mallory.Construction Company from the Missouri Pacific Railway Company was reduced to eleven thousand ($11,000) dollars per mile, to be paid in Missouri Pacific five per cent bonds.”
Immediately succeeding this are the following findings of fact:
“(13.) That under the said contract the said Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company constructed in the state of Kansas four hundred and ten and forty-eight hundredths miles of railroad, extending from Chetopa, in eastern Kansas, west to Larned, a distance of two hundred and seyentytwo and two-hundredths miles, and from McCracken west *420,to the: state line, a.distance of one hundred and thirty-eight and- forty-six hundredths miles; that the said road was constructed by the said Construction Company in every respect in compliance with the terms of said contracts,
i. •• “(14.) On the 15th day of June, 1886, the said Construction Company had ten miles of said road completed ,and ready for delivery to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company; that on the 15th day of July, 1886, the Construction Company had thirty miles of said road completed and ready for such delivery; that on the 14th day of February, 1887, the Construction Company had one hundred and fifty miles of said railroad completed and ready for delivery, with the exception of some finishing work upon the road-bed, bridges, and cattle guards; that on August 1, 1887, said road was entirely completed.
“(15.) That said railroad was turned over and delivered to the defendant, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, by the defendant, the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction [Company], as follows: One hundred' and fifty miles, on the 14th day of February, 1887; twenty-nine and eighty-three hundredths miles on the 11th day of August, 1887; ninety-three and fifty-seven hundredths miles on the 11th day of August, 1887; one hundred and twenty-four and forty-two hundredths miles on the 1st day of October, 1887; twelve and eighty-two hundredths miles on the 15th day of December, 1887.
“(16.) That for the purpose of extending the line of railroad heretofore recited in these findings to be' built from the western line of the state of Kansas to the city of Pueblo in the state of Colorado, the said Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company and the said the Missouri Pacific Railway Company on the-day of-, 1887, caused to be incorporated, under the laws of the state of Colorado, the Pueblo and State Line Railroad Company, with power to construct and operate a line of railway from the western line of Kansas to said city of Pueblo.
*421. “(17.) That on the 16th day-of August, 1887, the-.Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company entered into a contract with the Pueblo & State Line Railroad Company* wherein the said Construction Company agreed to furnish all material and construct a railway commencing at or near the city of Pueblo, state of Colorado, thence running eastward to the state line of Kansas, and to furnish and pay for the right of way for the said railway, the work and construction of said railway to be done in accordance with-the terms of said contract, and to the satisfaction of the resident engineer of the Missouri Pacific Railway. Company, and subject to his approval; buildings and yard, tracks to be according to plan to be furnished- by: the. Missouri Pacific Railway Company. In consideration whereof the Pueblo & State Line Railroad Company-agreed to turn over and pay to the said Construction Company fifteen thousand ($15,000) dollars of first mortgage bonds and ten thousand ($10,000) dollars stock for each mile of road so constructed, the same being all the bonds and all of the stock of said railroad.
“(18.) That on the 16th day of August, 1887, the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company and -the Missouri Pacific Railway Company entered into a written contract, wherein it was recited that the said Construction Company had, on the 16th day of August, 1887,' entered into a contract with the Pueblo & State Line Railroad Company for the construction of a line of railroad from Pueblo to the state line of Kansas, and wherein it was recited that the contract with the Pueblo & State Line Railroad Company was annexed and made a part thereof. That therein it was agreed that the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company should sell to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company all of the stock and bonds of .the said Pueblo & State Line Railroad Company that should be received from the construction- of the road, to-wit, fifteen thousand ($15,000) dollars in bonds, and. ten thousand ($10,000), *422dollars of stock for each mile of completed road, and therein it was agreed that the said the Missouri Pacific Railway company should pay to the said Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company for said bonds and stock the sum of twelve thousand ($12,000) dollars per mile of completed road, payable in the bonds of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, drawing interest at the rate of five per cent per annum. And in said contract it was further agreed that the Missouri Pacific Railway Company should furnish and deliver to the said Construction Company at the west line of the state of Kansas all the ties, rails, and fastenings to be used by the Construction Company in the construction of the said road, at a certain price, in said contract specified, and if delivered at any other place than above named the additional amount of three-fourths of a cent as freight per ton per mile to be charged. It was further provided in said contract that the said Missouri Pacific Railway Company should transport over its system of railway such material and men as should be required by the Construction Company in the construction of the said road at the rate of three-quarters of a cent per ton per mile for materials, and one cent per mile for 'men. And to transport over any portion of the said State Line & Pueblo railroad that may be operated by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company materials and men used and required as aforesaid at the actual cost of train service.
“(19.) That under the said contracts so made for the construction of the Pueblo & State Line railroad the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company constructed and completed a line of railway commencing at the terminus of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway on the state line between Kansas & Colorado, running thence in a westerly direction to the city of Pueblo, in the state of Colorado, a distance of one hundred and fifty-one and thirty-four hundredth miles, and on the 15th day of December, 1887, delivered said road and the possession and *423control of the same to the defendant the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. That said road was constructed in every respect in accordance with the terms and conditions of the said contracts.
“(20.) That prior to the 3d day of May, 1887, the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, under contracts in all respects similar to the contracts in connection with the construction of the said Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway, constructed a line of railway known as the Kansas & Southwestern railway, extending from Iuka in the state of Kansas, in a northeasterly direction, to a junction with the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway, a distance of twenty-four and eighty-four hundredths miles, and on the 3d day of May, 1887, the said Construction Company delivered said road so constructed, together with the possession and the control of the same, to the defendant the Missouri Pacific Railway Company; that the said road was constructed in all respects in accordance with the terms and conditions of the said contracts.
“(21.) That prior to the 11th day of August, 1887, the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, under a contract similar to that named in finding number 20, constructed a line of road known as the Winfield, Texas & Gulf, running from Winfield, in the state of Kansas, south a distance of two miles, and -on the 11th day of August, 1887, the said Construction Company delivered the said road so constructed and the possession and control of the same to the defendant the Missouri Pacific Railway Company; that said road was constructed in all respects in accordance with the contract.
“(22.) That each and all of the several railroads, and the parts of the same constructed by the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company and delivered to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, as heretofore recited in these findings, have, at all times, since the said several deliveries, *424been, in the possession and under the control of the defendant the .Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and have been operated by the said railway company.
“(23.) That by virtue of and through the above named arrangements and contracts the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company assumed the relation of contractor with the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to build the several lines of: railroad so named above in the findings, and a direct contract relation in reference to the building of said railroads was established between the two companies.
“(24.) The court finds that each and all.of the above named contracts for the construction of the several roads named were in nowise unconscionable contracts, but were fair and reasonable contracts in which the interest of all the parties to .the several contracts were properly protected, and at the time of the execution of the said contracts the officers of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company who executed said contracts on behalf of the Construction Company acted in good faith in the interests of the Construction Company, and the officers of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. who executed said contracts on behalf of said railway company acted in good faith in the interest of the said railway company.
. “ (25.) The court finds that from the 28th day of April, 1886, to the 6 th day of April, 1887, the officers and directors of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company were the friends and favorable to the interest of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, and of the plaintiff herein, and were under the pay of said Construction Company; that since said 6th day of April, 1887; the organization of the said Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company has been under the control of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and’ its officers and directors have acted'in the interests. and under the direction of the said Missouri. Pacific Railway Company.
.“(26.) The court further finds that the defendant the *425Missouri Pacific Railway Company, in connection with the several contracts above referred to, assumed the right to-prepare the bonds of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company, and the Pueblo & State Line Railroad Company, and to prepare the mortgages that were to secure the said bonds, and to retain the said bonds, both before and after execution, in its possession, and under its control; that said bonds were never in the possession or under the control of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company, or the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company; that on the 22d to the 28th days of October, 1886, the president and secretary of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company executed three million two hundred thousand ($3,200,000) dollar's of said bonds in the office of the defendant railway company in New York city.-
“(27.) On the 22d day of February, 1887, the board of directors.of the- Denver, Mémphis & Atlantic Railway Company authorized the'.trustee to certify to bonds covering one hundred and fifty miles of completed road'; on. the 23d day of May, 1887, the board of directors authorized the certification of bonds covering thirty additional miles of road; that on the 18th day of July, 1887, the said board further authorized the certification of bonds covering-two hundred miles of additional road; that on the 1st day of October, 1887, the said board authorized the further certification of bonds covering thirty and seven-tenths miles of additional road.
“ (28.) The court further finds that at all times from the date of the organization of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company up to April 17, .1889, the plaintiff herein, John Fitzgerald, was a director of said Construction Company; that the directors of said company were five in number; that prior to November 3, 1886, a majority of said directors were friendly to the interest of the plaintiff; that since said 3d day of November, 1886, three of said five directors, together with the treasurer, have been. *426directly or indirectly interested in the defendant railway company; have acted in the interest of said railway company in all matters concerning the management of said Construction Company, where the interest of the railway company and the Construction Company have come in conflict.
“(29.) The Missouri Pacific Railway Company failed to act in the authorization of the issuance of its bonds to pay over as provided in its contracts with the Construction Company until December 10, 1886, when, by its board of directors, it authorized the issuance of five million ($5,000,-000) dollars of Missouri Pacific five per cent trust bonds, and said bonds were issued in pursuance of said authorization under daté of January 1, 1887.
“ (30.) The court finds that under the contract for the construction of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway, the Kansas Southwestern railway, and the Pueblo & State Line railroad, the defendant the Missouri Pacific Railway Company delivered to the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, Missouri Pacific trust bonds as follows:
“February 14, 1887................................ $1,500,000
“July 28, 1887, (through Jay Gould) ......... 2,500,000
“ September 22, 1887.............................. 2,500,000
“Making a total of......................... $6,500,000
“ That the said bonds so delivered had never been bought and sold upon the market and had not acquired a fixed market value, but were reasonably worth par at the several times of said several deliveries; that the said bonds were secured by the deposit with the trustee of the first mortgage bond of said different railway companies, including the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic and the Kansas and Southwestern Railway Companies, and were not secured by the deposit of the stock of any companies whatever.
“ (31). That under said contracts there would be due and payable from the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to *427the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, in Missouri Pacific five per cent bonds, for the construction of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway, the Pueblo & State Line railroad, and the Kansas & Southwestern railroad, the sum of six million six hundred and four thousand six hundred ($6,604,600) dollars.
“(32.) That on the 7th day of February, 1887, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company and the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company modified and changed ihe contract for the construction of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway to the effect that one hundred and fifty (150) miles of the road then completed should be paid for by the said railway company at the rate of ten thousand ($10,000) dollars per mile, insttad of at the rate of eleven thousand ($11,000) per mile, the same to be paid in Missouri Pacific five per cent bonds, as above provided.”
