On the 18th day of August, 1889, Robert Moore, a former resident of the state of Kentucky, died intestate in Kearney county, Nebraska, seized in fee of a quarter section of land situated in that county. Thereafter J. W. Grilman was duly appointed administrator of the estate, and administration of the estate was finally closed and the administrator discharged in January, 1891.. During the progress of the administration the right of heirship to the estate was contested between one John F. Moore, who claimed the estate as a half brother of the deceased, and a minor named Daisy D. Moore, plaintiff herein, who claimed to be the daughter and sole heir of the deceased. The minor claimant was represented in the contest by a guardian ad litem, who is her attorney in the present suit. The contest over the heirship was continued from term to term in the county court, and evidence was taken, and the county court found in favor of the alleged half brother and against the claims of Daisy D. Moore. Thereafter the lands in controversy passed by mesne conveyances from John F. Moore to the present defendant, Henry J. Flack, *54who purchased them on July 12, 1892, and has since occupied and cultivated the lands as his own. In January,' 1903, Daisy D.. Moore filed her petition in the district court for Kearney county, alleging ownership of the lands in dispute as the daughter and sole heir at law of Robert Moore, deceased. The petition was subsequently amended and asked, in substance, to set aside the former decree of the county court that declared John F. Moore the sole heir at law of Robert Moore, deceased, alleging that said decree was procured by fraud and perjury, and asking to have all mesne conveyances from John F. Moore to defendant Flack canceled and held for naught, and that the title to the lands in controversy be quieted in her. Another alleged child of Robert Moore, named Thomas Moore, intervened in the suit, and filed a petition in which he alleged that he was the illegitimate son of the deceased, that he had been recognized in writing as such by the deceased in the presence of a competent witness, and that because of such recognition he was entitled to the inheritance as the sole heir at law of Robert Moore, deceased. He further alleged that he was an infant in Kentucky at the time of the proceeding in the probate court of Kear-ney county, Nebraska, and that he had neither personal nor constructive notice of such proceeding, and that within one year after his arriving at his majority he had intervened in the suit to assert his rights. He also alleged that John F. Moore, to whom the inheritance had been awarded in the county court, was a bastard and not a legitimate half brother of Robert Moore, deceased. Defendant answered each of these petitions, alleging his ownership of the lands by mesne conveyances from John F. Moore, and pleaded the proceeding in the county court as a bar to the claims of both plaintiff: and intervener. On issues thus joined there was a trial to the court, and a judgment for the defendant, and the petitions of both plaintiff and intervener were dismissed. To reverse this judgment the plaintiff and the intervener have prosecuted their separate appeals to this court.
*55We will separately examine tbe claims of each of the contestants in the light of the evidence revealed in the bill of exceptions. The proof offered in support of the claims of heirship is contained in depositions taken at various places, and from these depositions it appears that Robert Moore, deceased, was born and raised in Kowan county, Kentucky; that he was never married; that his father and mother had each departed this life before his death; that he was the natural father of both plaintiff and intervener, the former by a widow, named Mrs. Steele, and the latter by Miss Omie Oney.
Plaintiff, in support of her claim of heirship, alleged a common law marriage between the deceased and her mother. This claim, however, is wholly unsupported by competent testimony. The evidence of Mrs. Steele, the mother of plaintiff, shows that she never was married to the deceased; that she never claimed to be his wife while she lived with him"in Kentucky; that, while he visited her frequently and was the father of her child, yet she makes no claim that they lived together as husband and wife, or that he ever held her out to the world as such. What she does claim is that the deceased promised that he would marry her if she would come to Nebraska with him, and that he would get a minister to perform the ceremony, but that soon after arriving in this state he took sick and died without having any ceremony performed. According to Mrs. Steele’s testimony the deceased only lived about ten days after arriving in Nebraska. She further testified that she was drawing a pension as the widow of her former husband (Steele), who was a soldier in the United States army during the rebellion. To our minds this evidence is wholly insufficient to support the claim of a common law marriage between plaintiff’s mother and the deceased, and it will therefore be unnecessary to determine whether or not plaintiff is estopped by the judgment of the county court to again assert her right of heirship in the lands of the deceased.
