The plaintiff in error was, at the September, 1895, term of the district court for Douglas county, convicted of murder in the first degree, and from the judgment imposing the extreme penalty therefor be prosecutes error to this court. The information which was the basis of the prosecution below contained two counts, in the first of which the accused was in substance charged with fatally assaulting the deceased, Ida Gaskill, with intent her, the said deceased, feloniously and of his deliberate and premeditated malice, to kill and murder; and by the second count thereof it was charged that the accused feloniously killed and murdered the said Ida Gaskill in the perpetration of a rape then and there committed upon her, the said Ida Gaskill, a female child under eighteen years of age, to-wit, of the age of eleven years. A verdict was returned finding the accused not guilty as charged in the first count of the information and guilty in manner and form as charged in the second count thereof. A motion for a new trial was interposed, in which were alleged numerous grounds for the settingl aside of the verdict, and which are made the basis of separate assignments of the petition in error.
The questions to be determined in this proceeding may, it is believed, be greatly simplified by the preliminary observation that there exists no controversy respecting the. corpus delicti. Indeed, the fact was conceded by. counsel for the accused on the argument of the cause, and cannot, upon the record, be disputed, that the body of the *678deceased, a girl eleven years of age, who was last seen alive about 7 o’clock P. M. of Sunday, November 3, 1895, was, about the hour of 1:30 in the morning following, found in an uninhabited building in the city of Omaha, with unmistakable evidence of violence before death, including well-defined finger marks on the neck and larynx; also below the ear and under the chin. The face was blue and swollen, the eyes and tongue were swollen and protruding, while contusions were apparent upon the head and lower limbs. Blood was oozing from the vagina, and the vaginal passage was torn and lacerated from the opening so far as explored. The underclothing of the deceased had been torn from the person, and there was blood on her thighs and private parts. There was also found in the vaginal passage a considerable quantity of fluid, which Dr. Detwiller, an experienced and apparently capable chemist, from a careful analysis, pronounced semen of a male person; and medical witnesses, of whom a number were examined, concurred in the opinion that death resulted from strangulation subsequent to the violation of the person of deceased in manner as charged. It is thus apparent that the important inquiry relates to the connection, if any, of the accused with the homicide proved, and to that subject our attention will now be directed.
For a month or six weeks previous to the tragedy above noted Mrs. Gaskill, mother of the deceased, with her family, consisting of the said Ida and her son Willie, aged nine years, had occupied rooms on the third floor of a building described in the record as No. 1814 Half-Howard street, in the city of Omaha, on the first floor of which was a suite of two rooms occupied by the accused and one Sanford, to whom further reference will hereafter be made. Among the acquaintances of the Gaskill family was Martin Booker, a single man, engaged on his own account as a teamster, and who resided at No. 1806 St. Mary’s avenue, in the neighborhood of a half block distant. On the fatal Sunday, Ida and her brother, with *679tb.ei.r mother’s permission, dined with Booker, going to his rooms a little before noon, and returning home between 3 and 4 o’clock P. M< Ida, after the dinner with Booker, washed and put away the dishes of their host, and scrubbed the floor of his room, receiving therefor some trifling compensation tendered her. From the time of her return home .until about 5:30 P. M. she was engaged alternately in assisting with the household duties and in play with companions of her own age in the neighborhood. Mrs. Gaskill, about the hour last named, in return of the hospitality shown her children, permitted Ida to go out for the purpose of inviting Booker to supper with her. After delaying the meal for an hour or more, and becoming alarmed on account of the prolonged absence of the child, search was instituted by the mother, which, with the assistance of officers Hudson and Mc-Grath of the police force, Anally resulted in the finding of her lifeless body as already narrated. The first meeting of Ida and the accused on that day, of which the record furnishes any positive evidence, was at Booker’s rooms between 1 and 3 o’clock P. M., on which occasion there was, as testified to by Booker, some conversation between them which the latter did not overhear. Some time during the afternoon she visited the accused at his rooms, remaining for a few minutes only, at which time, as admitted by him to witnesses for the state, she sat upon his lap. She was, during the afternoon or evening, observed by Mrs. Yan Horn to meet and speak to the accused while passing through an alley in the rear of the uninhabited building in which her body was subsequently found (by witnesses referred to as the “old red house”), to-wit, No. 1807 Half-Howard street. She was seen by Fanny Donovitch, a girl of her own age, a few minutes before 6 o’clock, returning from St. Mary’s avenue by way of Booker’s, and a little boy, Claude Mc-Crum, testified to having seen her about the same time talking with Booker near the latter’s house. She was also seen by Mr. Penny, who testified for the defense, at *6806:30, when too dark for recognition except by her voice, coming from the direction of Booker’s, and within a few feet of the door of the accused, where, in response to a question by soxxxe person, unseen by the witness, she answered, “Wait; I will be back in a minute,” or in words of like import. Accused was seen in the vacant building and in the immediate vicinity thereof at different times during the afternoon and evening. John Flannigan, a teamster, while passing through the alley, spoke to hixxx, at which time he was in one of the back rooms of said building; and later in the afternoon he attempted, according to the witnesses for the state, by beckoning and by means of other signs, to attract to said building two little girls of the age of deceased. He was seen by Mrs. Agnew to come fx*om his room about twenty minutes before 6 o’clock and pass between the vacant building and the barn, and was by Mrs. Koch seen to return from the direction of St. Mary’s avenue to the vicinity of said building about 5:30 or 6 o’clock.
