I am of opinion, that the lessors of the plaintiff' have a right to recover the land in question to the taiiddle bed of Jones’s Falls', that Charles Carroll having title to the lands in question, and all rights, privileges and advantages, derivable therefrom, did, by his two deeds to William Lyon and Alexander Lawson, convey the same to them, and thereby did divest himself of all right and interest in the same.
Charles Carroll, prior to the said deeds, holding the said lands on both sides of Jones’s Palls, had the right, privu lege, and advantage of accretion by alluvion, or by the gradual recession of the water from the banks or shores of the Falls.
Charles Carroll, by his deed dated 18th of April 1757, to William Lyon, transferred all his right and interest to *200hirii in the lands lying on the north side of Jones’s Falls,' as described in the said deed;'and by his deed to Alexander Lawson, dated the 20th May 1757, transferred all his right and interest to the said Lawson in the lands lying on the south east Side of said Falls, opposite to part of the land sold to Lyon.
The grantees u nder the said deeds acquired a right to the accretion by alluvion, or the recession of the water from the banks or shores of Jones’s Falls, within the limits of their respective deeds, ad medium JUum aquss, as incident or appurtenant to those parts of the land binding on Jones’s Falls, according to the principles of the common law, common right, and common-justice.
As the water receded from the land, or the land was increased or added to by alluvion, the lines of the land granted to Lyon and Laioson, binding on Jones’s Falls, would attach to and bind with the water until the accretion got ad medium JUum aquss.
As to the right to accretion by the recession of the water from the banks, or by alluvion, it makes no difference whether the water is navigable or not, the owner of the land adjoining or contiguous to the water will be entitled to the benefit of accretion, as incident or appertaining to his grant, because his lines binding on Jones’s Falls being the boundaries of his land, will run with and bind on the water, and so include the land made by accretion.
It is stated as part of the case, that the stream of Jones’s Falls was diverted by cutting a channel with the consent of the owners of the land on Jones’s Jails, in the year 1786, through which canal the waters have since flowed. .
It is also stated, that until the year 1786 the common tides flowed up Jones’s Falls to C D, marked on the plot, and that until 1786 boats frequently and regularly ascended Jones’s Falls to C D, but never went up higher.
It is also stated, that after the making of said canal the old bed of- the stream, between the points where it was intersected by the canal, was gradually filled up by the washing of the adjacent lands, by the persons under whom the defendant claims, and by the .improvements made in the neighbourhood, and that the bed of the river hath wholly disappeared.
The question is now to be considered—Whether the lessors of the plaintiff, .claiming under Alexander Z*awson, are *201entitled to the land to the middle bed of Jones’s Falls, from the lines of the land conveyed to Alexander Lawson binding on the Falls, or what part thereof?
I lay it down as a position indisputable, that Charles Carroll, by his two deeds to William Lyon and Alexander Lawson, transferred to them all his right and interest in the lands in controversy, with all the privileges and benefits appertaining to the same, and consequently nothing passed by his last deed under which the defendant claims.
The diverting the water by the canal cut in 1786, with the consent and approbation of the owners of the land on Jones’s Falls, could not diminish the interest which accrued to Alexander Lawson under his deed from Charles Carroll, nor could he be thereby deprived or divested of any right or privilege derived under it.
The gradual filling up of the Falls by the washings from the adjacent lands, would benefit JMWson by adding to his land binding on his side of the Falls.
The rights of Lawson could not be divested by the acts of those under whom the defendant claims, in filling up the Falls, such acts would operate beneficially to Lawson, and would not be allowed to interfere with his rights by alluvion.
The filling rip by the washings from the improvements in the neighbourhood, would be for the benefit of those holding the lands to the Falls, and must have been gradual and imperceptible, which is the precise and proper definition of accretion by alluvion.
Although Jones’s Falls was not navigable higher up than C D, after the year 1786, yet the stream remained, but was gradually filling up from the time the canal was cut, by the washings from the adjacent lands, the improvements made in the neighbourhood, and the acts of those under whom the defendant claims; all which causes operated for the benefit of all those who held lands on the Falls higher-up than the canal, and not for the exclusive benefit of the defendant, and those under whom he claims, who had only a common right, with the other owners on Jones’s Falls, to the accretion made from their respective shores.
It is not stated in the case what were the acts of the persons, under whom the defendant claims, which contributed to the filling up of the stream, nor the extent of those acts. The filling up of the stream must have been by the wasli*202iligs from the adjacent lands, and the improvements made in the neighbourhood, in which the acts of those under whom the defendant claims might be included.