The fortieth, forty-first, forty-second, forty-third, and forty-fourth findings were as follows :
“ (40.) The court further finds that on the 28th day of July, 1887, at a meeting of the board of directors of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company held at New York city, where were present Russell Sage, R. I. Cross, and Sidney Dillon, and absent S. H. Mallory and the plaintiff herein, it was resolved to sell four million ($4,000,000) dollars. Missouri Pacific railway five per cent bonds to the stockholders of the said Construction Company at ninety per cent of face value, and Jay Gould, the president of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, furnished two million five hundred thousand ($2,500,000) dollars in bonds to add to one million five hundred thousand dollars ($1,500,000) bonds then possessed by the Construction Company, for the purpose of completing the required amount to make the sale; that under said resolution all the stockholders, with the exception of John Fitzgerald and S. H. Mallory, took their pro rata share of said bonds and in the amount of three million two hundred *428thousand ($3,200,000) dollars; that when informed of said transaction the said Fitzgerald and Mallory protested against the same.
■ “(41.) That on said July 28, 1887, the full amount, of said two million five hundred thousand ($2,500,000) dollars, additional bonds furnished-by Jay Gould, was due the Construction Company from the defendant the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and the same should be treated as.a payment by the said rail way company to the Construction’ Company and the said railway company should pay, all. charges made by the said Gould on account of said advancement. •
'i ’“(42,)' That on the 23d. day of September, 1887, R. I. Cross,, the treasurer of the Construction Company, paid from the funds of the said company the sum of sixty-two; thousand five hundred ($62,500) dollars to Jay Gould on account of. interest on the two million five hundred thousand ($2,500,000) dollars bonds delivered to the Construction Company July. 28, 1887; that the said sixty-two thousand five hundred ($62,500) dollars,- so paid, is a. proper charge against the Missouri Pacific Railway Company; and in favor of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company in this action, and the same is allowed.
.”“(43.) That on the 22d day of September, 1887, at a meeting of the directors of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Con-, strudtion Company, held in New York city, where all of the' directors were present, a sale of bonds in the amount of one million eight hundred thousand ($1,800,000) dollars' (not) already sold (was) ordered made to the New-York stockholders of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company pro rata, said sale being made at ninety per, cent of par value; that it was further ordered at said meeting of directors that one million five hundred thousand ($1,500,000) dollars of Missouri Pacific bonds be distrib-, fited among the stockholders of the Construction.Company ás a! declared dividend upon stock.
*4291 “(44.) That the plaintiff herein acquiesced in the sale of bonds of July 28 and September 22, and the declaration of said dividend to stockholders, and acquiesced in the reduction of one thousand dollars ($1,000) per mile on one hundred and fifty (150) miles of road made by the meeting of the board of directors February 7, 1887.”
7. Before consideration in detail of the several items involved, the effect of the acquiescence by stockholders of the Construction Company in acts detrimental to that company as creating an estoppel should receive consideration. The last quoted finding of fad, 'forty-fourth) led the trial judge to the conclusion that as to neither item therein referred to could relief be granted. Whether or not .this result followed is the question now to be considered. It will be borne in mind that S. H. Mallory and John Fitzgerald owned one-fifth of the capital stock of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, and the findings of the court are, therefore, that by the acquiescence by one-fifth in amount of the stockholders in wrongs which weré found to have beén perpetrated upon the Construction Company, the Construction Company was barred of its right to relief. The plaintiff alleged that’ there was due from the Construction Company something like $100,000 of indebtedness, for which there was available nothing but the amounts due said Construction Company from its co-defendant, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. The fourteenth paragraph of the answer of the defendant specifically alleged the existence of one debt due from the Construction Company of the sum of $2,500; of another of $52,000 in amount, and of a third of $5,148.48, tlqe last two of which were in judgment, besides in general terms asserting that there were other debts equaling in the aggregate the sum of about $50,000, in respect of which the Missouri Pacific Railway Company had been duly garnished as a supposed debtor of said Construction Company. It is difficult to conceive why the acquiescence of *430stockholders in the wrong found by the court, whereby its ability to pay its debts was greatly impaired, should preclude the right of the Construction Company to relief as against such wrong. The trial court found that aside from the acquiescence of Fitzgerald and Mallory there had been the active commission of the wrong by the holders of the other four-fifths of the Construction Company’s stock. Of what greater avail should be the mere acquiescence of the other fifth ?
In Quincy v. Steel, 120 U. S., 244, it was said that a suit brought by a stockholder for the benefit of the corporation was in fact a suit for the corporation itself. That the acquiescence of stockholders, merely as such, could be held to imply more than by an affirmative act such stockholder, as such, could perform, can scarcely be seriously argued.
In the brief of the defendants is found the following quotation from the language of Field, J., in Humphreys v. McKissock, 140 U. S., 311, 312: “The property of a corporation is not subject to the control of individual members, whether acting separately or jointly. They can neither incumber nor transfer that property, nor authorize others to do so. The corporation — the artificial being created — holds the property, and alone can mortgage or transfer it; and the corporation acts only through its officers, subject to the conditions prescribed by law.” In this brief it is also stated that Justice Field, in the case cited, approved the language of Chief Justice Shaw in Smith v. Hurd, 12 Met. [Mass.], 385, where he says: “The individual members of the corporation, whether they should all join or each act severally, have no right or power to intermeddle with the property or concerns of the bank, or call any officer, agent, or servant to account, or discharge them from any liability. Should all the stockholders join in a power of attorney to any one, he could not take possession of any real or personal estate, any security or chose *431in action : could not collect a debt or discharge a claim, or release damage arising from any default, simply because they are not the legal owners of the property, and damage done to such property is not an injury to them. Their rights and their powers are limited and well defined.” If all the stockholders, by joining in a power of attorney for that purpose, could not release damage arising from any default, upon what principle could such release be inferred from the mere acquiescence in such release by one-fifth in amount of the stockholders? Most manifestly such an anomaly cannot be tolerated, much less enforced by judicial tribunals. In argument it is tenaciously contended, however, that the long acquiescence of the Construction Company effected the same result. There was no finding of such acquiescence by the court. Indeed, there could not be, consistently with the finding that the Construction Company was dominated in all things by the officers of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company.
8. Having divested the inquiry of this matter of acquiescence, let us consider the history of these transactions; and first, — of the reduction in compensation from $11,000 per mile to $10,000. In the thirty-second finding, above quoted, the trial court found established as a fact, by the evidence, that on February 7,1887, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company and the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company modified and changed the contract for the construction of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway so that 150 miles of the road, when completed, should be paid for by the said railway company at the rate of $10,000 instead of at the rate of $11,000 per mile, the same to be paid in Missouri Pacific five per cent bonds. This finding of the completed condition of 150 miles of the line of railroad of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company on February 7,1887, is somewhat modified by the concluding part of the fourteenth finding, which was: “That on the 14th day of February, 1887, the Construction Company had *432one hundred and fifty miles of said .railroad .completed and ready for delivery, with the exception of some finishing work upon the road-bed, bridges, and cattle-guards; that on August 1; 1887, said road was entirely completed.” The fifteenth finding establishes the fact that the 150 miles of railroad under consideration was accepted by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company on February 14, 1887, although the road was not then completed according to contract. The minutes of the meeting of the directors of the Construction Company, held on February 7,1887, read as follows:
“195 Broadway, New York City,
“Feb. 7, 1887.
“An adjourned meeting of the directors of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company was held this day, .at which there were present Messrs. S. H. Mallory, George J. Gould, R. J. Cross, and R. Sage and also Jay Gould.
“The minutes of the previous meeting were read, and on motion of Mr. Sage, were approved.
“Mr. Jay Gould, on behalf of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, stated that certain portions of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway were unsatisfactorily constructed, and for that reason the Missouri Pacific Company would decline to pay more than $10,000 per mile for the 150 miles already built, and that the Missouri Pacific Company was ready to take the 150 miles named at that price, that is the line from Chetopa to Cedarville, and enough line from Belle Plaine to make out the 150 miles.
“On motion of Mr. Cross, duly seconded, it was voted that the proposition of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to receive the 150 miles of the road and give Missouri Pacific Railway Company trust five per cent bonds for the same át the rate of $10,000 per mile in full settlement be accepted.
“On motion, the meeting adjourned.
*433We concur with the court in its conclusion that the reduction from $11,000 per mile to $10,000 should be sustained. As already indicated, however, the fact that all the stockholders of the Construction Company acquiesced in this reduction is not a sufficient ground upon which alone the settlement at the rate of discount named can be sustained. The court found that the 150 miles was not, when accepted, completed according to the terms of the contract under which its construction was undertaken. The resolution quoted shows on what grounds the reduction was based and assented to. While the evidence is very conflicting as to the degree of non-compliance with the terms of said contract which existed when this reduction was made, neither party introduced evidence of full compliance. A settlement was made by way of compromise of these differences, and we do not find warrant in the record for disturbing the concessions made.
From a consideration of the thirty-third finding of fact of the trial court, there arises a necessity for criticism by reason of the difference between the thirteenth and fifteenth findings as to the mileage constructed. If there is allowed $10,000 a mile for the first 150 miles of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railroad constructed, $11,000 a mile for the remainder of that road and the Kansas & Southwestern, and $12,000 a mile for the Pueblo, we find that the Construction Company earned upon its contract $6,456,360, payable in Missouri Pacific five per cent bonds at par. The trial court found $6,454,600. The difference between these findings, amounting to $1,760, is due to the circumstances to which we have referred. Between the thirteenth and fifteenth findings there is a conflict to the extent of sixteen one-hundredths of a mile, and we have accepted the detailed statement of the fifteenth finding rather than the general statement of the thirteenth, there being support in the evidence for either finding. Instead, therefore, of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company *434being entitled £o a credit on account of overpayment in bonds to the amount of $45,400, the credit should in fact be but $43,640.