But the witness, of all others, best qualified to speak from a personal knowledge of the movements of deceased that afternoon and evening was her brother. Willie, who testified that subsequent to Ms return from Booker’s he was the bearer to her of a message from the accused which amoxxnted to a request for her to meet him, the accused, at the vacant building. In view of the important bearing of this testimony of the last named witness upon the question at issue, we here set out the material part thereof:
He [accused'] was over there and told me. He said, “I have got something to tell you,” and I said, “Tell it out.” He said: “I will give you a nickel if you won’t tell anybody. Don’t tell it to your mother. Just keep it to youx\self,” and a xnan came along and talked to him a while, and he said, “Now remember, and don’t tell;” and he told me to go up and tell Ida to come down, he wanted to see her; and I asked what he wanted to see her for, and he said he wanted to see her a minute; and I went *681up and. told her to come down, and she said she would come down in about ten minutes; and then I come down. * * * I said, “Hello;” and he began to tell me what I did tell you, and then he said, “I have got something to tell you;” and I said, “Tell it out;” and he said, “Sure you won’t tell anybody, — your mother or any living soul?” and I said, “All right;” and then a man come bach, and stopped and talked awhile; and I said, “Tell me;” and he said, “Now, won’t you ever tell nobody?” And then we walked around the old house, and he told me to go up and tell Ida.
Q. What old house?
A. Where she was found.
Q. You saw him go around there?
A. Yes; I walked with him.
Q. ‘Where did you leave him?
A. Down there by that old house.
Q. Now, did you go and tell Ida?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Where did you find Ida at that time?
A. Up home; and I called her out, and mamma told her to go and see what he wanted, and she said, “I’ll be down in about ten minutes.”
Q. And then what did you do, — what did George [the accused] tell you when you told him that?
A. I told him, and we had had some money that he gave me and Ida; and he told me, “Here is a penny to go and get me some taffy;” and I went over and got it, and between 5 and 6 o’clock I was coming back, and Ida came down and said she was going over to Martin Booker’s.
Q. When you came back from telling Ida, Morgan wanted to see her, where did you find Morgan?
A. Down in the house there.
Q. Found him in the house?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. In this old house?
A. Yes, sir. * * *
*682Q. Where were you? Which side of the house did you go on?
A. Out doors. I didn’t go inside. I ran to see where he had gone; and then I looked in that second window and just got in time to see him jump into the closet, and said, “What are you hiding from?” and he said, “I ain’t hiding.” * * *
Q. Where was he when you asked him, “What are you hiding from?”
A. In the little closet where she was found.
We quote also as bearing upon the same subject from the testimony of Mrs. Gaskill, who, after stating that the deceased went out to play about 4:30 P. M., continued :
Q. ITow long was she out to play when she went out about 4 or half past 4 o’clock?
• A. Well, as near as I can guess, it must have been an hour.
Q. So that she must have come back in the neighborhood of 5 or half past 5?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Is that right?
