Harrison Clark, Calvin Wain and Clarence Gathright were jointly charged in the. district court for Douglas county with the murder of one Edward Flury while attempting to rob him. Clark, who will hereafter be called the defendant, demanded a separate trial, which was granted. He was convicted of murder in the first degree, as charged in the information, and the jury fixed death as his punishment. To reverse the judgment rendered on the verdict he brings the case here by petition in error.
The record discloses that on the evening of March 7, 1906, defendant went to the home of James Ross in South Omaha, and borrowed a 38-caliber Harrington & Richardson revolver. Later that evening, in company with Calvin Wain, he went to the home of the latter in said city, where he found Clarence Gathright, Mrs. Ewing, Mrs. Wain, and a man whose name is not disclosed, and they spent the evening together, talking and drinking beer. Wain, Gathright and the defendant remained in the house until about 10:30 o’clock, when Wain took some hoods or masks made by Mrs. Wain in a V shape, which fitted over the head, exposing the eyes only, and the three men left the house together. From there they went west to a saloon at Thirty-Second and Q streets, then south to Thirty-Second and R streets, and stopped at another saloon. Defendant asked Gathright to put on a mask. All three put them on, and defendant entered the saloon by the front door, the other two by the side door. After leaving this saloon they removed their masks, and went to Thirtieth and H streets, where they stopped at a third saloon. Defendant went to the window, came back, and ordered the other two men to put on their masks. The defendant then entered the front door, and the others the *475side door of the saloon. At one of the saloons the defendant got another revolver, which he gave to G-athright. After leaving the last saloon they took off their masks, and went to the vicinity of the Rock Island depot. While at that place they saw a motor car, on what is called the “Walnnt Hill” line, going south, and defendant said: “There goes a car, we will get that one.” They walked on until they came to a car standing just east of the switch on the Benson and Albright line. Just at that time Edward Flury, the conductor, got off to throw the switch, and was attacked by Wain and the defendant, with the order: “Hands up!” Flury replied with a shot. Wain shot at him. Defendant then stepped out from a place where he was partially concealed, ran up to the conductor, and a number of shots were exchanged. Flury received bullet wounds in the wrist and the abdominal cavity from the effects of which he died in about six days.
The assignments of error presented by the defendant’s counsel will be discussed in the order of their presentation.
1. His first contention is that the judgment of the district court should be reversed because of the alleged misconduct of the prosecuting attorney in his closing argument to the jury. The record of the trial fails to disclose the misconduct complaiped of, and is silent as to any objection to or ruling of the trial court on the remarks alleged to have been made by the prosecuting attorney, which are the basis of this contention. The question appears to have been raised for the first time on the defendant’s motion for a new trial, and was presented by affidavits on the part of the defendant, which were controverted by the affidavits of the prosecuting attorney and his assistants. The district court found that the remarks attributed to the county attorney had not been made. The trial judge is presumed to have heard all that was said by the attorneys, and has decided . this question on his personal knowledge and conflicting evidence in the form of affidavits, and his findings thereon should not be disturbed. Cunningham v. State, 56 Neb. 691.
*4762. It is contended that the defendant was not properly represented in the trial of this case on account of the ignorance and incompetency of the attorneys appointed by the court to defend him; that his legal rights were not properly safeguarded and protected; and that his attorneys permitted testimony to go to the jury, unobjected to, of distinct and separate robberies which had no connection with the crime for which he was being prosecuted. This contention is not well founded. It appears from the record that the defendant’s rights were properly protected; that his attorneys not only safeguarded his rights, but actually preserved and prepared the record which is now before us.
