In this purely possessory action instituted on January 4, 1908, the plaintiff, claiming to *103have possessed as owner for a long period, a tract of land comprised principally of swamp and marsh., prays to he restored to the possession of a “part” thereof, in the enjoyment of which it claims it was disturbed, “on or about May 16, 1907,” by the acts of defendant, pretending to be the owner, said acts consisting of £ £ digging a ditch ' thereon and placing wooden signs thereon.”
After pleading the general issue, the answer, -filed on January 8,1908, denies plaintiff’s possession of any part of the tract except that occupied by plaintiff’s railroad •embankment and tracks which traverse same; asserts possession of the property in defendant and its authors, .as owners, since 1854, -and prays for the dismissal of plaintiff’s action and the quieting of defendant in the possession of the property.
Plaintiff appeals from a judgment dismissing his suit but quieting defendant in the possession of certain parts ■of the property hereinafter noted; and defendant has neither appealed nor answered the appeal.
I.
The Code of Practice provides that in order to be entitled to bring a possessory action a plaintiff should have had the real and actual possession of the property, as owner, usufructuary, -or as the possessor of a real right therein, at the instance when- the distrubance occurred, and for more than a year prior thereto.
Actual occupancy and detention of the tract of land at the time of and for more than a year prior to the disturbance admittedly existed in plaintiff to the following ■extent, to-wit:
1. That part upon which its railroad embankment and tracks, as well as its station-house, tool-houses, etc,, were located.
'2. Several small, separate portions, scattered along *104or near the line of its railroad embankment, actually occupied by third persons to whom the plaintiff had granted leases from time to time, .and who consequently held under and for account of plaintiff.
There is one valid objection, sufficient in itself, against awarding plaintiff judgment quieting it in possession of the foregoing portions, admittedly in its possession, and it consists in the fact that it has failed to prove that it has been disturbed in its possession thereof.
The acts of disturbance complained of in the petition, that is, the posting of signs and the digging of a ditch in portions of the open marsh adjoining this property, however potent they may have been in effecting a disturbance of plaintiff’s possession of other parts of the tract claimed to be its civil and constructive possession, clearly did not and were not intended to accomplish a disturbance, in fact of in law, of plaintiff’s possession of that part which it actually detained or physically occupied.
II.
Passing to a consideration of the case with respect to the entire tract, exclusive of one acre which will be hereafter referred to, and exclusive also of the part heretofore considered, in physical possession of plaintiff, it appears that is consists of open marsh land.
With reference to this open marsh, defendant not only challenges plaintiff’s possession, but likewise claims that whatever disturbances on its part of such possession existed transpired more than a year prior to the filing of plaintiff’s suit. The lower court upheld both contentions, and consequently plaintiff’s claim made on appeal, that this Court cannot consider the plea of prescription because it was not passed upon by the lower court, is not well founded.
The view that we take of the case renders unnecessary *105■‘a consideration of whether or not possession in plaintiff •existed as to this open marsh, for we are satisfied that a ■disturhanc'1 of plaintiff’s possession occurred more than •a year prior to the filing of the suit.
It will he noted that plaintiff’s petition charges that it was disturbed in its possession of a “part” of the property by the act of defendant, on May 16,1907, “in digging •a ditch thereon and in placing wooden signs thereon.’-’ 'The evidence establishes beyond the peradvénture of a •doubt that the wooden signs which announced defendant’s ownership of the property and forbade all persons from hunting thereon, were located at several points in the marsh, not later than December 1, 1906, that is, more than one year prior to the institution of these proceedings. Plaintiff concedes this to be true but seeks to •avoid or lessen the consequence of this finding by claiming that the effect of placing these wooden signs upon the property was to dispossess it, not of the entire marsh, but simply of the particular spots or points where each of these signs were planted. In other words, possession of a “part” of the property, it used the word “part” as •covering these infinitesimal points actually occupied by the stakes to which the wooden signs were attached.
That such was not plaintiff’s intended meaning may be readily inferred from the petition itself, for, had such an intention existed, plaintiff would not have used the indefinite expression “part” as describing the extent of the disturbance, but would have specifically employed such language as would clearly convey the meaning that that it now attempts to ascribe to the expression actually used.