; In the closing part of the thirty-third finding of facts it seems that there was a confusion of items to the disadvantage of the Missouri Pacific. Railway Company, for the court having found due the above discussed item to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, established the same as. in “ full settlement of the item of $82,000, assigned by Jay Gould to the said railway company under date of September 1, 1888.” This item of $82,000, assigned by Jay Gould, has received mention in no other finding by the trial court. This item was assigned by Jay Gould to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and by that company is urged as a set-off to the claims made on behalf of the Construction Company. The treasurer of the Construction Company, R. J. Cross, in his evidence, explained that this item arose out of the loan to the Construction Company of $2,500,000 Missouri Pacific bonds; that on January 31, 1888, he, as treasurer, returned to Jay Gould $1,800,000 bonds issued by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, which lacked $156,000 of repaying Mr. Gould his, said loan of bonds. Mr. Cross further testified that of the $156,000 there was returned to Mr. Gould by the Construction Companyon April 6, 1888, the sum óf $74,-000 in bonds. The difference between the sum of $156,000 and.$74,000 equals the $82,000 claimed by the Missouri Pacific Railway Comp my by virtue of an assignment thereof from Jay Gould. It required no assignment to make the Missouri Pacific Railway Company a party to this- transaction, for the trial court found that the alleged loan of $2,500,000 of bonds of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company was not in fact a loan by Jay Gould, but was, and should be treated as, a payment upon a still larger amount already due from the Missouri Pacific Rail"way Company to the Construction Company. While the *435trial court made no special finding as to this remnant of $82,000, its status was fixed by the general finding as to the alleged loan of $2,500,000 Missouri Pacific bonds out of which it grew, and it cannot, therefore, be allowed as a credit in favor of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, claiming as assignee of Jay Gould. It was but a part payment of a large amount due the Construction Company from, and wrongfully withheld by, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and no assignment or manipulation can entitle it to a different status or more consideration than in its true character it was entitled to receive.
The thirty-fourth finding of fact was as follows: “The court further finds that on or about the 22d day of March, 1887, S. H. Mallory, the then president of the Fitzgerald &. Mallory Cons: ruction Company, consented to a further reduction in the contract price for the construction of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway of one thousand ($1,000) dollars per mile for thirty-six miles of the said road; that the said consent of said Mallory was beyond the power of the president of said company; that the same was never at any time consented to or ratified by the said Construction Company or the .plaintiff herein, and cannot be allowed as a credit to the defendant railway company.” The facts recited were fully sustained by the evidence. The reasons assigned were amply sufficient to justify the conclusion reached as to this item. In addition to then1, however, another occurs to us, and that is that the contract for the discount of $36,000 was without consideration. (Fire Insurance Association v. Wickham, 141 U. S., 577; United States v. Bostwick, 94 U. S., 53; Lingenfelder v. Wainwright Brewery Co., 15 S. W. Rep. [Mo.], 847; Ayres v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 52 Ia., 478; Sherwin v. Brigham, 39 O. St., 137; Laidlou v. Hatch, 75 Ill., 11; Wilmer v. Overseers of Poor of Worth Township, 104 Pa. St., 307; Vanderbilt v. Schreyer, 91 N. Y., 392; Boyce v. Berger, 11 Neb., 399.)
*4369. Let us now consider the history of the transactions of July 28 and September 22, referred to in the forty-fourth fiuding of facts. The fortieth finding established as facts that on July 28, 1887, at a meeting of the board of directors of the Construction Company, at which were present Russell Sage, R. J. Cross, and Sidney Dillon (S. H. Mallory and John Fitzgerald being absent), it was resolved that $1,500,000 of Missouri Pacific bonds, then in the Construction Company’s possession, and $2,500,000 of said bonds to be borrowed of Jay Gould by said Construction Company, should be sold to the stockholders of the Construction Company at the rate of ninety per cent of their face value, and that under said resolution $3,200,000 of said bonds, reckoned at their par value, were taken by the stockholders of the Construction Company other than Mallory and Fitzgerald, and that the last named parties, when informed of this transaction, protested against it. It is worthy of note that by the forty-first finding the Missouri Pacific Railway Company is found to owe this $2,500,000 to the Construction Company, by which company, nevertheless, bonds to the amount of $2,500,000 were borrowed of Jay Gould. The above finding of protest is reconcilable with the acquiescence stated in the forty-fourth finding upon the assumption that, notwithstanding their protest upon being informed of the transaction, Fitzgerald and Mallory afterward, on September 22, acquiesced in it. The action of the board of directors of the Construction Company appeal’s in the records of the Construction Company in the following language:
“New York City, July 28, 1887.
“ Mr. Cross stated that the company is indebted to its stockholders to the extent of $1,500,000, being money borrowed, and that it is indebted to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company for $772,856.27, and to Messrs. Morton, Bliss & Co. to the extent of $600,000. Mr. Cross also stated that at least $500,000 would be required to complete *437the company’s contract with the Missouri Pacific Eailway Company.' In view of these facts, the following resolution was offered by Mr. Cross and unanimously adopted:
“Resolved, That the treasurer is hereby instructed to sell a sufficient amount of the Missouri Pacific Eailway Company’s five per cent bonds at not less than ninety, to provide funds to pay off the amount borrowed, amounting to, say, $1,500,000 and interest. The treasurer is .authorized to sell other amounts of the same bonds at the same price, to the extent of, say, $4,000,000 in all, to the shareholders, with the understanding that the pro rata share of these bonds of any stockholder who is not prepared to take his share within ten days from this date shall be first offered to the other stockholders pro rata.
“On motion of Mr. Cross, it was voted that the treasurer is hereby authorized to borrow from Mr. Jay Gould about $2,500,000 of the Missouri Pacific Eailway Company’s five per cent bonds, to be returned to him when the Construction Company receives the bonds due under its contract with the Missouri Pacific Eailway Company.
“On motion of Mr. Sage, the meeting adjourned.”
The first notice Mr. Fitzgerald had of this meeting was given him by the following letter:
“July 28, 1887.
“John Fitzgerald, Esq., Winfield, Kansas — Dear Sir: I hand you herewith a copy of minutes of a meeting of the stockholders of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company held here today. From it you will see that it was resolved to distribute $4,000,000 of Missouri Pacific five per cent first bonds among the shareholders of the company at ninety, in order to raise necessary funds. Your interest on this distribution amounts to $400,000 bonds, and it will be necessary for you to arrange for this amount to be taken up within ten days from date, otherwise I am instructed to distribute the bonds pro rata among the other shareholders. Yours truly, E. J. Cross,
“Treasurer Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Co.”
*438At a meeting of the board of directors of the Construction Company at which were present S. H. Mallory, Russell Sage, John Fitzgerald, and R. J. Cross, on September 20, 1887, it was voted that the treasurer of said company be, and he was thereby, authorized to sell $2,000,000 of the Missouri Pacific Company’s five per cent bonds at ninety per cent to provide funds for the completion of the work of the Construction Company, and to give the stockholders pro rata the first option of buying the. same. On September 22, 1887,there were present the same directors as were present on the 20th, and, in addition, there was present Sidney Dillon, another director, upon whose motion it was unanimously voted that the resolution passed on the 20th of September, providing for the sale of $2,000,000 of bonds, should* be amended so as to read as follows :
“Resolved, That the treasurer of this company be, and he is hereby, authorized to sell $1,800,000 of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company’s five per cent bonds at ninety per cent, to provide funds for the completion of the work of the Construction Company, and that the said bonds be sold to the following stockholders of the company (who were ready to buy the same) as follows:
“ Russell Sago.................................... $375,000
“Morton, Bliss & Co............................ 300,000
“ Jay' Gould...:................................... 675,000
“H. G. Marquand.............................. 150,000
“Sidney Dillon........'........................... 150,000
“George J. Gould:............................... 75,000
“J. & S. Warmser.............................. 75,000
“$1,800,000”
■ Referring back to the transaction as to sale of bonds of July 28, 1887, there is presented the fact that $4,000,000 in bonds of the. Construction Company were by its board of directors; ordered sold at ninety per cent of their face *439value, and that at that time there was taken by the stockholders of the Construction Company (other than Fitzgerald and Mallory), $3,200,000 of these bonds, the proportion ■of Fitzgerald and Mallory ($800,000) not being taken. On September 20th and 22d the sale was authorized by the said board of directors when S. H. Mallory and John Fitzgerald were present, it therefore was peremptorily ordered to the associates of Fitzgerald and Mallory so as to include ■such portion as Messrs. Fitzgerald and Mallory had been ■entitled to take under the-sale of July 28. These two sales ■of $4,000,000 and of $1,800,000, aggregating $5,800,000, twice includes the sale of $800,000 in bonds. The amounts actually taken were $3,200,000 of the sale of July 28lli, and $1,800,000 on September 22, a total of $5,000,000; $1,800,000 of the last sale including, the $800,000 Fitzgerald and Mallory allotment ordered sold on July 28. ’
The minutes of said meeting of September 2f2 continued in this language: “On motion of Mr. Dillon, voted that a ■dividend of one hundred per cent on outstanding stock of the company, payable in Missouri Pacific Railway Company five per cent bonds, be, and is hereby, declared, and ¡that said dividend be paid by the treasurer of the company on and after the 23d day of September, 1887, at his office, No. 28 Nassau street, New York city.” This action of the board is merely recited in the trial court’s forty-third finding of facts. It deserves more extended notice as part of the res gestae and as indicative of the motives and methods, of the parties who were directly responsible for •these proceedings. Reverting again to the action of the board of directors of the Construction Company at its meeting of date July 28, 1887, it will be remembered that the. bonds ordered sold were $2,500,000, borrowed of Jay Gould, and $1,500,000 held by the Construction Company. In the interim between July 28, 1887, and the above declared dividend there is not shown in the record the paymentof a single cent on account of the purchase of $1,500,000 *440Missouri Pacific bonds held by the Construction Company.. By virtue of the dividend above declared there was placed to the credit of the stockholders of the Construction Company, with its treasurer, the amount necessary to pay at par for the $1,500,000 of the bonds purchased. In the letter of R. J. Cross, treasurer of the Construction Company, addressed to George J. Gould, and written just after the action of the board referred to, Mr. Cross said : “I am instructed to inform you that on to-morrow, July 29, I will deliver to you your share of said bonds, say $133,000, and receive from you in settlement therefor, as per the written, statement, after crediting with interest the $50,000 advanced by you on the 9th of March last, $68,533.33, it being understood that the said bonds are to be held subject to my order with a view to making a satisfactory sale of the whole amount of the block.” From the context of the letter it is'mot open to question that the block referred to was the $4,000,000 in bonds previously mentioned in the said letter. On the same day the above named treasurer of the Construction Company wrote to Jay Gould'a statement as to the mutual items of account between said Gould and the Construction Company, ending with the same significant language which closed the letter to George J. Gould, to-wit, “it being understood that the said bonds are to beheld subject to my order with a view to making a satisfactory sale of the whole amount in one block.” In the accounts given in evidence as between the Construction Company and each of the Goulds, of date July 29, 1887, the bonds are charged at the rate of ninety cents on the-dollar. On the 22d day of September, 1887, John Fitzgerald and S. H. Mallory gave an order on R. J. Cross, treasurer of the Construction Company, requiring him to-deliver to Jay Gould 213 Missouri Pacific bonds due them on account of their 3,000 shares of the Construction Company stock. On September 23, 1887, S. H. Mallory and John Fitzgerald gave an order on the treasurer of tin Oon*441struetion Company directing him to deliver twenty Missouri Pacific bonds to C. C. Black, who on the same day indorsed said order to Sidney Dillon. On September 23, 1887, S. H. Mallory and John Fitzgerald receipted to the treasurer of the Construction Company for sixty-seven Missouri Pacific bonds, which closed out their share of the so-called dividend of one hundred per cent upon 3,000 shares of Construction Company stock held by them. In the evidence of R. J. Cross, treasurer of the Construction Company, there is given the following account of the disposition of the Missouri Pacific bonds:
Q. Did the Missouri Pacific Railway Company subsequent to that [February 7, 1887] deliver to you, as treasurer of the Construction Company, $1,500,000 of the trust five per cent bonds provided for in the contract?