3. The defendant insists that the district court erred in admitting the evidence of Clarence Gathright, H. II. King, Julius Grimm, Scott Holbrook, Joe Trapp and Lee Burket as to the hold-up and robbery of the saloons on Thirty-Second and Q streets, and Thirty-Second and R streets, and Thirtieth and U streets, all in South Omaha, because each of said transactions was a separate and entirely different crime from that charged in the information. The record shows that the transactions which occurred at the saloons above mentioned were carefully excluded from the jury. The state, by the evidence complained of, merely traced the defendant and his associates from the time they left the house of Calvin Wain until they arrived at the place where Flury was murdered. It was shown by this evidence that the three defendants named in the information were at the several saloons above described, but nothing was said by the witnesses as to Avhat was done by them at those places. It Avas incidentally shoAvn, hoAvever, that the defendant got a revolver at one of the saloons, which he delivered to Gathright, and there was a division of money betAveen them. Now if the defendant had purchased a revolver at a hardware store, while on his way to the scene of the crime, there would be no question about the admissibility of evidence to establish that fact; neither would the fact that he procured the revolver by holding *477up a saloon-keeper prevent its admissibility, although it incidentally connected him with another crime. Apparently every effort Avas made by the prosecuting attorney and the court to exclude all evidence of other transactions prejudicial to the rights- of the defendant. It would seem, however, that the prosecution Avould have been justified in going into the transactions at the saloons mentioned; and might have been allowed to sIioav fully Avhat there occurred. Such evidence would have been admissible for the purpose of establishing the intent of the defendant to commit the attempted robbery charged in the information. Knights v. State, 58 Neb. 225, 76 Am. St. Rep. 78. “Where the evidence tends to establish, any essential ingredient of the crime charged, the fact that it proves or tends to prove another felony not charged in the indictment is not a reason Avhy it should be excluded. It is no objection to evidence of a fact, otherwise competent, that it proves or tends to prove a distinct felony.” People v. Stout, 4 Park. Or. Rep. (N. Y.) 114. In Under-hill, Criminal Evidence, sec. 89, it is said: “Thus the movements of the accused' prior to the incident of the crime are always relevant to show that he Avas making-preparations to commit it. * * * And, generally, Avhen several similar crimes occur near each other, either in time or in locality, as, for example, several burglaries or incendiary fires upon the same night, it is relevant to show that the accused, being present at one of them, was present at the others if the crimes seem to be connected,” Again, it seems clear that the evidence complained of Avas admissible to disclose the identity of the defendant, and shoAV concert of action by him and his associates in carrying out a prearranged plan of operation to commit a series of robberies. “In all cases where the guilt of the party depends upon the intent, purpose, or design with AA'hich the act is done, or upon his guilty knowledge thereof, I understand it to be a general rule, that collateral facts may be examined into, in which he bore a part, for the purpose of establishing such guilty intent, design, *478purpose or knowledge,” even though such facts show another crime. Bottomley v. United States, 1 Story (U. S.), 135. So we are of the opinion that the evidence complained of was both competent and proper, and the court rightfully allowed it to go to the jury.
It is also insisted that the court erred in receiving the testimony of policeman Joseph Blue, who arrested the defendant, and who stated that he found the revolver in defendant’s room, and the money which fell to him in the division of the spoils in the coal house, where it had been hidden by the woman he had asked to take care of it for him. It appears that no objection was interposed to this testimony, and it seems to us that it was admissible as tending to connect the defendant with the crime charged against him.
4. The fourth and fifth assignments of error relate to the admission of the evidence of witnesses Briggs and McMillan as to an alleged confession of defendant. It is contended that a part of said confession has no connection whatever with the charge in the information, but related'to the robbery of saloons and a division of money, and was therefore incompetent. The record discloses that the proper foundation was laid for the introduction of the evidence of those witnesses. They testified, in substance, as follows: Then, Mr. Clark said that G-athright’s statement in regard to the transactions, in regard to the trouble at South Omaha, was not correct. He said that the statement was correct until they got to Thirtieth and R streets or Thirtieth and Q streets, and that from there on the statement was not correct. He stated that they got together, the three of them, and agreed to start out to hold up some saloon, and that they did hold up the saloons; and he said: “I will admit I was the leader, I broke the telephone wires, and stuck up the saloon-keepers, and I will admit I was the leader.” He said after they got through with the saloons they went down to the Rock Island track, and there they divided the money, and while they were dividing the money there were two street *479cars coining up, and at the time the second car came up they got to talking about going over to hold up the street car. Then they walked south on the railroad track until they got beyond the street car, and then crossed east to the street that the car was on; and he said that, when they came up to the street, car, the conductor was not throwing the switch, but was standing close by the switch * * * at the time he was shot; and Clark was asked who shot him, and he said he didn’t want to state at this time who did shoot him. But he said he was not throwing the switch; and he said that after the shooting he and one of the men, “I could not say for certain now which one it was,” went up the hill together, and the other went in a different direction.. It seems to me he went west, and they went northeast; and he said he dropped his hat, and went back and picked up his hat, and went on.
It is not contended that this confession was not made by the defendant, and it is difficult to see Iioav the transactions described, other than the one in question, could have been eliminated from the statement so as to exclude them from the jury Avithout destroying the confession itself. Again, the collateral matters contained in the confession were all admissible in evidence to show the purpose and intent with which, the assault was made upon Flury, which resulted in his death. It was all the voluntary statement of the defendant, and was competent evidence tending to establish his guilt. Pflueger v. State, 46 Neb. 493.