A. I think so; she was home before half past 5. * *
Q. How long was she in the house before she left the last time to go to Martin Booker’s?
A. Why, about half an hour. Between the time she was out to play and came in, she stayed with me about half an hour.
Q. Stayed about half an hour in the house before she went the last time?
A. Yes, sir.
The prosecution was conducted upon the theory, evidently accepted by the jury, that deceased left her home, as narrated above, for the double purpose of conveying her mother’s invitatiea to Booker and of meeting the accused in response to his request. It was, in short, contended by the state that her little brother was made the unconscious instrument by means of which she was lured *683to her destruction. In this connection should be mentioned another set of facts tending strongly to connect the accused with the crime charged. That he had been drinking to excess during- that day is conceded by all. He had, as early as 3 o’clock P. M., according! to statements made as a witness in his own behalf, visited a neighboring saloon as often as six or eight times, and had on each occasion taken one or more drinks of liquor. He was seen during the afternoQii with a bottle of liquor in his possession. To Mr. Henning, a newspaper reporter, he stated that he drank that day a pint of whiskey in his room, — that he was in fact drunk; and to officers Haze and Hudson, by whom he was arrested at 3 o’clock the next morning, he said, referring to his movements the evening previous, that he had been drinking with some friends and did not exactly know what he was doing, lie was found by the officers asleep in his rooms, and appeared to- be greatly perturbed when aroused. The only clothing upon his person at that time was a white shirt, on the bosom of which was a spot of blood. There were bloody stains on the lower part of his shirt, and on both sides of the front opening of the pantaloons he is shown to have worn the day of the homicide. There was also blood under and around the finger nails and between the fingers of his left hand, while in one of his pockets was found a handkerchief which appeared to have been recently washed, still damp, and upon which were distinct traces of blood. Upon being asked for an explanation of the blood upon his clothing and his person, he professed his inability to account therefor. Afterward he claimed to have gotten blood on his hands and clothes while carrying dressed beef for one Murry, a butcher, the Saturday previous, and later explained the circumstance in question by saying that he first went to bed without removing his pants, and that during the night he became conscious of the fact that his nose was bleeding profusely; that the blood therefrom was running through his mustache and upon his face; that he *684succeeded, without arising, in stanching the flow of blood by the use of his handkerchief; that he was a second time awakened by the same means, and with the same result, except that he arose and removed his pants and again immediately returned to. his bed. Unfortunately, however, for that contention, the six witnesses who, at the time of his arrest, or very soon thereafter, critically examined his person, failed to observe any blood upon his face or other facts which would indicate nose bleeding. He was contradicted also by Mr. Murry, who testified that he [accused] handled no meat on Saturday, but was engaged in washing windows, scrubbing-floors, and going of errands only. Mrs. Whitman, who lodged in a suite of rooms next to those occupied by the accused and separated therefrom by a narrow hallway, in which is situated a hydrant and sink, testified to having heard a scream about 7 o’clock of the evening in question, as of one in pain or terror, from the direction of the “old red house” on the opposite side of the street, or from the livery barn across the alley therefrom, and that shortly before 8 o’clock she heard the water running in the sink above mentioned; also footsteps of some person passing between that point and the door of the accused, four or five feet distant. The accused testified in his own behalf that he last met deceased about 5:30 P. M. on the sidewalk near Booker’s door, from which point he went direct to the saloon above mentioned, and thence, after a stay of ten or fifteen minutes, immediately to his room; that a half hour later he called for his mail at a neighboring hotel, being absent from home a few minutes only; that on discovering that his clock had run down, he returned to the hotel to get the correct time, which proved to be twenty minutes before 7; that he returned at once to his room where he remained until the time of his arrest, and that he retired for the night not later than 8 o’clock. He was to some extent corroborated by William Thompson, who testified that he [wit-rt'ss], in company with Sanford and another, were pres*685ent when, about 7 o’clock P. M., the accused left his room for the avowed purpose of ascertaining the time of day, and to the return to his room of the latter within a short time, not exceeding ten minutes thereafter. The said Martin Booker, who had previous to the arrest of the accused, been taken into custody on suspicion of complicity in the homicide, and held (but whether as a party defendant or as a witness does not appear), testified on rebuttal that he did not see the deceased after her departure from his house in company with her brother, between 8 and á o’clock; that within thirty minutes thereafter he went out in company with a neighbor, one Titus, in search of rooms for the latter, and was thus engaged, with the exception of the time necessarily employed in caring for his team, until about 8 o’clock, when, on parting with Titus, he returned home for his supper; that at the conclusion of his meal he again left home, going with Titus, upon the invitation of the latter, to his rooms, from which he returned home between 9 and ’ 10 o’clock, and immediately retired.
The foregoing partial analysis presents the salient features only of the evidence, omitting minor circumstances and matters of detail confirmatory of the principal facts, and which, as argued by the state, point with such unerring conviction to the guilt of the accused as to exclude every reasonable doubt thereof. It is, on the other hand, strenuously insisted by the accused that he was entitled to a verdict of acquittal on the grounds, first, that his proof of alibi was complete; second, that the circumstances, in evidence point with equal force to Booker as the perpetrator of the crime charged. Extended comment upon the evidence is deemed unnecessary at this point, particularly in view of the fact that further reference to that subject will be required in another connection.
