The following opinion on rehearing was filed April 21, 1904. Former judgment modified:
6. Eminent Domain: 'Deed: Road-bed: Ties and Rails: Fixtures. A railroad corporation, under an agreement with a land company to furnish the latter certain trackage facilities, entered upon land belonging to a third party and constructed a road-bed and railway-tracks thereon, and occupied and used the same as a licensee. Afterwards negotiations were entered into for the sale of the real estate, a part of which was thus occupied, by the owner to a purchasing syndicate. During the negotiations a deed for the land on which the improvement was made was requested and obtained from, the railroad company, which was executed and delivered so as to consummate the- sale, and in pursuance of a prior agreement with the landowner, in settlement of existing controversies over land boundaries, and which conveyance contained no reservation-or exception, and ran to the owner, who in turn conveyed to the purchasing syndicate. Held, (1) That in proceedings begun thereafter by those claiming under and through the railroad corporation to condemn a right of way along where such embankment was constructed, the title to the embankment or road-bed thus constructed had passed by such conveyances, and that the owners of the land were entitled to recover the value of the road-bed in Such proceedings; (2) that the ties and rails constituting the railway-track had not, under the circumstances disclosed in the record, lost their character as personal property in the nature of removable trade fixtures, and remained the property of the railroad company and those claiming under it, the value of which should not be included in the award to the landowners in such condemnation proceedings. Holcomb, C. J.This cause is submitted on rehearing. The object of the action begun in the lower court was to condemn real estate, for right of way purposes, belonging to the defendant in error, a syndicate o wning land in East. Omaha. On the right of way sought to be condemned, there existed at the time an embankment of earth thrown up for a roadbed, with riprap ping to protect it from the ravages of the Missouri river, and overlaid with ties and rails, thus con*401stituting a completed railroad-track. The road-bed had been constructed by the Union Pacific Railroad Company under an agreement with the East Omaha Land Company, for the purpose of furnishing trackage facilities in that vicinity. The bone of contention is the ownership of the road-bed thus constructed, and whether in the condemnation proceedings the plaintiff in error, the Omaha Bridge and Terminal Company, shaT be obliged to pay to the owners of the real estate the value of the improvements thus constructed, which has been agreed upon by stipulation, in addition to the value of the land taken, as if no such improvements had been placed thereon.
In the former opinion, formulated by one of the commissioners, it was held that the syndicate was not entitled to recover the value of the road-bed, ties and rails overlying the same, as an element of the damages sustained by reason of the appropriation of the real estate. Omaha B. & T. R. Co. v. Whitney, ante, p. 389. The conclusions heretofore reached run counter to an opinion of the supreme court of Iowa shortly before handed down in a case between the same parties and involving an identical state of facts, and.calling for the application of the same principles of law. Van Husen v. Omaha B. & T. R. Co., 118 Ia. 366, 92 N. W. 47. The anpmalous condition in which the litigants find themselves by reason of these two decisions does nothing more than to perhaps emphasize the fact that the courts sometimes err, as does fallible, mortal man in other fields of human activities. Because of the different conclusions reached by the two opinions referred to, we have felt it incumbent upon us to give to the controversy more than the usual degree of investigation and consideration.
Our attention is earnestly challenged by counsel for owners’ of the land to the proposition that in the former opinion there was a failure to give to the deed of the railroad company to their immediate grantor, which was executed after the railroad-track had been constructed by that company, the weight and importance, the nature and *402character of the instrumeilt and the circumstances surrounding its execution and delivery, demanded. It is urged, with apparent sincerity and much plausibility, that the legal status of the parties is to be controlled and determined almost wholly by this instrument, which, it is asserted, conveyed unreservedly and wdthout exceptions or qualifications the full and absolute right and title of the railroad company in and to the disputed property, and every part thereof, to the grantor of the syndicate, and that the railroad company and those claiming under and through it, including the bridge company, the defendant in error, are estopped and can not be heard to say that the railroad company did not have title to the road-bed when it made its said deed of conveyance, nor to deny that all interest and property rights therein passed by such conveyance. It is urged upon us that at the time of the negotiations for the purchase of the land by the syndicate, a part of which it is sought to have condemned, and on which the road-bed is constructed, before the negotiations were consummated, and as a condition upon which the sale was-made, a conveyance such as was made Avas demanded by the syndicate; and that when executed in pursuance thereof, wdthout exception or reservation, the grantees relied upon the deed as conveying the full and absolute title to the real property included therein, and every part thereof, and the appurtenances thereunto belonging, and that, relying upon the muniments of title thus shown, they purchased the real estate, the embankment, and riprapping thereon, constituting the road-bed now in controversy, and that the railroad company and the bridge company, as its successor in interest, are, under the circumstances, barred and estopped from denying that the railroad company had no title to the real property thus attempted to be conveyed, and did not in fact convey its title and interest herein, including the said embankment or road-bed.