5. Complaint is made by the sixth assignment of error of a remark made by the court while ruling .on the objection of the defendant to a question propounded by the county attorney, and which had already been answered by the Avitness. The incident complained of occurred during the examination of the witness Julius Grimm. It appears that Grimm was at the saloon at Thirtieth and U streets when it was visited by the defendant and his associates. In the course of his examination he Avas asked : “Q. What was done there with reference to your gun *480that night that yon have heretofore identified? A. They took it. Q. Is there anything in particular that calls your attention to this large gun? A. They hit me over the head with it.” This answer was. objected to as being immaterial and having no bearing on the case. The court said: “That ought to be sustained. The purpose of this testimony is to corroborate the testimony or the story told by G-athright. But the fact that he saw the gun that night is all that is necessary. The objection is sustained.” Not only was the ruling in favor of the defendant, but we fail to see how remarks of the trial judge in any way prejudiced his rights. They clearly limited the application of the testimony to the identification of the revolver, and the defendant has no ground for complaint on that account.
Many other errors are assigned for the admission of evidence, but such assignments are too general to require1 our attention. For instance: It is said that the court erred in admitting in evidence exhibits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. We find that these exhibits are not attached to or made a part of the bill of exceptions, so we are unable to determine that question. It is sufficient in disposing of these general assignments to say that we have carefully examined the record, and are satisfied that it fails to show that any incompetent or improper evidence was received by the trial court.
6. It is further contended that the court erred in giving instruction No. 6, because it fails to state that the jury should find beyond a reasonable doubt that Clark was engaged in attempting to rob conductor Flury, or was present, aiding and abetting the other persons jointly charged with him in said attempted robbery. By paragraph 5 of the instructions the jury were told that, “ills essential, in order to warrant a contiction in this case, that the state prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, Harrison Clark, on the 8th day of March, 1906, in the county of Douglas, and state of Nebraska, did then and there individually, or in company with others, *481forcibly and by violence, or by putting in fear, and with intent to rob, make an assault upon Edward Plury, and that the defendant Clark and his codefendant, Calvin Wain, or Clarence Gathright, while engaged in the common purpose or design of robbing said Plury, did wilfully, purposely and intentionally shoot said Plury, inflicting a mortal wound from which said Plury died within a period of ten days.” It will thus be seen that paragraph No. 5 supplied the alleged deficiency of instruction No. 6. All of the instructions in the case should be read together, and, when so read and considered, they present a correct statement of the law applicable to the facts of this case us disclosed by the evidence.
Complaint of a general nature is also made of instructions Nos. 7, 8 and 11. But the foregoing remarks apply with equal force to said instructions.
7. It is also contended that the verdict is not sustained by the evidence. As above stated, the bill of exceptions in this case shows upon its face that it is incomplete, and does not contain all of the evidence. So we would be justified in refusing to consider this assignment at all. But, in view of the fact that this is a capital case, and the jury has fixed death as the punishment for the defendant’s crime, we have read the record, and have given it our most careful consideration, and we are of opinion that it contains no reversible error. We are also fully satisfied that the evidence is sufficient to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond the peradventure of a doubt.
8. Finally, counsel for the defendant has appealed to us, in case we are constrained to affirm the judgment of the trial court, to reduce the punishment in this case to imprisonment for life. After a careful consideration of the evidence, we are of opinion that it contains nothing which Avould justify us in modifying the verdict and the judgment of the trial court thereon.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is in all things affirmed; and Friday, August 30, *4821907, is hereby fixed and appointed as the day for carrying into execution the judgment and sentence of the district court.
The following opinion on motion for rehearing was filed November 9, 1907. Rehearing denied: 1. Criminal Law: Instructions. In a prosecution for murder in the first degree, if the evidence establishes conclusively that the defendant is either guilty of the crime charged or is entirely innocent, a failure to instruct the jury in regard to inferior degrees- of the crime charged in the information is not prejudicial error. 2. -: Evidence. Upon trial of a charge of murder by homicide while engaged in an attempt to rob, it is competent to prove upon the question of intent that the proceeds of several robberies committed by defendant and certain of his companions immediately before the act under investigation were divided, and that the defendant received a share therof. 3. -: Argument oe Counsel: Acquiescence. It is only in the most flagrant cases of the use of improper language by a prosecuting attorney, even in the prosecution of capital offenses, that defendant’s counsel can apparently acquiesce in the language used by remaining silent until the trial- is finished, and then cause the trial and verdict to be set aside by complaining of statements to which he seemed at the time to consent.Judgment accordingly.