The test by which to determine the sufficiency of circumstantial evidence in criminal prosecutions is substantially as asserted by the state, viz., whether the cir*686cumstances tending to connect the accused with the crime charged are of such conclusive nature as to exclude to a moral certainty every rational hypothesis except that of his guilt. (Casey v. State, 20 Neb., 138; Dreessen v. State, 38 Neb., 375; Davis v. State, 51 Neb., 301.) It is the province of the jury to determine the circumstances surrounding the alleged crime, and if, assuming as proved the facts which the evidence tends to establish, they can be accounted for upon no rational theory which does not include the guilt of the accused, the proof cannot be said to have failed. Accepting, therefore, as true the testimony of the state’s witnesses, the evidence does, we think, point with such certainty to the guilt of the accused as to warrant the verdict found. While there was, it must be confessed, evidence strongly tending to contradict the witnesses for the state, and which, had it been credited by the jury, would doubtless have led to an acquittal, the question was largely one of veracity, as to which the verdict must, for the purpose of this proceeding, be accepted as conclusive.
Complaint is made of the overruling of the challenge for cause by the accused of John Grant and Peter Hill, called as jurors. It is shown that the juror Grant was excused by the prisoner in the exercise of his tenth peremptory challenge, and that he subsequently exercised his thirteenth challenge by excusing juror Kinsman. There is, however, nothing to indicate that he availed himself of his three ■ remaining challenges, or that he was unable to excuse the jurors to whom the objection applied without exhausting his rights in that respect. He must, therefore, be held to have waived whatever error, if any, was committed in the overruling of his challenges for cause. (Palmer v. State, 4 Neb., 68; Bohanan v. State, 15 Neb., 209; Burnett v. Burlington & M. R. R. Co., 16 Neb., 332; Nowotny v. Blair, 32 Neb., 175.)
Error is assigned in the excusing from the jury, as alleged, after the same had been selected and sworn, of one of the members thereof, thereby depriving the ac*687cused of his right of peremptory challenge with respect to the person selected in place of the juror so excused. It is shown by the transcript that on Saturday, November 30, the jury having been selected and sworn, an adjournment was taken until the Monday following, when upon the convening of court, and before the introduction of any evidence, proceedings were had which are thus recorded:
“It appearing to the court that since the impaneling of the jury in this case and their retirement to the jury room of this court in custody of bailiffs Savage and Williams, on the 30th day of November, 1895, Peter Kill, one of said jurors, duly empaneled and sworn to try this case, has become so violently sick and is now so indisposed as to be wholly unable to remain longer as a' juror in this case without, in the opinion of the court, greatly endangering his life, and no evidence having as yet been introduced before the jury, the court upon its own motion hereby discharges said jury, the defendant in open court consenting and agreeing thereto.
“Whereupon the defendant and the state in open court, consenting and agreeing that a new jury shall be impaneled and sworn, and the trial of this cause proceed forthwith, akd the defendant in open court agreeing to and waiving all objections to the other eleven jurors, who had been heretofore impaneled and sworn in this case, and James Collins having been selected and accepted as a juror in this case by the state and by the defendant, thereupon came the said persons, to-wit, * * * who, being selected and accepted by the state and by the defendant as a jury to try this case, are now duly impaneled and sworn according to law.”
No question is raised of the power of accused to accept the jury as finally completed and sworn; and that the record quoted affirmatively shows such acceptance is expressly conceded. It appears, however, that on December 21, twelve days subsequent to the return of the verdict, a motion was interposed by accused for the corree*688tion of the record based upon affidavits of his counsel denying the acceptance of the jury by him, or in his behalf, and asserting that the action had on December 2 was over his express objection. But, so far as we are advised by the transcript, said motion was never called to the attention of the district court or a ruling had thereon, and we are now in effect asked, in a strictly cob lateral attack, to discredit the record, the highest and most authentic evidence of judicial proceedings. It is a fundamental rule, applicable to all appellate proceedings, that the record of the trial court, when properly authenticated, imports absolute verity. (Worley v. Shong, 35 Neb., 311; State v. Hopewell, 35 Neb., 822; Dryfus v. Moline, 43 Neb., 233.) If such record be partial or incorrect the remedy is by means of appropriate proceedings to secure a correction thereof in the lower court. (Omaha Loan & Trust Co. v. Hogeboom, 47 Neb., 7.)