A. It did.
Q. So far as you know, did each, John Fitzgerald and S. H. Mallory and the other stockholders of the Construction Company, have notice of this settlement, and this delivery of these bonds?
A. They did.
Q. What was done with the $1,500,000 in bonds thus delivered to you?
A. My recollection is that at first money was borrowed on the bonds from the different stockholders, or from some of them, and that later oh the bonds were divided as a dividend on the stock.
Q. Why was the money borrowed from the stockholders at that time?
A. Because it was required to carry on the construction. The Construction Company required money and that was considered the best way of getting the money at that time.
Q,. And these bonds were held as collateral security for the advance made by the stockholders?
A. They were.
Q. How was the money thus obtained from the stockholders repaid to them ?
*442A. It was repaid to them by selling the bonds héld as collateral.
Q,. Was that sale made in pursuance of the authority of the board of directors of the Construction Company?
A. It was.
Q. Was the sale made upon a discount?
A. It was made at ninety cents on the dollar.
The purpose of this dividend has now been made clear. Ordinarily, the term “dividend” is applied to profits apportioned among shareholders. (Vide Webster’s Dictionary.) In this case, there were no profits; nothing but such a dearth of funds that these bonds had been of necessity pledged as collateral for advances necessary to continue the operations of the Construction Company. In this condition of affairs, these bonds were sold to its favored stockholders by the Construction Company at the rate of ninety cents on the dollar. A fictitious dividend of one hundred per cent on the stock was declared in favor of each purchaser of bonds, which dividend was credited to him at par on the books of the treasurer of the Construction Company. This enabled the purchaser of the bonds to obtain several substantial advantages in addition to the discount of ten per /cent under the resolution of July 28. By means of:the first discount the favored stockholders were enabled to insure the payment by the Construction Company to themselves of the advances which had previously been made by them, — a very prudent measure iu view of what followed, —for on September 22 a fictitious dividend was declared on Construction Company stock of one hundred per .cent, which was ratably placed to the credit of each stockholder with the treasurer of the Construction Company, thereby enabling each purchaser to take and therewith pay for the greater portion of the $1,800,000 Missouri Pacific bonds on that day ordered sold privately to the stockholders of the Construction Company. Incidentally, the sale and distribution of the bonds placed to the credit of Mr. Eitz*443gerald and of Mr. Mallory, respectively, a sufficient amount to enable Jay Gould to obtain therefrom payment of the amount due him from these two gentlemen, leaving to each a small sum as a residue. Neither Mr. Fitzgerald nor Mr. Mallory is a party to this action, in such a sense that any relief can be afforded them individually, even though, notwithstanding his acquiescence, each eould claim relief, — a proposition upon which no opinion is herein ventured. As has already been said, this action is, for all practical purposes, to be treated as though the Construction Company was plaintiff and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company was defendant. The thirtieth finding of the trial court, upon conflicting evidence it is true, but still with sufficient proof to sustain it, was that the bonds, at the time of the several deliveries -of them, were worth par. This must, therefore, be accepted as conclusive upon that point. The evidence of Mr. Black, president of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company, was, that the bonds of that railroad company were all signed at the office of Mr. Goilld, by himself (Mr. Black) and the secretary of said, railroad company, and turned over to Mr. Phillips (Jay Gould’s private secretary, and assistant secretary of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company), by whom receipts were given for the safe keeping of said bonds during the time they were there, and that after that time that he (Mr. Black) saw them no more and had no knowledge what became of them. Mr. Burns testified that, as secretary, he signed the bonds above referred to, and that receipts were given as aboye stated for the bonds which remained in the possession of Mr. Phillips. The receipts referred to were signed “Guy Phillips, Assistant Secretary.” The first of these receipts, dated October 22, 1886, was for 100 bonds, Nos. 1-100-,; the second was of date October 23, 1886, and was for 400 bonds, Nos. 101-500; the third was of date October 25, 1886, and was for 750 bonds, Nos. 501-1250; the fourth was of date October 26, 1886, and was for 1,000 bonds, *444Nos. 1251-2250; the fifth was of date October 27, 1887, and was for 750 bonds, Nos. 2251-3000; the sixth was of date October 28,1886, and was for 200 bonds, Nos. 3001— 3200. These bonds were for the sum of $1,000 each. Each recited that all coupons were attached to such bonds as were described in said receipt, and that the certificate of the trustee was not signed. These receipts cover bonds of the par value of $3,200,000 in the aggregate, and, at the rate of $16,000 per mile, were issued upon 200 miles of railroad. There is no proof as to the time and manner of the subsequent issue of bonds of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company — an omission probably accounted for by the subsequent change of officials of that road, — neither is there any evidence as to what became of the coupons above referred to, and as to the shares of stock in exchange for a part of which counties and cities in Kansas voted subsidies to the amount of about $1,200,000 in the aggregate, the record is just as silent.
The trial court found in the thirtieth finding that “under the contract for construction of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railway, the Kansas Southwestern railway, and the Pueblo & State Line railroad, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company delivered to the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, Missouri Pacific trust bonds as follows:
“February 14, 1887...............................$1,500,000
“July 28, 1887 (J. Gould)....................... 2,500,000
“September 22,1887.............................. 2,500,000
“Making a total of........................$6,500,000”
As to these, this finding also was that, while they had no fixed market value, they were reasonably worth par at the time of said several deliveries. In this finding is mentioned three railroads as to which there were contracts of construction. In respect to this it is only necessary to state that they were constructed under substantially the same *445contract, and that in relation to each the parties to this controversy sustained a like relation as to every other of said railroads. The rule which must be enforced, as applied to the officers of the Construction Company, is aptly stated in Gorder v. Plattsmouth Canning Co., 36 Neb., 548, by Post, J., in the following language: “There is no doubt that the relation of directors to the corporation of which they are officers is of a fiduciary character, and their contracts and dealings with respect to the corporate property will be carefully scrutinized by the courts. There are to be found cases in which it is asserted that such contracts are absolutely void, * * * but the decided weight of authority, as well as the more satisfactory reasoning, sustains the view that they are voidable only. It is frequently said in the reports and text-books that contracts between corporations and their directors will be set aside by courts of equity at the election of the stockholders, but such statement is not strictly accurate. Not every purchase of corporate property by the directors of the corporation will be adjudged void in an action by the stockholders, even by courts of equity. On the contrary, the relation of directors to the stockholders of a corporation is not essentially different from that ordinarily existing between trustee and cestui que trust. Courts of equity will set aside such contracts on the ground of fraud, and generally upon slight showing of fraud or bad faith by the trustee.”
The liability of a corporation for the acts of its officers and agents within the scope of their employment has already been discussed. It was insisted on the trial, and is still urged, that the Missouri Pacific Railway Company was in no respect a participant in the proceedings which resulted in the discount of ten per cent on its bonds, and, therefore, that it cannot be held answerable to the Construction Company for this discount. It will be seen, by a reference to the addenda to the contract between the Missouri Pacific Railway Company and the Construction Com*446pany, that payments were to be made in time and manner following, to-wit: “On the completion of each ten miles of road according to the contract from not more than two miles connected with the road of the party of the first part, and on the receipt of the sixteen thousand ($16,000) dollars per mile of the first mortgage bonds and sixteen thousand ($16,000) dollars per mile of stock appertaining thereto (less the amount paid out for aid), the party of the first part will deliver to the party of the second part twelve thousand ($12,000) dollars per mile of its five per cent bonds according to the above agreement.” The evidence of Mr. Black and Mr. Burns, one the president and the other the secretary of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railv/ay Company, hereinbefore referred to, shows that as such officers they signed 3,200 bonds of the company last named, as shown by contemporaneously given receipts of dates between October 21 and October 28, 1886, and that these bonds were turned over to Guy Phillips, who was at that time the. private secretary of Jay Gould, president of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, as well as assistant, secretary of the railway company last named. The receipts for these bonds were signed by Guy Phillips as such assistant secretary. Mr. Calef, the secretary of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, suggested that assistant secretary Phillips would give these receipts for the safe keeping of the bonds, and it was accordingly so arranged. The officers of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company were given no alternative, the bonds must be retained in the office of the secretary of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company.