The former opinion proceeds upon the theory that the railroad company had constructed the road-bed in controversy under an agreement with the land company for *403trackage facilities on lands not its own, and that such track, including the road-bed or embankment, notwithstanding the deed mentioned, remained the property of the railroad company, and that the improvement thus made, which in fact Avas appurtenant to the real estate on which located, yet legally it Avas not so appurtenant, and remained the property of those constructing it, and was OAvned and occupied by them as a licensee under an implied agreement with the OAvner of the land that it should remain the property of the railroad company, and because thereof, in the condemnation proceedings, the value of the track, including the embankment and riprapping, could not be recovered by the OAvners of the realty as a proper element of damages, in determining the value of the land taken for right of way purposes. It is also held that the railroad company never having been in fact the owner of the real estate described in the deed of conveyance, or, if it ever Avas, it had, before the construction of the road-bed in controversy, relinquished its right and title thereto under an agreement hereafter to be noticed, so that its conveyance, by deed of the real property on which the track is constructed amounted to no more than a release amt quitclaim of title, and that under all the circumstances it, or those claiming through it, were not estopped from deny- ■ ing that it had title, nor from showing the true situation with respect to the ownership and title to the real property, and to the improvements placed thereon by the construction of the railroad-track.
The facts, briefly stated, as gleaned from the record, are these: In 1889 the land now owned by the syndicate was claimed by one Anthony W. Street for himself, or as trustee for the Council Bluffs & Nebraska Ferry Company. At that time the railroad company, under a contract, agreement or arrangement with the East Omaha Land Company, undertook to furnish for the latter company certain trackage facilities to and over its own lands in East Omaha; the land company to furnish title to the lands upon which the tracks were to be laid. The boundaries *404of the lands over which the tracks were to be constructed appear to have been in controversy. When construction work was begun, Street and the ferry company began an action to enjoin the railroad company from constructing á road-bed and laying its tracks on the lands claimed by the former, and at the same time began an action in the federal court against the land company, the object of which was to have adjusted the disputed boundaries, and to quiet title to the lands claimed by the plaintiff in that action. From what followed, it is obvious that a tract of real estate lying in East Omaha, on each side of the Iowa and Nebraska boundary line, was claimed in separate parts by the railroad company, the land company- and the ferry company, or Street as its trustee. It is not made to appear what particular'tract included in the whole was claimed by each or either of the contestants. An agreement was entered into by the three parties whereby a settlement and final adjustment of all the controversies growing out of the conflicting claims wa,s had, and for an adjudication of which the suits mentioned were instituted. A duly executed contract was entered into, under the terms of which certain portions of the real estate in controversy, as therein described, were by the others to be conveyed to each, of the respective parties, the suits dismissd, and a release given of all damages on account of* the commencement of the same. The* land company and the ferry company agreed to make their separate deeds for certain lands therein described to the railroad company. The railroad and the land company agreed to make their separate deeds to the ferry company of certain of the lands as therein described, this part of the agreement to convey describing the land on which the road-bed and embankment now in controversy was. constructed. The land company agreed to malee its deed to other of the land in controversy to the. ferry company or a trustee for the use and benefit of its stockholders, and the ferry company agreed to make to the land company a deed for certain other of the land in controversy; the agreement for these several deeds of convey*405anees manifestly covering and including all of the lands in controversy to which either of .the parties laid any claim of title when the injunction suit and the suit to quiet title were begun. After the execution of the agreement mentioned, the railroad company resumed the construction of the road-bed and track under its agreement with the land company, the part in controversy being constructed on the land which hy the