It is assigned as misconduct of the trial court that the judge, on the afternoon of December 4,- announced that the state would be required to close its case in chief before adjournment for that day, whereupon the county attorney protested, saying that he desired to-call fifteen or twenty additional witnesses; to which the judge responded that he “did not care if the state had five hundred witnesses, he had made up his mind that it must close that night, and it would have to be done.” Such statement, it is argued, must, by the jury, have been construed as an intimation that the state was entitled to a conviction upon the evidence already produced, and accordingly prejudicial in the highest degree to the accused. Of this assignment' it may be said that it is extremely doubtful if there exists any foundation therefor in the record. Indeed, we should, if it were necessary to determine that question, feel constrained to hold that the affidavits upon which it rests are not included in the bill of exceptions allowed by the district judge. But; assuming the question to be presented by the record, the contention is without merit since prejudice to the defend*689ant, in a criminal prosecution, will not, as a matter of law, be presumed from the exclusion of witnesses for the state. The trial court may be, and in practice frequently is, required to place a limit upon the time for the production of evidence, and the exercise of such a discretion is not, in the absence of an abuse of power, the subject of review.
Among other matters testified to by the officers who searched the room of accused at the time of his arrest, was the finding of a wash basin containing water, and on the under side of which were spots of blood. With the apparent purpose of explaining that circumstance, accused testified on his own behalf to the purchase, on the Thursday preceding his arrest, of some fish, which, on his return home, were placed in the basin above described, and that he subsequently cleaned said fish in the presence of William Thompson on a table in his room, after which he washed his hands in said basin, which statement was, as regards the purchase and cleaning of the fish, corroborated by Thompson. The state in rebuttal, having offered expert evidence tending to prove that the stains on the inside of the accused’s pants could not have been produced by blood of the fish, objection was interposed by the defense, when the following conversation ensued:
“Judge — There is no testimony before the jury that a drop of blood got off those fish and onto his [accused’s] clothes.
“Mr. Baldrige (for the state): * * * I move to strike from the record all testimony as to the purchasing, cutting, and cleaning of fish on this table by the defendant.
“Judge: When the question was up before * * * I held that he might show the cutting of the fish, but, as I say, there is not a semblance of testimony that a drop of blood * * * - from those fish got on the clothing of the defendant, and all the evidence about the fish is wholly immaterial for the reason that it is not connected.
*690“Mr. Baldrige: * * * Then my motion is renewed.
“Judge (addressing counsel for defendant): If you wish to recall the defendant and have him swear * * * that there was blood of those fish on his clothes, I will allow you to do it. Otherwise I will take the testimony from the jury.
“Mr. Patrick (for defendant): We do not desire to recall him.
“Judge: The ruling will be that the testimony in regard to the cutting and cleaning of the fish on the table will be stricken from the record as wholly immaterial.”
To the striking out of such testimony the accused excepted, and the ruling in that regard is now assigned as error. It is not at this time claimed for the testimony stricken that it tended in any degree to explain the blood on the person or clothing of the accused. Counsel insist, however, that it was admissible as explanatory of the blood found upon the wash basin above referred to. The writer was from first impression inclined to that view, on the ground that such testimony might be said to bear, although remotely, upon that question. But we are, from a more careful scrutiny of the record, satisfied that it was wholly irrelevant to the issue, and that the court did not err in striking it out, since, as appears from the foregoing quotation, the motion and ruling embraced the testimony only so far as it relates to the cleaning of the fish, and not such parts thereof as tended to prove their contact, direct or indirect, with the basin.
. It is alleged that the county attorney was guilty of misconduct in secreting the witness Thompson. The evidence upon which that assignment rests, is that on December 5 the witness could not be found when it was sought to call him in behalf of the defense, and that by direction of the county attorney he remained in the office of the latter throughout said day. Of the several answers to the argument advanced in this connection it is sufficient to mention one, viz., that the witness named *691was subsequently called and examined by the accused, who cannot now be said to have been prejudiced by the action complained of.