The trial court found that “since April 6, 1887, the organization of the said Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company has been under the control of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and its officers and directors have acted in the interests and under the direction of the said Missouri Pacific Railway Company. It is very im*447portant, in view of this domination of the Denver, Memphis '& Atlantic Railway Company by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, to note that the trial court found that the board of directors of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company, on February 22, 1887, authorized the trustee to certify to bonds of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company covering 150 miles of completed road, and that on May 23, 1887, the said board of directors authorized the certification of bonds covering 30 additional miles of road, and that on the 18th day of July, 1887, the said board further authorized the certification • of bonds covering 200 miles of additional road. Omitting'the first 150 miles as having been settled for by a compromise arrangement, we find that there were authorized to be certified by the trustee 260 miles of railroad as completed before July 18, 1887, a date very important to be kept in mind. No reference need be made in this connection to the 150 miles completed in February of 1887; for our purposes it is sufficient to note the finding of the trial court, that on May 3, 1887, there were turned over and delivered to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company 24.84 miles; on the 11th day of August, 1887, 123.40 miles; on October 1, 1887, 124.42 miles, and on December 15, 1887, 12.82 miles. The settlement in February, 1887, gave to the Construction Company $1,500,000 in bonds of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, which were disposed of as has just been stated. Notwithstanding the certificate to the trustee that on July 18, 1887, there were completed 260 miles of road, there had been before that date turned over and delivered to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company but 24.84 miles of railroad, and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company accepted as completed no more miles of railroad until August 11, following, when it received 123.40 miles. There was no more road turned over to the Missouri Pacific Railway Company until October 1, at which time the transactions *448under comment had been fully consummated. If the Missouri Pacific Railway Company had paid according to the terms of its contract (modified to $11,000 per mile as it was), there would have been paid to the Construction Company, on and before July 18, 1887, for 260 miles of railroad, the sum of $2,860,000 in bonds, exclusive of the $1,500,000 settled for in February preceding. These payments, however, were held back, and on the 28th day of July, ten days afterward, Jay Gould, the president of the railroad company in default, offered to, and as a matter of accommodation as it is claimed, did, loan to the Construction Company $2,500,000 Missouri Pacific bonds. It will readily be seen that this amount, treated as a payment, which the trial court very properly declared it to be, still left due from the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to the Construction Company a balance of $360,-000 fully earned. When it is remembered that not only the $2,500,000 of bonds which Jay Gould pretended to loan,-but the $1,500,000 earned for the first 150 miles constructed, were discounted at the rate of ten per cent when worth par, the enormity of this transgression against the rights of the Construction Company is fully apparent. Of these bonds the associates of John Fitzgerald and S. H. Mallory took $3,200,000. It has already been demonstrated how, by the use of a fictitious dividend of one hundred per cent upon the stock of the Construction Company, the $800,000 in bonds which Fitzgerald and Mallory had been unable to take, and $1,000,000 more in bonds, were wrested from the Construction Company. The trial court found, as we have seen, that since the 6th of April, 1887, the organization" of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company had been under the control of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and that its officers and directors had acted in the interests and under the direction of the said Missouri Pacific Railway Company To complete the responsibility of the Missouri Pacific Rail*449way Company for the unwarranted discount of $500,000 enforced against the Construction Company, it is necessary to note but another finding of the court, which was, that sinc§ November 3, 1886, three of the directors of the Construction Company, together with its treasurer (R. J. Cross), “have been directly or indirectly interested in the defendant railroad company; have acted in the interests of said railroad company in all matters concerning the management of the said Construction Company where the interests of the railroad company and the Construction Company came in conflict.” This finding is of course upon conflicting evidence, but it has ample support. It would subserve no useful purpose to fortify these facts as to the domination of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company over the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railway Company by an extended analysis of the testimony, which would be indispensable for that purpose, but which, while scattered through an immense volume, when gathered and considered, fully sustains the findings made. Under the pleadings, proofs, and findings, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company must be held liable to the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company for this discount of ten per cent exacted upon the purchase of $5,000,000 of Missouri Pacific bonds with interest, after deducting the overpayment of $43,640 found in the corrected thirty-third finding of fact to have been made in bonds by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to the said Construction Company as hereinbefore stated. The forty-second finding of fact is that $62,500 interest, which fell due on the $2,500,000 bonds delivered by Jay Gould to the Construction Company July 28, 1887, was paid to said Gould by the treasurer of the Construction Company on September 23,1887. That, for this amount, with interest from the date last named, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company is liable to the said Construction Company as a necessary corollary results from the propositions heretofore discussed.
*45010. Between the Missouri Pacific Railway Company and the aforesaid Construction Company there was a protracted introduction of evidence as to liability for certain material. The ultimate facts properly deducible from that evidence were settled to our satisfaction in the forty-fifth finding, which was in the following language: “(45.) The court further finds that in September, 1888, it was agreed between the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company that certain track material, the property of the Construction Company, should be sold and delivered to the said railway company as the same should be needed for use; that in accordance with said agreement an invoice of the said material was taken by the said construction and the said railway companies, and in the mouth of October, 1888, there was delivered to the said railway company of the agreed value of sixteen thousand two hundred and forty-one dollars and sixteen cents ($16,241.16); that subsequently there was delivered further material of the agreed value of nineteen thousand-six hundred and eighty dollars ($19,680); that before any further delivery was made the remaining track material, of the value of sixteen thousand nine hundred and ten dollars and fifty cents ($16,910.50), was sold for taxes duly and regularly levied against the Construction Company, and the railway company purchased the same at tax sale, and the material came into the possession of the said railway company; that said railway company paid at such tax sale the sum of three thousand and fifty dollars and forty cents ($3,050.40), and is entitled to the same.” It is perhaps true that technically there is ground for the argument made that title had not passed because delivery could not justly be made, nevertheless the relations of the parties were such that the Missouri Pacific Railway Company should not by purchase at a tax sale bo permitted to acquire title as against the Construction Company.
11. The forty-sixth finding of fact is satisfactory, to us. *451It is as follows: “(46.) The court finds that at the several times of the delivery of the roads constructed, certain items of right of way remained unsettled, and that prior to the commencement of this action the defendant railway company paid out, to secure the said right of way, the sum of fifty-eight thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight dollars and thirty-nine cents ($58,758.39); that since the commencement of this action the said railway company has paid out the further sum of six thousand six hundred and one dollars and ninety-one cents, and that the said sums are true and correct charges against the said Construction Company, and in favor of the defendant the Missouri Pacific Railway Company.”
12. The forty-seventh finding of fact is in the following language: “(47.) “ That about fifteen miles of railroad were laid out over government land; that no maps were filed with the secretary of the interior, showing the lines of way over said government land in the state of Kansas, but maps were filed with local land officers of the United States at Wakeeney, Kansas, duly certified to, showing said right of way.” In the case of Real v. Hollister, 20 Neb., 112, it was held that, “in an action on a warranty deed for a breach of the covenant for quiet enjoyment, the plaintiff must allege and prove that he has been turned out of the possession of the granted premises or of some part thereof, or has yielded possession thereof to the paramount title.” (See, also, Anderson v. Buchanan, 20 Neb., 272.) The finding quoted fully and fairly states all that was pleaded and proved; hence, no allowance of a counterclaim can be made as to the alleged failure to comply with such requirements as were necessary to acquire a railroad right of way across government lands.
13. The forty-eighth finding of fact was asfollows: “(48.) The court further finds that under the said contracts for the construction of roads, and under the direction and request of the defendant the Missouri Pacific. Railway Com-*452party, :the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company made surveys for lines not built, and expended for the same the sum of four thousand nine hundred and twenty-three dollars and six cents ($4,923.06), and the sanie is allowed as a correct charge against the said defendant railway company.” "We cannot concur in this conclusion reached by the trial court, for the reason that there was not sufficient evidence to sustain it. There was evidence of other railroad schemes and of conversations between some of the officers of the Missouri Pacific Railway Comr pany and some of the officers of the Construction Company in respect to the schemes proposed, which all seem to have had reference to obtaining subsidies rather than promoting legitimate railroad enterprise. Asno more worthy object than this was in view in the preliminary surveys, a court of equity should hardly be called upon to help foster such a questionable spirit of enterprise. These surveys have been paid for by the Construction Company, and courts might as well be called upon to compel contribution among the promoters of any other scheme to rob the taxpayers as to enable the Construction Company to reimburse itself as to these surveys. From the record in this case, it appears that in Kansas it is required that for the bonds voted in aid of railroad enterprises there shall be issued stock of the railroad company at its par value, by virtue of which stock it is of course assumed that the donors are insured a representation on the board of directors of the railroad company to which the bonds are voted. The Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company’s articles of incorporation provided for fifteen directors elected by holders of stock issued at the rate of $16,000 per mile, of which it was assumed by parties to the contracts above referred to that $3,500 would be used in exchange for aid bonds. The articles of incorporation also provided for the issue of the bonds of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company, secured by a first mortgage on the railroad, line* *453at the rate of $16,000 per mile. Its stock" was issued on á like liberal scale, so that plenty of margin should exist for the acquisition of aid bonds in exchange for a comparatively small portion of the stock. For the first mortgage five per cent bonds of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, at the rate of $11,000 per mile, both the'$16,000 per mile of bonds and whatever of the $16,000'. -per mile of stock which had not been exchanged for aid bonds (estimated at $3,500 per mile) were gladly exchanged, by tibié Construction Company. Even this was claimed to be more than an equivalent for the line carrying $16,000 per mile in stock and $16,000 per mile in bonds, sothát$ 1,000 per mile of Missouri Pacific bonds were dhrown off, and then for cash this $10,000 per mile of Missouri Pacific bonds was shrunk ten per cent more. If the aid bonds, estimated at $3,500 per mile, were worth par, the net cost of this railroad, without considering profits »of construction, was. $5,500 per mile. The cost of these preliminary surveys not being contemplated in the original contracts for the construction of the railroads enumerated, and thede surveys not being necessary concomitants to the operation thereof, present no equitable reasons for the reimbursement of the. Construction Company’s expenditures in that behalf. This claim of $4,923.06 must, therefore, be disallowed, and if there existed the same absence of the rights of creditors of the Construction Company as to other items involved in this case,- we should be decidedly inclined to let such items take a like course on- the. same grounds.
14.- In reference to the construction of the .telegraph line along the Denver, Memphis' & Atlantic railroad there was the forty-ninth finding of the court, which was- sufficiently sustained by the evidence. This finding was as follows-: “(49.) The court finds that on the 18th day.of August, 1886, under the direction of the defendant the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, the officers of the Denver, *454Memphis & Atlantic railroad entered into a contract with the Western Union Telegraph Company for the construction of a telegraph line along the line of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic; that in pursuance of the said contract the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company furnished labor and material for the construction of said telegraph line, in the amount and value of twenty-five thousand seven hundred and three dollars and three cents ($25,-703.03); that said contract was made with said telegraph company for1 the use and benefit of the defendant the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and said labor and material furnished were furnished at the request of said defendant railway company, and is a proper charge against said railway company.” Its allowance as above is, therefore, confirmed.