tripartite agreement belonged to and was tó be conveyed to the ferry company or Street, its trustee; such construction work continuing from time to time until 1890, when it was completed, and since which a railroad-track has been maintained thereon. In 1892 Street sold the land to the syndicate, who are defendants in error. In consummating the sale a deed was required from the Union Pacific Railroad Company, which was executed and delivered to Street, and Street, in turn, conveyed to the syndicate. At the same time the East Omaha Land Company conveyed, by deed in all essential features the-same as the railroad company’s, the land in controversy, with other lands, direct to the purchasing syndicate. The rights of the syndicate are, therefore, such as it acquired by its purchase from Street, which included whatever title he held in his own right or as trustee, including those rights which he acquired from the railroad company by its deed above referred to, and also whatever rights were transferred by the deed of the land company to the syndicate, executed and delivered at the same tima
Thereafter, in 1894, by a decree of the federal court in an action on the contract between the land company and the Union Pacific Railroad'Company, the land company was adjudged to be the owner of the improvements made by the railroad company in its construction of the trackage facilities referred to under its contract with the land company, subject to a lien in favor of the railroad company for $85,000, which was paid by the land company, which thereupon became possessed in its own right of the property in controversy in that action. The decree, as we understand it, could' not undertake to nor did it adjudicate title to *406lands or any interest therein, but only those property rights arising out of the construction of the railroad-tracks under the contract between the litigants, which was treated as personal property in the nature of improvements or fixtures on real estate. The syndicate was not a party to the action, and, of course, not bound by the adjudication, so far as its rights and interests in the property are concerned. The bridge company’s rights in the premises were acquired from the East Omaha Land Company after the litigation last referred to.
What, then, in view of what has been said, are the legal rights of each of the litigants, how are they to be measured, and what legal principles may we properly invoke in the determination of the controversy?
The bridge company contends that a fair construction of the several contracts of the parties interested, Avith a view of ascertaining the true intention and meaning thereof, leads to the conclusion that the railroad embankment, as property, has never passed to the syndicate owners of the land on which located, and that such improvéments were at the time of the commencement of the condemnation proceedings in the nature of trade fixtures, which did not pass by the conveyances under which the syndicate claims, but were acquired by the bridge company by the several transactions referred to, and as such were no part of the real estate sought to be condemned, and for the payment of which the company is not legally liable. On the con-, trary, the syndicate contends that such property was a part of the real estate purchased, or appurtenant thereto; that it is a purchaser for value, relying, as it had the right to do, on tire terms of the grant from Street and his immediate grantor, the railroad company, as well as the deed from the land company, all of which were without reservation or exception, and that it is in the attitude of a bona fide purchaser, without notice, of the real estate, including the appurtenances thereunto belonging, which included the property in controversy. It is said in the former opinion, and, as we think, correctly, that the railroad company, *407in entering upon the land and constructing the road-bed and tracks under the agreement with the land company, Aims not doing so Avith a vieAV of exercising any of its powers under the laAV of eminent domain. Its operations in regard to such improvements Avere the same as those of a natural person, and any rights it acquired thereby for itself or for the land company are to be gauged and determined as though the improvement Avas of some other character, and to which the rules of seizure and appropriation of property for public purposes had no application. The rule, no doubt, is that a railroad company, when it enters upon the land of another, constructs a road-bed, and places its ties and rails thereon, and occupies the land for right of Avay purposes, has created property which would inure to the benefit of and belong to the company thus constructing it, or to its grantees, and a landowner could not, in condemnation proceedings, have the value of such work and improvement included in his award.