Exception was taken to certain instructions given by the court on its own motion, the first of which relates to the manner of defining murder as charged in the separate counts of the information. Referring to the first count, it is said in paragraph No. 8: “The crime charged in the first count against the defendant is murder in the first degree. Murder in the first degree as charged in said count is thus defined by statute: ‘If any person shall purposely, and of deliberate and premeditated malice, kill another, every person so offending shall be deemed guilty in the first degree. * * * The crime of murder in the first degree has three elements, to-wit: First, the killing of a human being; second, the killing must have been purposely and intentionally done; and third, the killing must have been done of deliberate and premeditated malice.’ ” The foregoing is followed by paragraphs defining in apt language murder in the second degree and manslaughter. And paragraph No. 12, which refers to the second count of the information, reads as follows: “The crime charged in the second count is thus defined: ‘If any person in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate any rape, kill another, every person so offending shall be deemed guilty of murder in the first degree.’ Under the law, to warrant a conviction of defendant of the crime charged in the second count of the information, the state is not required to prove that the act of killing was done purposely and of deliberate and premeditated malice. The facts necessary to be established by the state by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt to warrant a conviction of the crime charged in the second count are, that the defendant in perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate a rape upon the said Ida Gas-kill did choke, suffocate, or strangle her, the said Ida Gaskill, and of which choking, suffocation, or strangling by defendant she, the said Ida Gaskill, then and there *692died.” It is said in criticism of these instructions, first, that the accused was entitled to have section 3, Criminal Code, given to the jury as an entirety, instead of fragmentary parts thereof arranged in the order which, in the opinion of the trial court, the legislature should have adopted; second, that they are in substance vicious, since, as claimed, they exclude from the consideration of the jury, in connection with the second count, the lower degrees of homicide, and authorize a conviction for murder in the first degree without proof of malice, or of a specific intent to kill. Respecting the first ground of criticism, it is sufficient that the course pursued was, to say the least, appropriate for the purpose of an orderly presentation of the issues, and fair alike to the state and the accused. The second criticism presents a question of greater difficulty, and to which attention will now be directed, .viz., the meaning of so much of section 3, Criminal Code, as relates to homicides committed in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of the felonies therein enumerated. The language of the section in question is: “If any person shall purposely and of deliberate and premeditated malice, or in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate any rape, arson, robbery, or burglary, or by administering poison or causing the same to be done, kill another * * * every person so offending shall be deemed guilty of murder in the first degree.” In Henry v. State, 51 Neb., 149, it was held that the killing of a human being while the slayer is engaged in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of either of the designated felonies is, by force of the statute quoted, murder in the first degree. But what is there said may, in view of the fact that the conviction was for murder in the second degree, only be regarded as obiter, which fact, in connection with reasons hereafter appearing, has led to a re-examination, on our own motion, of the subject in the light of authority. It was held in Robbins v. State, 8 O. St., 131, that, while the turpitude of the felonious act is, in the exceptional cases mentioned *693in the statute, made to supply the place of deliberate and premeditated malice, the purpose to kill applies to each of the several classes of murder in the first degree, and is an essential element thereof. That case was, it should be remarked, decided eighteen years previous to the adoption by this state, in 1873, of the Ohio criminal code, and should be accorded due consideration in giving effect to the statute. There exists, notwithstanding the many adjudications in point, some diversity of opinion respecting the effect of constructions placed upon statutes previous to their adoption in other jurisdictions. Such a construction, it is sometimes said, becomes, upon the enactment of the statute by another state, an integral part of the act itself, having the force and effect of a legislative command. -However, the more rational view, and the one sanctioned by authority, is that, except as applied to English statutes in force in this country at the time of the war of the revolution, the effect of such previous constructions is the same as of decisions by courts of last resort having jurisdiction of the particular] controversy. (Cathcart v. Robinson, 5 Pet. [U. S.], 264.) The Ohio case must, therefore, be regarded as a construetion of the statute, to be ignored or rejected only for reasons which would require the overruling thereof had the decision been pronounced by this court, and in that light it will now be examined. That case was decided by a bare majority of the judges, Swan and Brinkerhoff joining in a vigorous dissenting opinion, and the doctrine there announced has not been, so far as we can discover, subsequently asserted by that court, while it may be said to stand alone as an exposition of our own and cognate statutes. In Brown v. State, 7 Ore., 186, which was a prosecution for murder in the first degree under a statute in substance identical with ours, the reasoning in Robbins v. State was examined and rejected as wholly unsatisfactory, and the statute held to mean that whoever, while in the commission of or attempt to commit any rape, etc., kills another shall be deemed guilty of murder *694in the first degree. In Buel v. People, 78 N. Y., 492, it was held murder in the first degree to cause the death of a female, although^unintentionally, while engaged in the commission of a rape upon her person, under a statute declaring the killing of a human being to be murder in the first degree when perpetrated in the commission of any felony. In People v. Johnson, 110 N. Y., 134, and People v. Wilson, 145 N. Y., 628, homicide committed in attempting to- escape from custody was held to be murder in the first degree, such attempt, by statute, being declared a felony. In State v. Hopkirk, 84 Mo., 278 (overruling State v. Earnest, 70 Mo., 520, and State v. Hopper, 71 Mo., 425), and in State v. Miller, 100 Mo., 606, it was held proper to charge that whoever kills another in the perpetration of one of the enumerated felonies is guilty of murder in the first degree. And Stephen, J., in Reg. v. Serne, 16 Cox’s Crim. Cas., 311, after holding death resulting from a known dangerous act, done in the commission of a felony, to be murder, makes use of the following illustration: “Suppose that a man intending to commit a rape upon a woman, but without the least wish to kill her, squeezed her by the throat to overpower her, and in so doing killed her, that 'would be murder. * * * That kind of a crime does not differ in any serious degree from one committed by using a deadly weapon, such as a bludgeon, a pistol, or a knife. If a man once begins attacking the human body in such way he must take the consequences if he goes further than intended when he began.” (See, also, State v. Gray, 19 Nev., 212; People v. Mooney, 2 Ida., 23; People v. Greenwall, 115 N. Y., 54; Moynihan v. State, 70 Ind., 126; Robertson v. Commonwealth, 88 Va., 900; Reddick v. Commonwealth, 33 S. W. Rep. [Ky.], 416; Graves v. State, 45 N. J. Law, 203; People v. Nichol, 34 Cal., 211.) The authorities’ here cited serve to demonstrate the fallacy of the argument employed in Robbins v. State as respects the grammatical construction of the statute, as well as the policy and purpose thereof, and our examination of the subject has suggested no *695sufficient reason for adhering to a construction alike exceptional and obviously unsound.
