This is an action for criminal conversation, and resulted in a verdict and a judgment in favor of plaintiff for $2,500. Defendant has appealed.
The principal assignment of error challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict. Defendant testified to his innocence, and argued on appeal that the evidence adduced by plaintiff in support of his charges was too contradictory and improbáhle for *841credence.. Prom March, 1912, until July, 1916, plaintiff, with his wife and a number of children, lived on a farm owned by defendant and worked- for him there. The wife of plaintiff testified that defendant had illicit relations with her at her home at intervals for twb years or more between the dates mentioned. A daughter of plaintiff testified to noncriminal .acts of familiarity on the part of defendant toward her mother at her house during her father’s absence. Defendant admitted on the witness-stand that he had been at the home of plaintiff two nights while the wife of plaintiff was there and while her husband was absent with a .shipment of stock. Defendant also admitted that he had been in, plaintiff’s house at different, times settling accounts with the wife of plaintiff while the latter was at work on the farm. Independently of testimony of the wife of plaintiff, there is evidence to justify the inference that defendant had deliberately participated in the creation of opportunities to be with her during the absence of her-husband. Without going further into details or adverting to explanations by defendant to show his innocence, it is found that the evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict and to justify the conclusion that it was not the result of passion or prejudice.
There is complaint that the trial court excluded evidence tending to prove that plaintiff and his wife, Emillie M. Baker, had conspired together to extort money from defendant. In the attempt to show what the wife had said and done in this respect, the principal item of proof offered was a letter from her attorney to defendant. It was written before plaintiff brought this suit and is in the following language:
“Claim of Emillie M. Baker for damages against you has been placed in my hands for settlement or action. Thanking you for your prompt attention and that I may have answ.er from you immediately as to your position in this matter, I am, yours truly.”
*842Proof like this is not of itself evidence of a conspiracy. The wife is not a party to the present action. There is no evidence whatever of connivance on the part of plaintiff at the wrongs -imputed to defendant. In the -absence of such evidence, mere collusion between plaintiff and his wife, after plaintiff discovered that his marital rights had been invaded by defendant, to claim damages or. to bring a suit' therefor, does not defeat plaintiff’s action or prevent a recovery. Rea v. Tucker, 51 Ill. 110, 99 Am. Dec. 539. Error in excluding proof of this nature does not appear in the record.
Defendant criticises an instruction permitting the. jury, in estimating damages in the event of a finding for plaintiff, to consider the wrong to him “in his .domestic and social relations” and the “stain and dishonor” suffered by him, if any. These terms were evidently borrowed from an instruction approved in Smith v. Meyers, 52 Neb. 70. Damages of this nature, in absence of connivance or collusion, may be inferred from an invasion of the exclusive marital rights of plaintiff. This assignment is therefore overruled.'
Another assignment of error is variance between the pleading and the proof, plaintiff having been allowed to adduce testimony of criminal acts in April, 1913, under a petition alleging that the wrongs were committed “on- or about the month of September,” 1913, and on “other days and dates between said time and the commencement of this action” and for a period “of more than two years.” The supreme court of Michigan overruled a similar assignment of error, saying: *843limitations, and the fact that the'' defendant may rely upon proving an alibi in his defense does not change the rule.” Johnston v. Disbrow, 47 Mich. 59. See, also, Yatter v. Miller, 61 Vt. 147.
*842“The plaintiff was not confined to the exact time alleged in the declaration. It is not claimed that he attempted to prove but one offense, and under such circumstances, both in civil and criminal cases, the offense charged may be shown to have been committed upon any day within the period of • the statute of
*843In the present case, the petition states that defendant came to the home of plaintiff, who lived on defendant’s farm, and there committed the wrongful acts pleaded, and that this was plaintiff’s home from March, 1912, until July, 1916. The proofs were confined to that period. In overruling the motion for a new trial, the court below found that defendant was not prejudiced by proof of criminal intercourse in April, 1913. The record does not show that, the judgment should be reversed on this ground. Complaint is. made of other rulings, but error prejudicial to defendant has not been found.
Affirmed.
Sedgwick and Aldrich, JJ., not sitting.