It is obvious in this case that the railroad company, Avhen- it entered upon the land which under the tripartite agreement belonged to Street, and constructed the embankment and riprapping constituting the road-bed in controversy, did so as a licensee. The consent of Street, the owner, to the mailing of such improvements, Avill, under the circumstances, be inferred. An implied agreement arises, by operation of laAV, to the use of the improvement thus made during the existence of the license, and to a removal thereof, in the event the property is susceptible of removal, at the termination or revocation of the license. Had the agreement of 1889 constituted the executed contract between the parties thereto, or had deeds in pursuance thereof been at once executed and delivered, it seems to us entirely clear, upon principle and authority, the right of property in the road-bed and tracks Avould remain in the parties constructing, using and occupying the same, and would not have passed by the deed evidencing their title to the real estate on Avhich located, and should not be included in the aAvard for the land taken in the con*408deinnation proceedings in the case at bar. In the deed from Street to the syndicate is found the following recital: “subject also' to right of way, if any, over said premises fifty feet wide now occupied by tracks of Union Pacific Railroad Company.” This was sufficient to put the purchasers on inquiry as to the rights of the railroad company to property then occupied and in use by them, whether as a licensee or otherwise,, and the rights of the grantees would be no greater than those of their grantor, Street. But no such deed had then been executed. The railroad company ostensibly had some rights to the improvements and to the occupancy of the railroad-tracks, notice of which was given by its possession and use thereof. The prospective purchasers had knowledge of these facts. They refused to buy until the railroad- company should convey to them or their grantor all of its rights and title to the land and its appurtenances. Thereupon the deed was executed and delivered by the company, purporting to grant all the real estate described therein, together with all appurtenances thereunto belonging. It is obvious that the syndicate relied upon the conveyance from the railroad company to their grantor as passing title to the very property that is in controversy. This is testified to positively by the two chief actors in the negotiations, one of whom represented the purchasing syndicate, and the other the sellers. Again, it is testified that because of some slight inaccuracy in description, the deed executed by the railroad company Avas returned to it for correction. It was then remarked by the legal representative of the railroad company that there Avas no particular objection to making a new deed, but, it appearing that no reservation of a right of way had been made in the deed executed, the company -ought to reserve the right of Avay in .the requested new-deed. The representative of the owners of the land, not wishing that any reservation should be made in the deed, after some further talk, accepted the old deed as executed, because, as he puts it, the representative of the syndicate Avould not take the land Avith the railroad dividing it. The con*409veyance of Street to the syndicate, in which the deed recited that it was made subject to a right of way, if any, fifty feet wide, can scarcely mean more than that the grantor was desirous of absolving himself from any possible liability or litigation in consequence of the land which he was conveying being encumbéred by the railroad tracks. It is apparent that whatever title thereto which passed by the deed of the railroad company to Street of necessity inured to the benefit of the purchasing syndicate, who might rightfully look beyond their own deed, and to that instrument, in determining the nature and extent of the title secured through the then owner. The proof further shows that the bridge company, several years after the purchase by the syndicate, on more than one occasion, by correspondence with the owners of the real estate, disclaimed any right or interest in or to the road-bed or embankment, and offered to remove therefrom the tracks — that is, the ties and rails — whenever requested so to do, upon the giving of sixty days’ notice, or in the alternative, to, in the exercise of eminent domain, acquire title to a right of way on which the property was located by proceedings in condemnation.
From what has been said we are not prepared to concede the correctness of the position of counsel for the bridge company to the effect that a fair construction of the con-under which the parties claim, in the light of surrounding circumstances, and with a view of ascertaining the true intentions of the parties thereto, warrants the inference that the property made up of the road-bed or embankment has never lost its character as personalty in the nature of trade fixtures, and was never acquired by the several conveyances of real property under and by virtue of which the syndicate claims title. As to the deeds of conveyance executed by the railroad company and by the land company in the execution of the prior contract, and bring about a consummation of the sale of the lands therein described to the purchasing syndicate, bearing dates December 15 and 16, 1892, they both purport to *410convey all present interest in the realty described therein, and the appurtenances thereunto belonging. They grant, bargain, sell, remise and quitclaim the real estate and appurtenances to the grantees and their heirs, so- that neither of the grantors, nor any person claiming in their name and behalf, shall or will hereafter claim or demand any right to the premises or any part thereof. And it is especially covenanted that the premises are free from any incumbrances placed thereon by the grantors, and that they covenant to warrant and defend the title against any and all persons claiming under or through them. There were no reservations or exceptions of any character contained in either of. the two deeds. The consideration named was the premises recited in the prior agreement and its fulfillment, and the sum of one dollar. The consideration, of course, is open for inquiry by parol testimony, but not so the written contract in respect of the property conveyed, and the nature of the title and estate passing to the grantee. The written contract must, in respect of these matters, speak for itself. At the time of the execution and delivery of the deed, the improvements in controversy were upon the land therein described.