The next assignment relates to the giving of instruction No. 13, viz.: “The crime of murder in the second degree and manslaughter are not included in the crime charged in the second connt of the information. There are only one of two verdicts that can be’rendered by the jury upon the second count under the law and the evidence, to-wit, that yon find the defendant, George Morgan, gnilty of murder in the first degree in manner and form as charged in the second count, or that yon find the defendant, George Morgan, not guilty.” The jury were by the foregoing, in effect, told that both a purpose to kill and the condition of mind essential to constitute murder in the first degree are incontrovertibly presumed from the crime of rape, in the perpetration of which the homicide is alleged to have been committed, — a proposition plainly implied from the instructions previously read, and which, as we have seen, is abundantly supported by authority.
By instruction No. 14 the jury were advised that if the accused, being eighteen years of age, caused the death of the said Ida Gaskill, a female child of the age of eleven years, in manner and form as charged in the second count of the information, the crime would be murder in the first degree, although the jury might believe that the sexual act, or the attempt thereto, was with the consent of the said deceased. But the crime when committed upon a child within the statutory age is, in this state, none the less a rape because done with her consent. (Davis v. State, 31 Neb., 247; Head v. State, 43 Neb., 30.) But if we assume the statute to refer to rape as originally defined, whereby the age of consent was ten years or upwards, the instruction could not have prejudiced' the accused, since there is no evidence whatever tending to prove consent on the part of the deceased.
Exception was taken to the instructions Nos. 15 and 16, to the effect that the jury would be warranted, should *696they find the facts as herein stated, in concluding that a rape had been perpetrated upon the person of the deceased and that she had by her assailant in the perpetration of said crime been choked to death. It was held in Heldt v. State, 20 Neb., 492, error for the trial court to assume the existence of a material fact, although there is no conflict in the evidence, on the ground that it is the province of the jury to judge of the credibility of witnesses. But in Hill v. State, 42 Neb., 503, it was held, following 1 Bishop, Criminal Procedure, 979, not error for the court to assume the existence of a fact which the accused has himself treated as proved. Counsel for the accused in this case, as we have seen in their oral argument, expressly conceded the corpus delicti, and should not, therefore, be heard to complain of the charge of the court with'respect to that subject.
Pai’ticular stress is laid upon the objection to instruction No. 18, which is here set oxxt: “Evidence is either direct and positive or presumptive and circumstantial. Evidence is direct and positive when the vex’y facts in dispute are communicated by those who have had actual knowledge of them by means of their senses and where therefore the jury may be supposed to perceive the fact through the organs of the witnesses. It is presumptive or circumstantial, where the evidence is not direct, but where, on the contrary, a fact which is not directly and positively known is presumed or inferred from one or more other facts or circumstances which are known. The state claims that it has connected the defendant with the crime alleged in the second count of the information, not by direct and positive evidence, but by what has been herein defined as presumptive and circumstantial evidence. That is, the state has offered no evidence of a witness or witnesses who saw the act that is alleged in the second count of the information, which it is claimed resulted in the death of tbe said Ida Gaskill, but the state has offered the testixxxony of witnesses tending to prove a catalogue of facts and circumstances which *697the state claims presumably and circumstantially connects the defendant with the commission of the alleged crime in said second count, and establishes his guilt of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.” The objection to the foregoing is two-fold, viz., (1) that it embodies two distinct and separate propositions which should, under the provisions of section 55, chapter 19, Compiled Statutes, have been separately stated and numbered; (2) that it must, by the jury, have been construed as an intimation that the state was, upon the evidence adduced, entitled to a verdict of guilty. The charge of duplicity is, we think, unfounded. But, assuming the criticism to be altogether merited, the objection on that ground was waived by the general exception. (Smith v. State, 4 Neb., 277.) Equally undeserved is the other objection. The instruction assailed is, indeed, a fair statement of the claim advanced in behalf of the state, and in nowise prejudicial to the rights of the accused.