The finding of the court that the Construction Company was entitled to payment for extra ties put in on the line of the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic railroad west of Mc-Cracken, for stock yards and pens, for fencing Chetopa & Conway Springs Division, for turn-tables on Conway Springs Division, and for extra nut-locks on the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic line as extras, was not without the support of sufficient evidence. The amount in each case of these extras is as near exact correctness as the condition of the proofs will admit of, and hence will be accepted as the true amount due. Against these items counsel for the Missouri Pacific Railway Company makes the contention that they were not within the contemplation of the written contracts to which reference has heretofore so frequently been made; in fact, that the allowance of these items must be upon evidence incompetent, because not found therein. The liability of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company is not, as to these matters, predicated upon said written contract; it is owing to the duty of making compensation for such erections made and material furnished and put into and along the line of railroad contemplated by said agreements, *455■as in the nature of things were necessary to its completion and equipment whether ordered in advance or after construction and used by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. As to these, the testimony was that they were furnished in compliance with the request of the officers of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company. The question of the admissibility of evidence under such circumstances is very aptly discussed in the following language of Cobb, J., in Delaney v. Linder, 22 Neb., on page 280: “Upon the point arising upon the refusal of the court to let in evidence to vary the terms of the contract, it is deemed sufficient to say that the contract is sued on, and set out in the petition without any allegation of mistake or failure therein to truly express the terms of the contract, or prayer for its reformation, and it is deemed to be too well settled to call for the citation of authorities that such allegation and prayer are indispensably necessary as a foundation for the admission •of such evidence. The following from the opinion of Den-man, C. J.,in the case of Goss v. Lord Nugent, 5 B. & Ad. [Eng.], 64*, cited in the opinion in McNish v. Reynolds, 95 Pa. St., 483, is believed to possess the rare merit of being applicable to, if not conclusive of, both the above points: ‘By the general rules of the common law, if there be a contract which has been reduced into writing, verbal •evidence is not allowed to be given of what passed between the parties, either before the written instrument was made •or during the time it was in a state of preparation, so as to add or subtract from, or in any manner to vary or qualify the written contract; but after the agreement has been reduced into writing it is competent for the parties, at any time before breach of it, by a new contract not in writing, either altogether to waive, dissolve, or annul the former agreement, or in any manner to add to, or subtract from, ■or vary or qualify the terms of it, and thus to make a new ■contract; which is to be proved, partly by the written .agreement, and partly by the subsequent verbal terms en-*456grafted upon what will be thus left of the written agreement.”
15. The thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth, thirty-seventh, thirty-eighth, and thirty-ninth findings of fact were in reference to-alleged overcharges, and were as follows:
■ '“(35.) The court further finds that prior to May 4, 1886, the Fitzgerald &■ Mallory Construction Company and the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, in contemplation of the contract of May 4, 1886, entered into an oral agreement wherein it was agreed that the defendant railway company should transport over its line all men and material to be used in the construction of the roads contemplated at the regular construction rates of the said railway company, the same being the rate charged the several constituent companies of the said Missouri Pacific Railway Company, intermediate in the transportation of company material and'men used in construction; that subsequent to May 4, 1886, the said agreement was confirmed and ratified by the parties thereto; that the said construction rate was at a rate of three-fourths of one cent per mile for all distances more than two hundred miles, and specified rates for distances less than two hundred miles, and one cent per mile for the transportation of men. That said freight and passenger rates were intended by the said parties to be about the actual cost of transportation.
“(36.) That said construction rate continued to be the established construction rate of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company up to and including December 15, 1887, and during the entire period of shipment by the said Construction Company over the lines of the said railway company.
“(37.) That prior to April 5, 1887, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company overcharged' the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company on freight the sum of seventeen, thousand seven hundred and sixty-nine dollars and forty-five cents ($17,769.45); that subsequent tp April 5, 1887, *457and prior to August 1, 1887, it overcharged the said Construction Company on freight the sum of seventeen thousand seven hundred and sixty-nine dollars and forty-five-cents .($17,769.45); that subsequent to April 5, 1887, and prior to August 1, 1887, it overcharged the said Construction Company on freight the sum of two hundred and ninety-two thousand nine hundred and ninety-four dollars and sixty-two cents ($292,994.62); that prior to December 15, 1887, the said railway company overcharged the Construction Company the further sum of seven thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine dollars and forty-nine cents ($7,999.49) on material for the construction of the Pueblo & State Line railroad. The total amount for overcharge of; freights being three hundred and eighteen thousand seven hundred and sixty-three dollars and fifty-six cents ($318,763.56), the same being upon interstate shipments.
“(38.) That upon demand of the defendant the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, the treasurer of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company paid over to the said railway company the full amount of said overcharge for freights from the funds of the Construction Company; that: said payments were made by the, treasurer without authority, and the acts of the said treasurer in making said payments have never been ratified by the Construction Company, and the said Construction Company is entitled to; recover the same from said railway company.
“(39.) That the said overcharges were based, for the most part, upon a commercial tariff rate of three cents per ton.per mile; that said rate was unreasonable and unfair.”
The finding that there was given by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to the Construction Company a rate of three-fourths of a cent per ton per mile on material for. all distances where the transportation was for more than 200 miles was supported by sufficient evidence. It might admit of doubt whether the conversation between Jay Gould and Mr. Mallory was of sufficient definiteness, and of *458itself competent to establish the existence of such a rate. This rate, however, as sufficient evidence shows, was acted upon by the parties from the first until April 5, 1887. Under these circumstances, the trial court was justified in acting upon the understanding of the parties to these transactions. (School District v. Estes, 13 Neb., 52; Harbach v. Miller, 14 Neb., 9; Rathbun v. McConnell, 27 Neb., 239; District of Columbia v. Gallagher, 124 U. S., 510.) The Construction Company is, therefore, entitled to repayment, with interest, of the sum of $17,769.45 on account of overcharges for transportation of material previous to April 5, 1887.
On the last date named the act of congress entitled “An act to regulate commerce,” approved February 4, 1887, took effect. For overcharges on account of exacting payment for transportation of material at the rate of three cents per ton per mile after April 5, 1887, instead of at the rate of three-fourths of a cent per ton per mile, the trial court found the Missouri Pacific Railway Company liable to the Construction Company in the sum of $300,-994.11, notwithstanding the provisions of the above mentioned act of congress. There was a finding of the trial court that the last named overcharges were based for the most part upon a commercial tariff rate of three cents per ton per mile, and that said rate was unreasonable and unfair. Assuming that these conclusions were justified by the evidence, we are confronted with the proposition that these overcharges cannot be recovered because of the existence of the act of congress above referred to. Section 1 of the act in question defined what corporations, etc., were subject to its terms, within which definition is clearly included the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and the class of transportation now under consideration. Section 2 is in the fpllowing language: “That if any common carrier subject to the provisions of this act shall, directly or indirectly, by any special rate, rebate, drawback, or other device, charge, *459demand, collect, or receive from any person or persons a greater or less compensation for any service rendered, or to be rendered, in the transportation of passengers or property, subject to the provisions of this act, than it charges, demands, collects, or receives from any other person or persons for doing for him or them a like and contemporaneous service in the transportation of a like kind of traffic under substantially similar circumstances and conditions, such common carrier shall be deemed guilty of unjust discrimination, which is hereby prohibited and declared to be unlawful.” There was published and sufficiently promulgated the following notice on March 14, 1887:
“ The Missouri Pacific Railway Company. — Leased and Operated Lines.
“Circular No. A 1.
“St. Louis, March 14,1887.
“To Agents, Shippers, and Connections: Notice is hereby given that all special rates or contracts providing for the transportation of any character of freight over any portion of this company’s road, or its owned, controlled, leased, or operated lines, unless sooner terminating, will be void on and after April 1, 1887. All existing junction tariffs, division sheets, and special rates applying on interstate freight interchanged with connecting lines will be discontinued on that date. New tariffs will be issued on April 1, 1887, to apply on shipments between interstate points located on these roads, and arrangements with connecting lines for the continuance of interchange of shipments upon agreed through rates and divisions will be taken up and adjusted at the earliest practicable date. After April 1, 3887, agents will not, under any circumstances, issue through bills of lading for freight destined to interstate points located upon connecting lines, unless they have joint through rates, effective on and after the date above named. Station masters will post a copy of this notice in a con*460spicuous place at their station^, and also furnish a copy to all parties interested. Oscar G. Murray,
“Fri. Traffic Mgr,
“Approved: W. H. Newman,
“General Traffic Mgr.”
■ After the interstate commerce act went into effect there was ■ charged for the transportation of the Construction Company’s material a freight rate of three cents per ton per mile, and the Construction Company was requested and required to pay this rate in the same manner as payments had before April 5, 1887, been customary with respect to the rate prevailing' between these parties. - In all the'evidence introduced upon this subject the rate of three-fourths of a cent per ton per mile is spoken of as a special rate applicable to material to be used in the construction referred to. This rate of three-fourths of a cent per ton per mile was)' ‘therefore, within the terms of the notice above set out, sq.d of which it cannot be claimed there was not full'notice. By section 6 of the act of congress under consideration (as said section stood until 1889, in which interim it is alleged were collected the overcharges complained of) it was provided : “ That every common carrier subject to the provisions of this act shall print, and keep for public inspection, schedules showing the rates and fares and charges for. the transportation of passengers and property which any such common carrier has established and which are in force at the time upon its railroad, as defined by the first section of this act. The schedules printed as aforesaid by any such common carrier shall plainly state the places upon its railroad between which property and passengers will be carried, and shall contain the classification of freight in force upon such railroad, and shall also state separately the terminal charges and any rules or regulations which in anywise change, affect, or determine any part or the aggregate of such aforesaid rates and fares and charges. Such schedule shall be plainly printed in large type, of at least the size *461of ordinary pica, and copies for the use of the.public shall-be kept in every depot or station upon any such railroad; in such places and in such form that - they can be conveniently inspected.” It is further provided in said section 6 i “And when any such common carrier shall have established' and published its rates, fares, and charges, in compliance with the provisions of this section, it shall be unlawful for such common carrier to charge, demand, collect, or receive from any person or persons a greater or less compensation' for the transportation of passengers or property, or for any services in connection therewith, than is specified in such published schedule of rates, fares, and charges as may at the time be in force. Every common carrier, subject to the provisions of this act, shall file with the commission,, hereinafter provided for, copies of its schedules of rates, fares, and charges which have been established and published in compliance with the requirements of this section,- and shall promptly notify said commission of all changes made in the same.” The complaint of plaintiff seems to be that the tariff schedules were not brought to the notice' of the officers of the Construction Company. It is not claimed that there was any lack of knowledge of the notice abrogating all special rates, which, as before remarked, •covered the rate contended for. This special rate having' been canceled by this order, it was clearly the duty of the officers of the Construction Company to apply at some place designated by section 6 of said act as a repository for the schedules therein provided if such officers desired information as to the rates embodied in the schedules. There is no showing, and there can be entertained no presumption, that inquiry at the proper place would not have se. cured an examination of schedules of rates kept for public inspection as required by law. A claim for equitable relief can hardly be predicated upon a technicality so narrow or a presumption so violent as this. That the act to regulate •commerce was, in this respect, sufficiently complied with, *462seems clearly established upon the undisputed evidence in this case; and accepting that the conclusion as fixed, attention will be devoted to another question which incidentally arises. This question is, whether or not the act to regulate commerce abrogated existing special rates based upon that contract.