It is contended with much earnestness that the deed of the railroad company is to be construed in the light of the prior agreement, of which it became the executed contract, and as being merely a fulfillment of that agreement, and as passing only any apparent or possible interest and estate in the land held by the railroad company at the time of the making of such agreement, and nothing further or greater, and that it was never in the contemplation of the parties that the road-bed and tracks passed by the conveyance, but, on the other hand, they remained and were in fact personal property belonging to the company, and in its use and possession as a licensee, with an implied agreement of the right of removal on the termination of the tenancy.. We can not but regard the conveyance as in fact and in legal contemplation transferring to the grantee named the after acquired interest of the railroad company of all *411that part of the improvements placed on the real estate in its construction of the road-bed, as a licensee, which may fairly and properly be. denominated real estate or appurtenances attached thereto. The deed, as made, and under the circumstances, performed the office of an executed contract in fulfillment of the prior agreement, and in the eye of the law, was a present conveyance of after-acquired rights in the real estate conveyed. The situation and legal relations of the parties affected by the conveyance were, as it seems to us, the same as though the agreement had been executed by the making and delivery of a deed in pursuance thereof, and thereafter the railroad company had entered upon the land as a licensee, and had constructed the embankment in controversy, and, upon the negotiations for the purchase of the land, the purchasers demanded and were given an instrument of conveyance such as was given in this case. Under such circumstances, can it be doubted that the railroad company and those claiming in privity with it, would be estopped from claiming that title to the road-bed did not pass by such conveyance? We think the views expressed by the Iowa supreme court, as to the nature of the property denominated the road-bed or embankment are correct, and should, in a large measure, determine the question of its inclusion or exclusion in the execution of the deed by the railroad company. “As to the embankment itself,” says that court, “it Aras not a fixture, no more so than a dyke or levee or a Avell put on the land. It Avas part of the land itself, and undoubtedly passed by the deed. As to the riprapping, we think the same rule applies.” Van Husen v. Omaha B. & T. R. Co., 118 Ia. 366, 378. It is true that, in a sense, and in a proper case, a road-bed constructed on land belonging to another, in an action to condemn a right of Avay, might be said to be not legally a part of the land, or at least not such part of it as would give to the OAvner the right- to have its value included in the award to which he Avas entitled for the appropriation of his land for public purposes. As we have seen, however, in the case *412at bar, this rule has no proper application. Nor are we prepared to say that, upon principles analogous to the one just adverted to, when an improvement such as the one under consideration had been made by one acting as a licensee, and used, with, the implied consent and agreement of the owner, as his own, and later on such licensee, or those in privity with hint, were authorized to invoke the powers of eminent domain, and appropriate as a right of way, or for other public use, the land upon which the improvement was constructed, that, in awarding compensation for the appropriation of such land, the improvement so made and used and the value thereof could properly be included or considered in estimating the damages sustained. In the present case, however, we have yet another and a different question to deal with. The deed of the railroad company was made after the improvements were constructed by it. By no manner of reasoning can it be said that the terms of the grant did not include and convey the embankment on the land described therein, either as a part and parcel of the realty or as an appurtenance thereto. It must, for obvious reasons, be construed according to its terms and date.. To do otherwise is by parol to engraft exceptions and reservations thereon which is clearly inadmissible. Smith v. Price, 39 Ill. 28; Van Husen v. Omaha B. & T. R. Co., 118 Ia. 366. Even if the deed had been executed and accepted in performance of the prior contract, with no other element properly to be considered, the contract itself became thereby functus officio, and thenceforth the rights of the parties are to be measured and determined by the deed, and not by the contract; the presumption being that the deed gives expression to the final purposes of the parties. Griswold v. Eastman, 51 Minn. 189, 53 N. W. 542; Chloupek v. Perotka, 89 Wis. 551, 62 N. W. 537. The Union Pacific Railroad Company, after having constructed the embankment in controversy, and ostensibly owning or having some interest therein, and a right to the use and occupancy thereof and the land out of which the same was con*413structed, by its deed conveyed its title and interest unqualifiedly, and can not now, in the face of the solemn asseverations of title and ownership or those in privity with it, .be heard to say that it had no title to such land, and conveyed nothing by such instrument. The doctrine of estoppel by deed would be of no value if such could be done. This court has held: “Whatever be the form or nature of the conveyance of real property, if the grantor therein sets forth on the face of such instrument by way of recital or averment, either in express terms or by necessary implication, that he is seized of a particular estate in the premises conveyed, then such grantor and all persons claiming under him are ever afterward estopped from denying that he was so seized and possessed at the time he made such conveyance.” Hagensick v. Castor, 53 Neb. 495. This utterance is in harmony with the views expressed by the supreme court of Iowa, wherein it is said: “The doctrine of estoppel is a salutary one, and to establish the rule contended for by appellee would be to destroy the-security of all land titles, and. permit grantors, after solemnly affirming that they had title, to insist that they did not, although subsequent good faith purchasers may have parted with their money, as in this case, on the strength of the integrity of the title. There are, as it seems to us, no two sides to this question.” Van Husen v. Omaha B. & T. R. Co., 118 Ia. 366, 378.