Exception was taken to instruction No. 21, which reads as follows: “Before you can convict the defendant in this case upon either count of the information it must appear from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, and not someone else, committed the crime charged. * * * It is not sufficient that the evidence shows that the defendant or somebody else committed the crime, unless the probabilities are so strong as to remove all reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant or some one else is the guilty party.” T'he foregoing should be read in connection with paragraph 19, in which it was said that in order to authorize a conviction it was not alone essential that the circumstances should be in harmony with the guilt of the accused, but that they could not in the nature of things be true and the accused be innocent, also, that they must be absolutely incompatible, upon any reasonable hypothesis, with the theory of innocence, and incapable of explanation upon any reasonable hypothesis other than that of the guilt of the accused, These paragraphs, when read together, are in *698harmony with the authorities above cited and correctly embody the rule applicable to the case at bar.
By paragraph No. 20 the jury were further charged as follows: “The law requiring the jury to be satisfied of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt in order to warrant a conviction, does not require that you should be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt of each link in the chain of circumstances relied upon to establish guilt. It is sufficient if, taking the testimony altogether, you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of the crime charged in the second count of the information. But if you have a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt because of the weakness of one link of the chain of circumstances relied upon by the state to establish the defendant’s guilt, when taken and weighed by you with all the evidence in the case, it may fairly be said that a reasonable doubt exists in your minds, and you should acquit the defendant of the crime charged in the second count of the information.” This instruction is vigorously assailed upon the ground that it authorizes a conviction although the proof may be insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt one or more of the facts essential in order to warrant the conclusion of guilt, — a criticism we think wholly unmerited. The metaphor of the chain is, it must be confessed, inaccurate and misleading, inasmuch as the circumstances which the evidence tended to prove are not interdependent, i. e., each depending for its support upon the others. But the fatal weakness of the argument advanced in this connection is that it ignores the distinction between facts relied upon to sustain the particular charge and those facts which are necessary to the conclusion sought to be established. It is permissible for the state to introduce evidence of any number of'facts and circumstances tending to connect the defendant on trial with the offense charged. In so doing it may be said to rely upon each and all of the facts thus sought to be established, and if those actually proved beyond a reasonable doubt are suf*699ficient to exclude to a moral certainty every reasonable hypothesis, save that of the defendant’s guilt, he is not entitled to an acquittal because of a failure of proof with respect to one or more of the facts thus relied upon. • It may in truth be said that the many refinements and subtle distinctions attempted since the decision in Commonwealth v. Webster, 5 Cush. [Mass.], 295, has tended to confuse rather than to elucidate the subject under discussion. As a concise, and at the same time a comprehensive, statement of the rule, the following paragraph from ■the charge in that celebrated case has. been rarely equalled, and never excelled: “The next consideration is that each fact which is necessary to the conclusion [of guilt] must be. distinctly and independently proved by competent evidence. I say every fact necessary to the conclusion, because it may, and often does, happen that in making out a case on circumstantial evidence many facts are given in evidence, not because they are necessary to the conclusion sought to be proved, but to show that they are consistent with and not repugnant, and go to rebut any contrary presumption, * * * but not being necessary to the establishment of the main fact, if the witness was mistaken in the time, or in the fact itself, such failure of proof would not prevent the inference from other facts, if of themselves sufficient to warrant it. The failure of such proof does not destroy the chain of evidence. It only fails to give it that particular corroboration which the fact, if proved, might afford.” Tested by that rule, the instruction given was quite as favorable to the accused as he was entitled to, and the exception based thereon is without merit. Marion v. State, 16 Neb., 849, relied upon to support the opposing view, has not been overlooked. We quite agree with what is there said, viz.: “If the word dink’ here refers to those circumstances which are essential to the conclusion, it is not a correct statement of the law.” But whether such Avas the reasonable or necessary inference from the instruction there under consideration was not *700decided, and we are nnable to perceive wherein the views there expressed conflict with the conclusion reached in this case.
There are other assignments in the petition in error, but those upon which reliance is placed by counsel have been sufficiently noticed in the foregoing discussion. A patient examination of the record has satisfied us that there is therein no error prejudicial to the rights of the accused, and the judgment of conviction is accordingly affirmed and ordered to be executed October 8,1897.
Affirmed.