In Southern Wire Co. v. St. Louis Bridge & Tunnel R. Co., 38 Mo. App., on page 191, the language of Thompson, J., delivering the opinion of the court, is as follows: “But it is argued that the statute, not being retroactive in its terms, is to be construed as prospective only, and as not having the effect of abrogating existing contracts in conflict with its prohibitions. We do not, of course, question the general principle that courts uniformly refuse to give to statutes a retrospective operation whereby rights previously vested are injuriously affected, unless compelled to do so by language so clear and positive as to leave no room for doubt that such was the intention of the legislature. This principle has been affirmed so often by the supreme court of the United States that it must be conceded to be a well settled principle to be applied in the interpretation of federal statutes. (Chew Heong v. United States, 112 U. S., 536, 559; United States v. Heth, 3 Cranch [U. S.], 398, 413; Murray v. Gibson, 15 How. [U. S.], 421, 423; McEwen v. Den, 24 How. [U. S.], 242, 244; Harvey v. Tyler, 2 Wall. [U. S.], 328, 347; Sohn v. Waterson, 17 Wall. [U. S.], 596, 599; Twenty Per Cent Cases, 20 Wall. [U. S.], 179, 187.) It is possibly of more peculiar application in the interpretation of federal than of state statutes, since no prohibition rests upon congress from passing laws impairing the obligation of contracts, such as the federal constitution imposes upon the legislatures of the states. But notwithstanding this, we are clear of all doubt that it was the purpose of congress, in enacting this statute, to put an end to all existing contracts and arrangements, producing unjust discrimination among shippers upon interstate rail*463ways. It is a most important general police regulation, designed to prohibit and suppress great abuses which had sprung up among interstate public carriers, whereby preferences were given to wealthy and favored shippers, which had the effect of driving out of business and destroying those who were not thus favored. It would greatly impair its effect to hold that it does not operate to abrogate existing contracts which are opposed to its prohibitions. Such a holding would open the door to fraudulent evasions of it by the making of contracts creating unjust discriminations and antedating them so as to place them seemingly beyond its reach.”
The supreme court of Montana in Bullard v. Northern P. R. Co., reported in 45 Am. & Eng. E. Cas., made use of the following language, which will be found on pages 244, 245 of the volume just named: “If the contract mentioned in the complaint has been fulfilled, it is plain that, after the act of congress became effective, and during the period specified in the pleadings, there would have been a discrimination in favor of the respondent by the appellant in the sum of $590.95 on account of the transportation of his goods. In other words,’the patrons of the Northern Pacific Eailroad Company, who had no special agreement, would pay this amount for the same service in excess of what would be demanded of the respondent. It has been adjudged in many cases that when these circumstances arise, the contract, which was entered into by the parties in this action, is contrary to public policy, and cannot be enforced. (Messenger v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 36 N. J. Law, 407, affirmed 37 N. J. Law, 531; Schofield v. Lake Shore & M. C. R. Co., 43 O. St., 571, 23 Am. & Eng. R. Cas., 612; Christie v. Missouri P. R. Co., 94 Mo., 453, 32 Am. & Eng. R. Cas., 413; Chicago & A. R. Co. v. People, 67 Ill., 11; Indianapolis, D. & S. R. Co. v. Ervin, 118 Ill., 250, 27 Am. & Eng. R. Cas., 8.)”
In Fitzgerald v. Grand Trunk R. Co., 22 Atl. Rep., *464on page 77 et seq., is found the following language of Powers, J., delivering the opinion of the supreme court of Vermont: “In this case it is to be noted that the contract called for a transportation of the lumber through three states; such carriage, therefore, is commerce between the states within the meaning of article 1, section 8, of the federal constituí ion. Such commerce is solely regulated by congress, and when parties make contracts to engage in interstate commerce, they are held to do so on the basis and with the understanding that changes in the law applicable to their contracts may be made. There can, in the nature of things, be no vested right in an existing law which precludes its change or appeal, nor vested right in the omission to legislate upon a particular subject which exempts a contract from the effect of subsequent legislation upon its subject-matter by competent legislative authority. (Cooley, Const. Lim., 284, 574; Thorpe v. Rutland & B. R. Co., 27 Vt., 140; Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. [U. S.], 214; State v. Holmes, 38 N. H., 225.) The power to regulate commerce between the states is one giVen expressly in the constitution to congress. The interstate act was called into being by reason of the making of contracts like the one at bar. Unjust discrimination was one of the chief evils in transportation which congress attempted to end by this act, and we see no reason why the act could not as properly put an end to a contract already working the mischief as to prohibit the making of one in the future. The case then comes to this: The plaintiffs seek to enforce a contract which is prohibited by law. The doctrine is elementary that whenever the plaintiff is compelled, in order to make out his case, to show the illegal contract, he cannot recover.”
The following language of Judge Cooley is reported in Kentucky & Indiana Bridge Co. v. Louisville & N. R. Co., 34 Am. & Eng. R. Cas., on page 653: “The slightest examination of the act to regulate commerce will make it *465evident that congress has not undertaken thereby to meddle with contracts or to affect them in any way except as they may incidentally be affected by the rules it lays down and the regulations it prescribes.. Those rules and regulations are in the nature of police laws. They are prescribed that facilities created for the public benefit may not be abused, that right may be done and public conveniences of a certain class made as useful as possible. It is not one of the purposes of congress that contracts shall be abrogated, much less that the obligation of this particular contract now brought to our attention, and which the act in no way refers to, shall in any particular be impaired or interfered with. But the act to regulate commerce is a general law, and contracts are always liable to be more or less affected by general laws, even when in no way referred to. This is the case with state laws as well as with federal. There probably was never an act passed in restraint of the sale of intoxicating drinks which did not affect some contracts and render their literal enforcement impossible. The same may be said of the federal revenue laws. Nothing is more likely than that a considerable change in customs, regulations, or custom duties, or in the provisions made for enforcement of excise laws will deprive some party of a right he supposed he had secured by contract. But this incidental effect of the general law is not understood to make it a law impairing the obligation of contracts. It is a necessary effect of any considerable change in the public laws. If the legislature had no power to alter its police laws when contracts would be affected, then the most important and valuable reforms might be precl uded by the simple device of entering into contracts for the purpose. No doctrine to that effect would be even plausible, much less sound and tenable.”
We have been cited to no case in conflict with the views expressed in the opinions from which liberal quotations have just been made. The conclusions arrived at and the *466reasons given are indorsed by ail the authorities of which we have any knowledge or of which any citation has been made; and of the latter class, there are a great number which it has been deemed inexpedient to embrace within the limits of this discussion. It follows, therefore, both upon authority and principle, that the contract for the special rate of three-fourths of a cent per ton per mile cannot be held to obtain unimpaired by the act of congress entitled “An act to regulate commerce,” much less can it be tolerated that the enforcement of that rate should be made the basis of recovery of amounts paid in excess thereof, but which were charged and collected upon the tariff rate of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company.
Some stress seems to have been laid upon the finding that the rate of three cents per ton per mile was unreasonable and unfair. Section 9 of the act to regulate commerce is as follows: “That any person or persons claiming to be damaged by any common carrier subject to the provisions of this act may either make complaint to the commission, as hereinafter provided for, or may bring suit in his or their own behalf for the recovery of the damages for which such common carrier may be liable under the provisions of this act, in any.district or circuit court of the United States of competent jurisdiction; but such person or persons shall not have the right to pursue both of said remedies, and must in each case elect which one of the two methods of procedure herein provided for he or they will adopt. In any such action brought for the recovery of damages the court before which the same shall be pending may compel any director, officer, receiver, trustee, or agent of the corporation or .company defendant in such suit to attend, appear, and testify in such case, and may compel the production of the books and papers of such corporation or company party to any such suit; the claim that any such testimony or evidence may tend to criminate the person giving such evidence shall not excuse such witness from testifying, but *467such evidence or testimony shall not be used against such person on the trial of any criminal proceeding.” It will be observed that this section provides that application may be made for the redress of grievances either to the interstate commission provided for in the act, or to any district or circuit court of the United States of competent jurisdiction. There is no provision in the act which authorizes suit to be commenced in the state courts, as was provided in the act for the recovery of the penalty for the exaction of usury by national banks. Even under this act last referred to, which provided specially that such jurisdiction might be exercised by state courts, it was strenuously insisted, and by some courts even held in the teeth of the language of the act itself, that the jurisdiction to enforce the provisions of that act was, from the nature of the case, limited to the federal courts alone. It would seem, from an examination of the “Act to regulate commerce,” that as to the particular form of grievance alleged in this action congress has provided a commission, to which application should have been made, after April 5, 1887, for the adjustment of rates, if, as found by the courts, those exacted from the Construction Company were unreasonable and unfair; or the aggrieved party might sue, in a district court of the United States having jurisdiction, for damages occasioned by such unfair exaction.
The view which we take as to the federal jurisdiction, being exclusive in regard to the matter now under consideration, is not without the support of very respectable authorities.
In Copp v. Louisville & N. R. Co., the supreme court of the state of Louisiana, in 46 Am. & Eng. R. Cas., employed the following language, which is found on page 634: “In the instant case the right asserted by the plaintiff is claimed under an act of congress, which specifies the remedy for its enforcement. This circumstance suffices to evidence that congress saw fit to give the federal courts ex-*468elusive jurisdiction. The' motive which induced such legislation may have been, and no doubt is, to create one entire and complete system and provide for the necessary uniform machinery to make it effective on an important and vital subject of national interest. (See further, Sutherland, Stat. Const., sec. 399; Dudley v. Mayhew, 3 N. Y., 9; The Moses Taylor, 4 Wall. [U. S.], 429; Martin v. Hunter, 1 Wheat. [U. S], 334; Ex parte McNiel, 13 Wall. [U. S.], 236.)”
In Coxe Brothers v. Lehigh Valley R. Co., 4 Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, on page 578, is found the following language: “ The act to regulate commerce, which declares every unjust and unreasonable charge to be unlawful, and requires its provisions to be enforced by the commission, confers the power to determine, and imposes on the commission the duty of determining, what are the reasonable rates which, the charges may not exceed, as well as what are unreasonable.”