If the court was warranted in presuming that the acts of those under whom the defendant claims were the depositing of earth and filth on tli'e shore of the Alls, within the limits of the deed to William Lyon, still they ’could not be entitled to accretion beyond the middle bed of the stream.
From the dates of the deeds to Lyon and Lawson, anno 1757, to the year 1786, the time of cutting the canal, Lyon and Lawson were entitled to the benefit of accretion by alluvion, a space of 29 years. The canal having been cut with the consent and approbation of all the owners of the lands on Jones's Falls, that act could not, and was not intended, to operate more to the advantage of one proprietoi than another, and no right previously acquired could be divested by it.
I am of opinion, whether the accretion was by alluvion, the recession of the water from the shores, or the deposit - nig of earth and rubbish in Jones's Falls, by the respective owners, or others, since the canal was cut, the legal effect is the same, and the plaintiff is entitled to recover ad medium, jilum aquse, or to the place where it has been ascertained on the plot to be. I do not think it is necessary to go into an inquiry into the rights of tlie King or the Proprietary. I have no doubt the King, by the charter to the Proprietary, granted all the rights he enjoyed within the limits of the charter, subject to such savings and exceptions as are contained therein, and that the Proprietary had a right to grant the land, covered by a navigable river, without interfering with or affecting the public or common right of user for the purposes of navigation and fishing, and that the grantee, the courses of whose grant bound on the river, could claim the laud, and would hold it, as the water receded from the land so granted, or the land was added to by alluvion, or depositing earth and rubbish on the shore, or in the water between the shore and the middle bed of flie river, by a stranger. I am also of opinion, that the State of Maryland is invested with all the rights within the boundaries of the charier as the King of Great Britain over did or could enjoy.
*20333ochavan', J.The first question arising from the facts. in this case is, Whether the property in the soil covered by the waters of public or navigable rivers, was vested in the Lord Proprietary by the charter of Maryland?
It is very certain that by the common law the right was in the King of England; and it seems equally clear to me, that he had the capacity to dispose of it sub modo* Whatever doubts are entertained on the subject, they probably have arisen from inattention to the distinction between the power of granting an exclusive privilege, in violation or restraint of a common piscarial right, or other common right, as that of navigation, and the power of graining^ the soil aqua coopería, subject to the common user. The. subject has, de communi jure, an interest in a navigable stream, ■such as a right of fishing and of navigating, which cannot be abridged or restrained by any charter or grant of the soil or fishery since magna charta at least.
But the property in the soil may be transferred by grant >—Hargrave's Law Tracts, 17, 22, 36, 37—subj^ ever, to the jus publicum, which cannot be prewlicaiPly the. jus privatum acquired under tlie grant. Tills IMtinction runs through all the books, and wherever gr^oj.s been field not to pass the soil, it was not because had not the capacity or right to grant it, but because -£h were not apt words in the grant tq, effect the purpoN * the case of the Attorney General vs. Sir Edward Farmer, in the Exchequer Chamber. 5 Bac. Ab. tit. Prerogative, 495. 2 Mod. 106. Sir T. Raym. 241. And it was there admitted, that the King might grant a part of his seas by express name—so a grant of incrementó inaritimu, will not pass lands that often happen to be relict by the sea, because that is not so properly maritimum incrementum; and besides, the soil itself under the water is actually the King’s, and cannot pass from him by sucli an uncertain grant as marítima incrementa, but it must pass a present interest—Harg. Law Tracts, 18. But in the same page it is said, that if the King will grant land adjacent to the sea, together with a thousand acres of land covered by the waters of the sea, as usual of the same land, &c. adjacent, such a grant as may be penned will pass the soil itself, and if there shall be a recess of the sea leaving such a quantify of land, it will belong to the grantee.. And it will be found, on examination, that the right of the King to grant *204the soil sub modo, has never been denied; the question, whether the soil passed or not, being always made to dePen(l on the construction of the grant, arising from the particular expression used.