We conclude, therefore, that the property denqminated the road-bed or embankment on tifie land described in the conveyance of the railroad company, passed to the purchasers thereof from Street, the grantee therein named, and that the value thereof may, in the condemnation proceedings, be recovered as a part of the compensation justly due for the appropriation of the land on which constructed for right of way purposes.
As to the ties and rails on the embankment, which constitute the track proper, we are satisfied with the conclusion reached in the former opinion. These are more distinctively personal property. They have more of the *414characteristics of personal property than of real property. Whether or not they passed with the conveyance of the land, must, we think, he determined by the nature of the transaction, and the circumstances surrounding the same. They are undoubtedly a species of property easily removable at the termination of the tenancy without material injury to the freehold. The railroad company, long after the purchase of the land, and until the proceedings in condemnation were begun, retained the possession and use of these tracks, and, of course, in a sense, the entire right of,way, Avithout objection and with the implied assent of the landoAvners. There may have been, and probably Avere, during this long period, changes, improvements and repairs. Under all accepted rules governing the rights of a licensee Avho has placed improvements in the nature of trade fixtures on real property, which, by agreement of parties, are to retain their character as personal property, an implied agreement of the right of removal is raised; and of rights of this character, when applied to this particular species of property, the purchasers of the land, we are satisfied, acquired no title or interest therein. They Avere not buying railroads, but real estate. What they contracted for was all the real estate described in their deed, with appurtenances properly belonging and attached thereto.
Respecting this subject it is said in Rowand v. Anderson, 33 Kan. 264, 268: “It may be conceded that a party who, under a parol permission or license, places upon the land of another a permanent improvement, Avith the right, when he desires, to. enter and take it therefrom, may exercise that right, at any time before the permission or license is revoked by the landowner, and probably he has the right to enter to remove a fixture Avithin a reasonable time after the revocation; and it would seem that any subsequent vendee who purchased the land with notice of such parol agreement or license, and of the interest of the parties in the fixture, would be bound by such agreement. But Ave think this doctrine can not be carried to the extent *415of binding or affecting injuriously third parties to whom the laud has been conveyed without reservation, and to whose notice the parol license has not been brought.” To the same effect it is said in an opinion by the supreme court of New York: “It will readily be conceded that the ordinary distinction betAveen real estate and chattels exists in the nature of the subject, and can not in general be changed by the convention of the parties. Thus it would not be competent for parties to create a personal chattel interest in a part of the separate bricks, beams or other materials of which the Avails of a house were composed. Rights by way of license might be created in such a subject, but it could not be made alienable as chattels, or subjected to the general rules by which the succession of that species of property is regulated. But it is otherwise with things which, being originally personal in their nature, are attached to tiie realty in such a manner that they may be detached Avitliout being destroyed or materially injured, and without the destruction of, or material injury to, the things real Avith which they are connected; though their connection with the land or other real estate is such that in the absence of an agreement or of any special relation between the parties in interest, they would .be a part of the real estate.” Ford v. Cobb, 20 N. Y. 344.
The right of removal of this property as personalty, under the circumstances disclosed by the record, comes fairly within the rule as above announced. If the property may be rightfully removed, as we think it may, then we see no good reason for holding otherwise than in the condemnation proceedings; its value is not properly an item for Avhich compensation should be awarded to the owners of the real estate taken.
The judgment heretofore entered is modified so as to, permit the recovery of the value of the embankment, including the riprapping; otherwise it is adhered to.
Former judgment modified.