As. this disposes of plaintiff’s petition, we will now *56examine the contention of the intervener and the sufficiency of the testimony offered to support his claim under section 31, ch. 23, Comp. St. 1903, which provides: “Every illegitimate child shall be considered as an heir of the person who shall, in writing, signed in the presence of a competent witness, have acknowledged himself to be the father of such child.” It appears from the testimony that the deceased had been adjudged the father of the inter-vener in a bastardy proceeding instituted against him in the county court of Rowan county, Kentucky; and it was the recollection of the county judge presiding at the trial that the deceased had admitted in'court that he was the father of the child. But there is no evidence that such admission was made, if at all, in writing. The intervener also introduced the deposition of one Allan G-earheart, who testified that he had resided for many years in Rowan county, Kentucky, and that he had known the deceased, Robert Moore, since 1870; that he last saw him at Farmers, Rowan county, Kentucky, shortly before he went to Nebraska, and he further testified as follows: “(6) The last time you saw Robert Moore, did you or not have any conversation with him relative to Omie Oney’s bastard child Thomas? If so, state all the facts fully. A. Yes, sir. We were talking about Omie Oney’s bastard child in Farmers, Rowan county, Kentucky, and he (Robert Moore) said he Avanted to get the child away from her. He said it was his child. He said he had had the child adopted by her consent and he wanted me to assist him in getting the child aAvay. (7) Did he or not say or do anything else on that occasion in this connection? A. Yes, sir.. He Avrote her (Omie Oney) a note. (8) Where is that note, if you know? A. I don’t knoAV where it is. I gave it to Omie Oney. (9) Do you remember what Avas in the note, or the substance of .what Avas in it? A. Yes, sir; in part. (10) Do you remember the substance of Avhat was in the note? A. Yes; sir. (11) Please state all that was in the note, or substance of same; what you did with the note. A. It says: T am going to leave. I have to leave you.. I *57bid old Kentucky good bye for a while. I don’t just know when I will be back. Take good care of our boy, and call him Thomas Moore, and I will give him a good start some day.’ And I gave the note to Omie Oney, and read it for her. She could not read. (12) Is Avhat you have stated all of the substance of what the note contained? A. It is all that I remember. (13) Hoav far Avas Farmer, RoAvan county, Kentucky, from Avhere Omie Oney lived at that time? A. Five miles west. (14) Did Omie Oney at that time live near a postoffice or telegraph station? A. Not nearer that Moorehead, three miles. (15) Hoav often did she (Omie Oney) go to the postoffice? A. I don’t know that she ever Avent. ⅜ ⅜ ⅛ (18) Were you or not very intimate Avith Robert Moore? A. Yes, sir. We Avere particular friends. (19) Did you or not ever see Robert Moore Avith Thomas Moore? If so, state the facts relative thereto. A. Yes, sir, I have seen him with the child and nursing the child. After Omie Oney moved on my place, Robert Moore Avould come over and stay tAvo days at a time Avith the Child, staying at my house at night.”
Witness on cross-examination said that the letter was written and signed in his presence. He also testified that he kneAv that Omie Oney could neither read nor Avrite and that Avas the reason that he read her the note. He said there Avere other things in the note, but not very many, and that he had not thought of the note during the 16 years intervening between the day he read it and the day he gave his deposition. Omie Oney testified that she . could neither read nor write, but that she remembered the contents of the note, just as stated by Gearheart, and that she put the note aAvay in a paper box Avith some other papers, and that it was lost, and she Avas unable to find it. It is clear that the evidence with reference to the bastardy proceeding is wholly insufficient to show an acknowledgment Avithin the - provisions of section 31, supra. So the only question is as to the sufficiency of the testimony of Gearheart and Omie Oney to establish an acknowledg*58ment, in writing, by the deceased of the paternity of the intervener. There are many facts and circumstances surrounding this alleged writing which are, in themselves, neither satisfactory nor clearly convincing either as to the exact contents of the writing or as to the probability of its ever having been executed. While it is true that the witness of the instrument is unimpeached, and the mere fact that he testified by deposition should not, and does not, in any manner impair the credibility of his testimony, yet the circumstances surrounding the -writing sought to be proved are of such a nature as to demand that proof of the contents of the note, as alleged, should be very carefully scrutinized. At the time the communication is alleged to have been written, intervener’s mother was living on a place owned by the witness Gearheart, and both the witness and the deceased knew that she was wholly illiterate, and it is hard to conceive what object deceased' would have had in sending Gearheart with a written message to read to' her when he might as well have communicated with her orally.
But, passing from the dubious circumstances surrounding the proof of the writing to its contents, the question arises: Is it a sufficient recognition to create an heirship within the meaning of section 31, supra? The material portion of this note as testified to is: “Take good care of our boy, and call him Thomas Moore, and I will give him a good start some day.”' In Lind v. Burke, 56 Neb. 785, the sufficiency of an acknowledgment, of paternity under this section of the statute was examined into, and, while the question as to whether the instrument must have been acknowledged with the intent to create a right of heirship was not determined, yet it was there said:
“We are satisfied that a writing, to fulfil the requirement of the law * * * must be at least one in which the paternity is directly, unequivocally, and unquestionably acknowledged.” It is further said in the opinion: “It must not be forgotten, in this examination that it is not because the person can be shown to be the offspring, or is *59in fact the illegitimate child, that it may assert heirship, but because it has been in writing acknowledged; and hence the writing must be in and of itself sufficient, unaided by extrinsic evidence, to establish the paternity.”
Under the rule here announced, the Avriting relied on is clearly insufficient. The reference to intervener as “our boy” in the note is not a clear and unequivocal acknowledgment of the paternity of the boy. Nor is the request that the child be named Thomas Moore equivalent to an acknowledgment that Kobert Moore was the natural father of the child. Nor is the promise that “I will give him a good start some day” inconsistent Avith any other theory than that the writer of the note was the father of the child. In the later case of Thomas v. Estate of Thomas, 64 Neb. 581, it Avas decided that it was immaterial Avhether or not the writing Avas made Avith the intent to constitute an heirship, but the rule of strict construction of Avritings of this nature, when made, as announced in Lind v. Burke, supra, was not modified.
We are therefore of opinion that the evidence offered by the intervener is insufficient to establish his claim of heirship, and we recommend that the judgment of the district court be affirmed.
Ames and Epperson, CC., concur.By the Court: For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the district court is
Affirmed.