The 4th section of the charter to Lord Baltimore, has these words—“Also we do grant, and likewise confirm, unto the said Baron of Baltimore, his heirs and assigns, all islands and islets within the limits aforesaid, and all and singular the islands and islets from the eastern shore of the aforesaid region, towards the east, which have been, or shall be, found in the sea, situate within ten marine leagues from the said shore; with all and singular the ports, harbours, bays, rivers and straights, belonging to the region or islands aforesaid, and all and singular the soil, plains, woods, mountains, marshes, lakes, riyers, bays and straights, situate or being within the metes, bounds, and limits aforesaid, with the fishings of every kind of fish,” &c. with a saving in the 16th section to the King, and his successors, and to all the subjects of the Kingdoms of England and Ireland, of the liberty of fishing for sea fish, &c. The language of the 4th section of this instrument is too plain and explicit to admit of any doubt, and is strengthened, rather than weakened, by the saving in the 16th section, and clearly passed the property in the soil, covered by any of the waters within the limits of the charter, to the Lord Proprietary; who, thus become owner, of the soil, subject to the common right of fishing and of navigation, had full power and authority to dispose of it. By his grant of the 1st of June 1700, of the tract of- land called Todd’s Range, which appears to have been a resurvey on Cole’s Harbour, all the land covered by the water of Jones’s Falls, which is included within the lines of the grant, passed to James Todd, the grantee, subject to the same public easements; there being no doubt, that where the lines of a grant include a stream, the soil covered with water makes a part of the grant, and passes with the rest, without being described as land aqua cooperta; and was held by Charles Carroll, charged with the same jus publicum. The question remaining to be examined is, whether William Lyon, and Alexander Lawson, under their several deeds from Charles Carroll, took ad jilum medium aquse, or were respectively restricted to the margin .of the river, leaving the. title tp the bed of the stream ip Charles Can-*205roll? For, with great deference for the opinion of the chief judge, it seems to me, that unless the right of property in the soil, to the middle of the stream, vested in them under and in virtue of their respective deeds, there is no other ground on which they, or those claiming under them, can be entitled to it; for if it did not pass from Charles Carroll, by his deed, the right of property still remained in him. And if an island had arisen in the river, it would have belonged to him; or if the -bed of the river had been left bare, by a sudden recess of the water, as the jus publicum would thereby necessarily have been destroyed, the relicted land would have remained his, and would not have appertained to those who held the adjoining lands on either side. And upon the same principle, eo instanti that the stream was diverted from its original course in the year 1786, by digging the canal, the soil of the uncovered bed, the right of property of which he had never parted from, would have been thrown upon him, unaffected by a public right, the usufruct having ceased, and no subsequent filling up, or other change in the surface of the locus in quo, by natural and artificial means, or either, could have the effect to deprive him of his right of property in the soil. I think, therefore, that the law in relation to the right of alluvion is not applicable to the facts in this case, and that Lyon and Lawson were either entitled to the relicted soil, when the water was- first diverted, or not at all.
By the common law, the proprietors of estates bounded by rivers not navigable, or, a$ they are often called, private rivers, not only haye the right of fishing, but the property in the soil itself, ad filum medium aquee; Harg. Lem Tracts, 5. 5 Bac. Lb, tit. Prerogative, 494; because, as it is said, they are presumed to have been distributed out, and appropriated as other lands, And sometimes by prescription, it is the same as to public rivers, as in the case of tire river Severn. This is a rule of property in England, and I hold it to be eqpally the law of this state.
It seems to be admitted, that as the lands conveyed by Carroll to William Lyon and Alexander Lawson, are described in the deeds as bounding upon Jones’s Falls, if that had been a private river, they would have been entitled to hold to the middle of the stream; and, if I am right in supposing that the property in the soil was Carroll’s, subject *206only to the common user, I cannot perceive, why Jone.fi> Falls, when the bed had become private property, should not be subject, sub modo, to the same rules (as to the right to the soil,) that prevail in relation to private rivers, which aré private property. In many respects the same rules do prevail. If one has an estate, through which a private river runs, and an island should arise in the river, it will belong to him; so, if he has the property in tkg soil of a public river, and an island springs up, it will equally beloag to him. Again, if in the case of a private river-, the bed is. left bare by a sudden recess of. the water, the relicted land remains the property of the former owner; and so, if one had the property in the soil of a public river, and the bed. is left bare by a sudden recess of the water, the relicted land will remain his; because in each case the property in the soil.is in him. ’ And for the same reason all islands', relicted land, and other increase arising in navigableriver3, belong, in England, to the King, here to the State, where the property in the soil has not been appropriated; but where, it has become private property, either'by grantor prescrip» lion, the same rules do or f should; apply tp it that govern other private property of the same nature. It is subject to the same law of descents, and liable to be transferred by the same mode and form of conveyance, and is subject to none of the rules applicable to lands not granted or