Moreover, the facts and circumstances surrounding the location of these signs, effectually dispose of such contention, for it appears, that during the summer of 1906, defendant, through its attorney, had been investigating *106the records for the purpose of discovering the true ownership of all the land in controversy here. As a result of-this investigation the attorney reported that the title, to the land, reposed in the Edgerton heirs, and negotiations with these heirs resulted, first, in a letter dated November 20, 1906, wherein one of the heirs acting, or assuming to act, on behalf of all, notified the defendant that its offer of nine hundred dollars for the property was accepted, and consenting that defendant might go at once into possession of the property provided five hundred dollars on account of the purchase price be paid in advance; and, second, in a formal agreement of sale in favor of defendant, dated November 21, 1906, covering the entire tract which is therein fully described, and executed by parties styling themselves as owners of the property, and as the sole heirs of Edgerton.
It was upon receipt of these documents that the defendant caused these signs to be located upon the property, on or about November 26, 1906, and this action was followed by the employment of a watchman to patrol the property and to prevent all persons from hunting thereon.
The record shows satisfactorily, that the plaintiff was fully apprised at once, not only of the location of the signs, and the patrolling of the property, but likewise that the defendant claimed then to have acquired legal title to the property from third persons. The patrol was rigidly enforced against plaintiff and the public.generally, and it was within the common knowledge of all persons within that locality, prior to January 1, 1907, that the defendant was claiming title and ownership to the entire property, and was setting up these pretensions adversely to plaintiff.
Under these circumstances it is defendant’s contention, that having taken physical possession of a part of the property under a claim of right, and with the mani*107fest intention to secure and occupy the whole, its possession was in fact that of the whole, and constitutes a disturbance of plaintiff’s possession to that extent, namely, to the extent of the whole tract less that in the physical occupancy of the plaintiff.
The principle that possession of part, with an apparent right to the possession of the whole, constitutes possession of the whole, appears to be too well established to require citation of authorities.
While the question of title has no place in a possessory action in so far as their validity is concerned, titles are material in fixing the nature or quality, as well as the extent of the possession which is sought to be established.
That defendant took possession under the pretense of ownership, and not as a trespasser, as alleged in the petition itself, and that possesion which began in the planting of the signs, and which was accompanied by a patrol of the property to the knowledge of and adversely to the plaintiff, must be held to have extended 'to the full limits of the property which, on November 20, 1906, it was granted a permit to occupy, and as to which, on the day following, the agreement of the sale was executed.
It is true that neither of these documents pretend to rest title in the defendant, but that is of no consequence, for it is not essential to exhibit a deed apparently translative of the fee in the property, in order to establish in one possessing a part of the property, a possession of the whole.
An intention to possess the whole while occupying a part is all that is required, and this intention may be manifested, either by enclosing the whole property, or by being in possession of a part with an apparent right to the whole, or by such other physical acts or circumstances as would clearly evidence an unmistakable intention to adversely and openly possess the whole.
The present case discloses a permit to occupy, an *108actual occupancy thereunder accompanied by act's manifesting a fixed intention to possess the whole adversely to plaintiff, and, on the whole exhibit a sufficient taking; of possession of the entire marsh as to warrant a finding, that plaintiff was disturbed to that extent.
The judgment of the lower court insofar as it rejects, plaintiff’s demand, both in respect to the property and. its physical occupancy and in respect to the property just considered, is approved, and there now remains to be considered a small section of the property which, on account of the peculiar contentions with reference thereto, it was deemed best to separately discuss.
III.
In 1871, the New Orleans, Mobile & Chattanooga Railroad Company, granted to the United States Government, a siite for a Custom House, consisting of one acre of . land, situated upon a portion of the marsh, tills permit reading in part as follows:
“You can occupy the ground at the point selected by the officers as above mentioned as long as the Government desires to use it, for its purpose, free of eharge. ’1
The Custom House was erected under this permit and used as such for many years' when, in 1900, the Government sold the building itself to Norton & Buckner who, in turn, in 1902, sold it to the defendant. The act,si. or bills of sale covering these two transactions recited that the building “is situated on land not the property of the United States, but, now, or heretofore, owned by the New Orleans, Mobile & Chattanooga Railroad Company.”
The defendant took possession of the building and the acre of ground upon which it stood and has occupied it ever since.
The plaintiff, the successor of the New Orleans, Mobile *109& Chattanooga Railroad 'Company, charges with reference 'to this acre of ground:
1st. That as the defendant from the moment of its occupying the building became a tenant or precarious possessor under' plaintiff, and held that status when the posting of signs and the policing of the property took place these acts did not constitute a disturbance, and, 2nd, That, under Revised Civil Code, Article 3512, 'defendant’s status as tenant was not converted into that of adverse claimant until it had done two things, namely, acquire,.on January 15, 1907, a formal deed to the property from a third person, and, on May 17, 1907, dig a ditch around the acre of land, thus changing the nature of its possession and notifying plaintiff of such change all within a year prior to the filing of the suit.