In Swift v. Philadelphia & R. R. Co., 58 Fed. Rep., 858, and in three other cases of the same nature submitted at the same time in the circuit court of the United States for the northern district of Illinois, in an opinion filed November 28, 1893, Grosscup, J., said: “The courts of the United States have had many occasions to enforce the common law, but in every instance it has been as the municipal law of the state by which the subject-matter was affected. Outside of the interstate commerce act there is no enactment of congress and no self-operating provision of the federal constitution which expressly or by implication evidences a command or purpose to interfere with the freedom of interstate commerce or lay any restraint upon the rights of carriers or shippers engaged therein. (Welton v. State of Missouri, 91 U. S., 282; Brown v. Huston, 114 U. S., 822.) The question then arises, is the municipal law of the state applicable to the transaction set forth in the declaration? Is the act or contract of the carrier who ac*469cepts goods for carriage from one state into another subject to that particular provision of the municipal law of the several states where the goods are taken, or through which they are conveyed, which prohibits the exaction, of unreasonable rates? There can be no doubt that to congress is given, by the constitution, the absolute power to regulate commerce between the states. This power, independently of legislation, is not necessarily exclusive of the right of the states to reasonably regulate such incidents of interstate commerce lying within their respective jurisdictions, as wharves, pilots, harbors, roads, bridges, etc. A wharf, harbor, or bridge lying within a state is a tangible entity over which the laws of the state extend. The cost of their creation and the expenses of their maintenance make the imposition of tolls and charges not only reasonable but necessary. These must be enforced by, and subject to, some law, and in the absence of congressional legislation there is no law except that of the state. The application of the state law in such cases is not inconsistent with the general power conferred upon congress, and does not introduce into commerce between the states either confusion or restraint. Such regulations may exist harmoniously with regulations imposed by other states upon wharves, harbors, and bridges within their territorial limits. But the fixing of a rate for the carriage of goods from one state to another is not simply an incident of, or appurtenance to, commerce, but is the very core and essence of interstate commerce. It is not a physical entity within the limits of a state, and it cannot be subject to regulation in one state without coming into interference with the equally rightful regulations of other states, and thus producing hopeless contradiction and confusion. How can Illinois determine what is a reasonable charge for carriage across Indiana, Ohio, or Pennsylvania? The reasonableness of such rate depends, among other things, upon the cost of construction and wages paid beyond her' *470jurisdiction; the amount of capitalization allowed, aud taxes and assessments exacted by other jurisdictions; the terms of contracts for the interchange of freight between carriers made and allowed under the laws of other states, and the amount of traffic carried which may, in turn, be affected by the laws of the other states governing the acquisition of or consolidation with other lines. These and many others are the elements of the cost of carriage, and before the reasonableness of a rate can be determined, the cost must be ascertained. The reasonableness of rates for such long distances and over different methods of conveyance can only be approximately ascertained at best by men of special learning and equipment in such matters. Is it possible that the constitution contemplates that such learning can be found in the courts and juries of every county traversed by a line one thousand miles long? I am of the opinion that a rate for the carriage of interstate commerce, dependent, as it is, for its reasonableness upon so many different considerations of expenditure, business, and interpretations of the laws of different states, is essentially a national affair, and its regulation is, therefore, exclusively national. The rate of carriage is the heart pulse of com.merce, and can be subject safely to a single source of restraint only; many restraints themselves, entirely different and inconsistent with each other, would destroy the very possibility of uniformity or fixedness of rates. It follows, therefore, that, in my opinion, the local municipal law of the several states is not applicable to the reasonableness of these rates, and cannot be appealed to as a basis for suits such as these.” In the latter part of this opinion, Grrosscup, J., said: “ The right to question the reasonableness of an interstate commerce rate is a matter of primary as well as of exclusive jurisdiction in the federal courts. It does not reside in the jurisdiction of the state courts, or of the federal courts acquired by the fact of diverse citizenship.” This decision was upon the question of the right of *471removal from a state to a federal court, it is true, as indicated in the sentence last quoted, but the principles enunciated are fairly applicable to the question which we have under consideration. Upon the general principle which we have been discussing, the language of Cobb, J., as found in Keith v. Tilford, 12 Neb., on page 273, is as follows: “There can be no doubt of the correctness of the proposition to which plaintiffs in error cite numerous authorities, that where the statute confers a right and prescribes adequate means of protecting it, the proprietor of the right is confined to the statutory remedy.” (See, also, Tecumseh Town Site Case, 3 Neb., 284, and Richards v. Commissioners, Clay County, 40 Neb., 45, and cases therein cited.) It necessarily follows that the interstate commerce act required the abrogation of all special rates by railroads affected by its provisions, and that though the uniform rate put in operation by the railroad company under stress of the act to regulate commerce may be unreasonable and unfair, yet that the federal authorities named in the act itself have exclusive jurisdiction to inquire into and redress grievances on that score. We are, therefore, constrained to disallow the item of overcharges, for the repayment of which subsequent to April 5, 1887, the trial court found the Missouri Pacific Railway Company liable.
16. The trial court found that the Missouri Pacific Railway Company had paid out for right of way necessary for the construction of the railroads contemplated by the contracts hereinbefore referred to, the sum of $58,758.39 before this suit was begun, and $6,601.91 since, and that the defendant was entitled to recover that sum from the Construction Company. As between the Construction Company and the Denver, Memphis & Atlantic Railroad Company, as well as between the Construction Company and the other roads of which the building was undertaken by the Construction Company, the contract required in each case that the Construction Company should pay for *472the necessary right of way. There exists neither in the evidence nor in the pleadings any grounds proved or alleged for shifting this payment for the right of way so that the Missouri Pacific Railway Company should be liable for it, and as the last named railway company has been compelled to pay the above amounts, it is entitled to a reimbursement thereof with interest.
The last item allowed by the trial court was of interest at the rate of six per centum per annum on the sums found due respectively. Section 2, chapter 44, Compiled Statutes, provides: “Interest upon the loan or forbearance of money, goods, or things in action shall be at the rate of seven dollars per year upon one hundred dollars, unless a greater rate, not exceeding ten per cent per annum, be contracted for by the parties.” Clearly in this state the rate upon such items as we have considered should be reckoned at the rate of seven per cent per annum from the date that each cause of action arose. There might be such controlling facts that resort would be had to the laws of another state to determine what rate of interest should be allowed between the parties. No showing has been made, however, as to such facts; neither has there been submitted any evidence of a different rate of interest from that of Nebraska prevailing elsewhere. We must, therefore, presume that the laws of other states are the same as our own. (Ruth v. Lowrey, 10 Neb., 260; Lord v. State, 17 Neb., 526.) Interest upon the several items found due will, therefore, be reckoned from the commencement of this action, for want of a more satisfactory basis, at the rate of seven per cent per annum.
It is unnecessary to note in detail the several items as to which there is no controversy between the parties; these will, therefore, be accepted as fully established. There is due on account of these items, and based upon the several matters which have been discussed at length, as between the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company and the *473Missouri Pacific Railway Company, the amounts hereinafter set forth.
Erom the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to the Construction Company aforesaid there is found due the following items:
For refund of passenger fares.................. $4,538 51
For labor.......................................... 93 50
For material furnished.......................... 11,396 75
For water furnished............................. 3 00
For coal furnished............................... 11 00
For rails and ties furnished.................... 7,098 17
Engine supplies................................... 536 69
Labor and material (account bridges)......... 1,194 57
Taxes.............................................. 1 00
Mail service....................................... 1,055 41
Construction Verdigris Valley R. R......... 36,869 01
Construction Winfield, Texas & Gulf R. R.. 18,028 84
Overcharges on merchandise .................. 1 66
Equipment purchased (cars and engines)..... 132,735 03
Overcharges on material (Horace)............ 163 72
Miscellaneous items.............................. 12,988 87
Overcharges on freight prior to April 1, 1887............................................. 17,769 45
Interest paid Jay Gould, Cr. September 1, 1887....................i........................ 62,500 00
Additional stall roundhouse, Chivington.... 1,000 00
Extra grading at Chivington.................. 6,000 00
Material at Chivington, October, 1888...... 16,241 16
Material at Chivington since November, 1888............................................. 19,680 00
Material at Chivington, tax sale............... 16,910 59
Ten per cent discount on $5,000,000......... 500,000 00
Reduction of $1,000 per mile on 36 miles... 36,000 00
Miscellaneous material at Chivington........ 5,000 00
Telegraph line.................................... 25,703 03
Extra ties on D., M. & A...................... 23,192 07
*474Stock yards and pens............................ $11,800 00
Fencing, Chetopa & Conway Springs division............................................ 1,522 98
Turn-tables, Conway Springs division....... 4,522 01
Extra nut-locks, D., M. & A.................. 2,223 92
Interest to December 24,1893, 7 per cent... 341,873 33
Total.......................................$1,318,654 27
There is due the Missouri Pacific Railway Company from the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company:
For freight charges.............................. $28,766 17
Tickets furnished................................ 881 54
Water furnished ................................ 45 50
Taxes paid.................•........................ 1,021 38
Coal furnished.................................... 3,197 38
Cars destroyed................................... 334 63
Cars repaired...................................... 1,117 49
Rent of cars................... 20 00
Cross-ties furnished....................'.......... 110,776 49
Overcharges on freight transported........... 413 07
Labor and material furnished.................. 1,921 76
Recording deeds ................................. 13 80
Judgment and cost of right of way prior to suit............................................... 58,758 39
Paid T. J. Prosser & Co........................ 26,766 39
Loss and damage on shipments............... 47 13
Stoves, etc.......................................... 113 59
Bridge materials furnished.................... 186 00
Labor and material (account bridges)......... 23,673 00
Drawbacks (overcharge and shortage)........ 839 59
Expenses paid on right of way................. 5,521 05
Paid M. S. Carter & Co........................ 513 90
Paid J. B. Colt & Son........................... 18,830 31
Paid T. J. Hillard.............................. 13,106 44
Cash, Russell Sage, December 28, 1887..... 10,000 00
Cash, Jay Gould, December 28, 1887........ 20,000 00
*475Cash, George Gould, January 23, 1888...... $10,000 00
Cash, A. H. Calef, January 25, 1888........ 20,000 00
Paid taxes at Chivington tax sale............ 3,050 40
For right of way since suit..................... 6,601 91
September 22,1887, overpayment on bonds, 43,640 00
Interest to December 24,1893, at 7 per cent, 143,554 88
Total...................................... $553,712 19
On the 24th day of December, 1893, there was due upon an accounting between the parties named a balance of seven hundred and sixty-four thousand nine hundred and forty-two dollars and eight cents ($764,942.08), the difference between the above totals, from the Missouri Pacific Railway Company to the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company, on which sum, from the date last mentioned, interest is to be computed at the rate of seven per cent per annum, and judgment in this court shall accordingly be rendered as of the date of the filing of this opinion, such judgment, when rendered, to draw interest at the same rate.
It is further ordered, that upon the rendition of judgment, as aforesaid, this cause be remanded to the district court ¡of Lancaster county, Nebraska, with instructions to that court to enforce the collection of such judgment; and that upon its collection a receiver be appointed by said district court, who shall be authorized to collect, receipt for, and pay out the proceeds of the judgment above provided for (also, such other assets of said Construction Company as may be within the jurisdiction of said court), under such regulations, rules, and proceedings as by said district court shall be judged equitable and proper.
The judgment of the district court is reversed and a judgment in favor of the Fitzgerald & Mallory Construction Company against the Missouri Pacific Railway Company is directed.
Judgment accordingly.