distributed out. If therefore, where a man haying an estate through which a private river runs, conveys away his land lying on one side of the stream, and describes it as bounding on the river, the purchaser will, by operation of law, hold to the middle, it would seem, by parity of. reason, that if the same man, having an estate through which, a public river runs, the soil of the bed of which makes V part of his estate, as in the case of a private river, conveys away the land lying on one side, and makes’ they river the boundary, the purchaser would, by the same-, operation of law, he entitled to hold, in respect of the right of soil, to the middle of the stream. For why in one case more than the other, should the purchaser be restricted to the margin of the stream, the river acting equally as a boundary in both cases, &c. and the public easement being in no manner disturbed. In both cases the soil is the private property of the seller, and the same reason applies as well to one as the other, whether he acquire *207cd liis title by grant, or holds it under the fiction that it was Originally distributed out to him. And if in the latter •case, the purchaser would not he entitled to hold in respect of the soil to the middle of the river, neither should he he in the former. But the cases put may be more nearly assimilated, by supposing that in the case of the private river, the exclusive right of fishing had been before granted to another, so that the seller would hate nothing but . the property in the soil in either, subject to an exclusive right ■of fishing in the. one case, in another, and to a common of fishery in the other case. On what principle it is, that the riparian 'proprietors ate held to have the property in the soil, to the middle of a private river, is not material. Whether the law assigns it as a specific limitation to their respective ownerships, because that 'streams, being in their nature unstable, the limits of estátes depending upon them, would, if confined to the margins, be.unsettled; or that the yiver acts as a boundary between them, and that, therefore, they are earned to the ideal line that is supposed equally to divide the stream. But admit, the rile, and it •applies with equal reason and policy to public or navigable •rivers, the beds of which hav^ beerh granted out and become private property. t For it cannot be imagined, that tie seller when he uses the same words of description, intends in the one case more than the other, to restrict the purchaser to the margin of the stream. All the lands in this state have not been distributed or granted out to the citizens as they are supposed to have been in England; but unnavigable rivers, and lands not patented, are as “much the property of the state, as public rivers in England are the property of the King. And if the state grants a tract of land, bounding on an unnavigable river, I hold the rule before alluded to, to apply, and that the grantee will be entitled to the soil to the middle of the stream. And applying the same rule to this case, I think that Alexander .'Lawson, under his deed from Charles Carroll, was entitled to hold to fee middle of Jones's Falls, and agree with the chief judge that the appellant is entitled to recover the land which forms the subject of this suit.
Johnson ;and Martin, J. concurred in this opinion. Earle, J.By the agreement of the parties, the statement of facts in this case has undergone a considerable al*208teratlon since it was argued; As it is now understood b^ me, there is no question of alluvion to be decided by this court, there having been a complete diversion of the waters of the Falls by the cutting of the canal in the year 1786, which laid the bed of the river as effectually bare as-if its waters had been suddenly withdrawn by natural-means. The point then is, to whom did the' soil of the' river belong at the time of the desertion of its waters; or which is the same thing, did the soil of the river pass by the deed of 1787 from Carroll to Lyon, and from Carroll to Lawson, which it is admitted did not in express terms comprise it within their lines? The Falls is conceded to have been a navigable river, and the position is not now to* be - disputed, that it was granted by the Lord Proprietary to Todd, under whom Carroll claimed as a part of Todd's Tange, subject nevertheless to a right common to all persons to navigate and fish its waters.
It may be considered a settled rule of the common law, that private rivers, wherein the tide does not ebb and flow, and which are not navigable, belong to the owners of the adjoining lands on each side, who, as a consequence of the ownership of the soil, have the exclusive right of fishing therein, ad filum medium aquse. This principle proceeds on the ground of a legal fiction, that all the property of the Kingdom was originally in the King as universal occupant, and that the soil of such rivers has been distributed out by him among his subjects. 5 Bao. Jib. 495. Tt is a principle based on the soundest policy. Its purpose is to assign a particular proprietor to every thing capable of ownership, leaving as little as may be in common, to be the source of contention and strife. . 2 Blh. Com. 261, It is the common law effect of a grant of land thus situated; that is to say, land adjoining to private rivers, from one individual to another, to carry with it this right of soil and fishing; and to its complete transfer, a particular description is not necessary, nor even the mention of the right. Like other common law rights, it is, however, liable to be controled by special custom or grant-. Tlarg. Law Tracts, s. 5. The soil of the bed of a private river may belong to one person, and the adjoining lands to another; and it is not perceived why they may not exist, as separate rights at the same -time in the same person; why the owner by special custom of the soil of a private river, may. not become the owner of the *209adjacent lands, without his special right becoming extinct, and merging in the riparian right? The utmost diligence of research has not discovered to me a single case in which such separate rights have become thus united.