The weakness in plaintiff’s position in this connection .arises in its failure to adduce sufficient facts upon which to base a finding that the defendant became a precarious possessor or tenant when it took possession of the property at the time of its purchase from the Government. There is no presumption of law or of fact that, when one goes upon property which he is advised belongs to another, he thereby becomes a precarious possessor or a tenant at will; on the contrary, it would be more reasonable to presume that he thereupon intended to hold adversely to the owner, unless it is shown that he had 'secured or sought to secure some sort of permit from the owner. This presumption as to his status being that of an adverse possessor is not destroyed by proof of the fact that the party from whom he purchased the building had a permit to occupy the land, since. 1. This permit is not shown to have been brought to his knowledge, either by record of otherwise, and, 2. Because if it had been brought to his knowledge the conditions of the permit were such as to advise him that by taking possession thereunder he was acting in direct violation of the *110owner’s wishes, for the permit was conditioned upon the land being used for governmental purposes.
That defendant was a trespasser or claimant in its own right is presumptively established by the proof of.the. bare fact of its possession, which, under Civil Code, Art.. 3488, causes him to- be “presumed to have possessed as; master and owner, unless lit appears 'that the possession began ‘in the name and for another.’ ”
But plaintiff ¡claim© that on two occasions the defendant acknowledged itself to be a tenant at will of the plaintiff. As to the first occasion, it appears that a controversy having arisen as to who should bear the expense of replacing a platform or wooden-way leading from the railroad to this property, the plaintiff took the position that this expense should be borne by the defendant because he was a tenant at will of the property. Whether or not defendant acknowledged or denied this to be its true status, or whether or not this controversy ever came to a head does not appear; but as the record does disclose that plaintiff finally consented to restore the platform or wooden-way at its own expense, it is impossible to eke from these ¡oircumisitances ¡any ¡acknowledgment whatever on defendant’s part.
The second occasion, when plaintiff claims that defendant acknowledged its status to be that of a tenant at will, occurred during the summer and fall of 1906, that is, during the period when the defendant’s attorney was seeking to determine the true ownership of the land in controversy. It appears that during this same period the president of the defendant association had tentatively negotiated with plaintiff’s representative to secure a formal lease of a portion of the property upon which the former contemplated erecting an enlarged club-'house. If the record stopped here there might be some force in claimant’s contention that this application for a lease *111'Constituted an acknowledgment of plaintiff’s status as owner of the property, but the transcript discloses that when the defendant applied for this lease, the plaintiff was fully advised that defendant was investigating the title to the property and had applied for and would take the lease only in the event that the true title to the property was located in plaintiff. In this connection the plaintiff charges defendant’s officers and attorneys with an attempt to clandestinely secure title to the property, while, •at the same time, lulling plaintiff into a sense of security with reference thereto. The record fails wholly to substantiate such a charge, and upon this point we cannot better express our own conclusions than by quoting the following excerpt from the opinion of the lower court -upon this point:
“I heard all the witnesses, and my judgment is, that there is not the vestige of unfair dealing, much less of fraud or deception or double dealing on the part of Mr. Blakemore, defendant’s president, or of Mr. Monroe, defendant’s attorney, or of any member of the defendant club.
“Their position, plainly expressed to the plaintiff’s superintendent, Mr. Marshall, was: If your ■company is the owner and possessor, the defendant club will lease from you. The defendant never said that, if plaintiff should be found to be not the owner, their club would abstain from acquiring the right of the true and real owner.”
Inasmuch as defendant had been trespasser and adverse possessor since 1902, it is clear that plaintiff’s suit, filed •in 1908, was instituted too late to enable it to dispossess defendant of this portion of the property.
This disposes of all of plaintiff’s contentions and demands, and there remains for consideration the reconven•tional demand of defendant which was maintained by the *112lower court to the extent o£ quieting defendant in the possession of all the property exclusive of that physically occupied by the plaintiff’s railroad, railroad embankment, and structures, and exclusive ial©o of the several portions held through its tenants.
December 19, 1910. Eehearing refused February 20, 1911. Writ 'denied by Supreme Court, March 28, 1911.The views heretofore expressed enable us to dispose of the reconventional demand in a few words, for defendant, as plaintiff in reconvention, has, as heretofore shown, proved possession as owner for more than one year of all of the property, except that physically occupied by plaintiff as aforesaid; has proved a disturbance of its possession within the year, for plaintiff’s suit itself is such a disturbance under Article 52 of the Code of Practice, and has consequently established its right to the judgment which it has secured upon the reconventional. demand.
It is, therefore, ordered that the judgment of the lower court be affirmed.