How far this common law doctrine in relation to private rivers, is applicable to unnavigable waters, of fresh water streams, in this state, has never been decided by our courts of justice; yet Í am not at all disposed at present to question its applicability. Certain it is, that neither in Great■ Britain nor here, can the principle be applied to arms of the sea, or navigable rivers, in which the tide flows' and re-flows, and in which a right exists of fishing- and navigating common to all, so long as the King, or the public, have a property in those rivers. Be, commani jure, the right of navigable rivers, and arms of the sea, belongs to the King, and he hath the property in the soil thereof, having never-distributed them out to bis subjects, and his subjects can never have any claim thereon except by alluvion; and asta waters of this description, in this state, the Lord Proprietary is to be considered, under the charter of Maryland, to have been in the place of the King. This right of property in navigable rivers, and arms of the sea, exists in the King,- and existed here in the Lord Proprietary, without any reference to the Ownership of tile adjoining lands; and no person can doubt, that a grant by the one,- or the other, of lands bordering on navigable rivers, would not have had the effect to carry with it any part of the soil covered by its waters—■ And the reason .is plain; because the common law principle, of which I have been speaking,- has no application to rivers that are navigable, and such as of common right, as easements, belong to all; and because such operation of the grant would have been in derogation of two known rules of .the common law, which are, that the soil of a public or navigable river can never be presumed to be in a private person; and the King can never grant a part of his seas without positive and appropriate expressions to pass the right.
If the Lord Proprietary had then granted to Todd the tract called Todd’s Range, describing a part of it to lay on the north side of the Falls, and part of it on the south side of that water, and binding the same on the margin on each side, the bed of the river would not have been conveyed to Mm. by the grant, it not being a private river, and the rule *210of the common law, so often mentioned, not applying {& the subject. Had this been the manner of the grant, the soil of the river would have been retained by the Proprietary, and in 1 £86, when it was forsaken by its waters, the Lulls would have been the property of the public. But the patent of Todd’s Hangs was not so. worded, and was made to include within its lines the bed of the river, as well as the land on its banks, and the grantee took the same in virtue of the concessions of the grant, and so holding the-right, transmitted it to Carroll. What then was Carroll’s rights in 1757, when he conveyed to Lyon and Lawson? For such as were then attached to the land conveyed, he •transferred to them, and he could transfer none other. He occupied exactly the place of the Lord Proprietary, before he granted to Todd; and if the Proprietary would have retained the bed of the river by limiting the lines of the grant to run with its margin on each side, which I have before endeavoured to demonstrate, the deeds in question have precisely the same operation, and consequently the soil of the river was not passed away by Carroll in the year 1757. His right to the bed of this navigable river was derived to him by grant, and not being a right derived to him from his ownership of the adjoining lands, which is admitted, where it applies, to be a substantial rule of property, it could not have been the common law effect of his deeds, to transfer the soil of the river covered with water, by conveying away the adjoining lands on each side of it. Having no riparian right to the bed of the river, he could not impliedly convey such to Lyon and Lawson, and in consequence the soil of the river appears to me to have been retained by him, and to have been as much his, as, if subsequently to the year 1757* he had obtained his first grant of it from the Proprietary. In my judgment Carroll had the same right, after the deeds of 1757, to the soil of the river, as he would have had to the middle tract of three adjoining tracts of land, after he had conveyed away the tract on each side of it, binding the lines of the conveyances on the middle tract. The argument urged by the appellant’s counsel, that the soil of the river passed as an appertenant to the lands conveyed by the deeds, has no weight with me. I cannot think, that the grant in fee of one soil, can. carry with it, as a mere appertenant, an estate of inheritance m another soil adjoining to it. '
*211Such are the views I have taken of this subject, and so strongly am I impressed with the propriety of them, that I cannot concur in the opinion of the court pronounced in this case. It appears to me the appellant has no title to the land for which he has prosecuted this ejectment in the court below, and therefore I think that the judgment of the subordinate tribunal ought to be affirmed.
JUDGMENT R.EVEB,SEP, &C,