dissenting:
I dissent from the judgment and opinion of the court upon several points, which, in my opinion, are of sufficient importance to demand a full statement.
As to the proposition that this court has no power upon certiorari to inquire into or to correct any error of an inferior tribunal, unless it involves an excess of jurisdiction, I fully agree with my associates, but as to what constitutes an excess of jurisdiction, and as to how such excess of juris*180diction maybe shown in this, proceeding, there is a wide difference of opinion between us. '
If I understand the effect of the opinion of the court, interpreted as it must be, in the light of the facts of this case, it is henceforth the law of Nevada that any inferior judicial tribunal may exceed its jurisdiction with impunity, if it takes care to keep out of the record of its proceedings those matters which will show the excess of jurisdiction. And it is held, in effect, if not in éxpress terms, that when the powers of such inferior tribunal have been “regularly set in motion' ” by the presentation of a charge of which it has jurisdiction, it may thereafter proceed to try, convict and punish the person accused for an offense of which it has no jurisdiction. And no matter how clearly the subsequent proceedings may show that the charge by which the powers of the court were “set in motion” was completely ignored in the judgment finally rendered, and the accused convicted of another offense entirely beyond the jurisdiction of the court, we can never know that there has been any excess of jurisdiction. If we can see that there was a good charge made of an offense within the jurisdiction of the court, and if the sentence of the court is such as might have been imposed upon a conviction of that offense, we must close our eyes to everything beyond, even to the plain construction of the written findings of the court, showing that the accused was not convicted of the offense charged, but was convicted of something else; convicted, in fact, as in this case, of something which is no offense at all. I shall endeavor to show that upon such theories alone can the conclusions of the court be upheld.
The petitioner Sweeney was charged with a contempt of court in violating the decree and injunction in the case of Phillips v. Welch, to which he was a party defendant. He was charged with doing two things which were supposed to be forbidden by the decree and injunction: First. With diverting more water than he was entitled to divert; Second. With using that water in a mode forbidden by the decree; that is to say, he was accused of conveying the water permanently away from the stream, in pipes, and selling it to *181customers in Carson city instead of using it to irrigate his land, through which the stream flows.
The first of these charges is the one dealt with exclusively in the opinion of the court, and it is there held that it was a sufficient charge to give the court jurisdiction to proceed with the trial of the petitioner. Here, again, I am in thorough accord with the majority opinion. I fully agree that the court had jurisdiction to try Sweeney on that charge, and if he had been convicted and fined for an excessive diversion of water, I should have joined with the court in saying that the writ of certiorari afforded him no remedy, no matter how erroneous his conviction might have been. JBut the fact happens to be, and it is shown by the record in the case, that Sweeney was acquitted of any excessive diversion of water, and was convicted only on the other charge of diverting water to Carson.
At the close of the testimony for the prosecution the district judge decided and announced his opinion in open court that Sweeney had not diverted more water than was awarded to him by the decree, and that the only question was as to whether his diversion of water to Carson city for sale was a violation of the decree. Having held this question under advisement for some days, he filed his written findings and judgment convicting Sweeney of contempt and fining him therefor. The respondent contends that those findings show that Sweeney ivas convicted on both charges, and that we cannot consider the oral decision of the court that Sweeney was not guilty of the first.
As to the proper construction of the written findings of the court — the material portions of which are quoted in the opinion of the chief justice; — all that is there said is: “Prom this order we are left to infer that the defendant, Sweeney, did use the waters of said stream in excess of the quantity allowed him by the decree.” We are, indeed, “left to infer” that Sweeney was found guilty of excessive diversion of the waters of the stream, and we are left to infer it without any valid grounds for such an inference. But it is upon this inference, and the assumption that we must utterly ignore the oral decision of the district judge *182expressly acquitting Sweeney of any excessive diversion of water, that the judgment of the court is made to stand. It will be my endeavor to show that neither the inference nor the assumption is sustainable. And if I shall fail to show that the written decision of the court, standing by itself, acquits Sweeney of excessive diversion of water, and if I also fail to show that his oral decision may be considered in this proceeding, I shall still insist that, although the written decision of the court may not be an acquittal on the charge of excessive diversion, it clearly is a conviction on the charge of forbidden use, and, consequently, that it shows that Sweeney was tried, convicted and fined — in part, at least — for an act which was not in violation of any lawful order of the court, and which, therefore, constituted no offense -which the court had jurisdiction to try by the summary and arbitrary process of attachment for contempt.
Before entering upon a discussion of these points, however, it will be well to mention the manner in which the record of this case, whatever is the record, has been brought before us.
The petitioner, shortly after his conviction in the district court, appealed from the judgment, and in support of his appeal prepared a statement of the case, which was filed in this court in connection with the record of the affidavit, attachment, answer of the defendant, findings of the court, etc. The statement was not settled by the court in the form of a bill of exceptions, but was agreed to by the counsel for the prosecution and defense. It is in that statement so settled that the fact is made to appear that the district judge at the close of the testimony for the prosecution declared Sweeney not guilty on the charge of excessive diversion of water. The appeal in which that statement was brought up having been dismissed for -want of jurisdiction in this court to entertain it (11 Nev. 187), this proceeding was commenced, and, by stipulation between the respondent and petitioner, it was agreed that, instead of a regular return to the writ of certiorari, the transcript prepared for the purposes of the appeal should be deemed and treated as a return to the writ, so far as its contents might be proper *183to be considered if regularly returned. According to my construction of this stipulation we are entitled to look at everything in the transcript before us which we might have ordered to be returned to the writ, and which will enable us to decide whether the district court has exceeded its jurisdiction.
In the case of Whitney v. Board of Delegates (14 Cal. 500), which was approved by this court in the State v. Commissioners of Washoe (5 Nev. 318), it was decided that the writ of certiorari brings up everything necessary to determine the question of jurisdiction, not only that which is technically record, but everything in the nature of record, including the evidence in regard to jurisdictional facts where their existence is in question. (See People v. Goodwin, 1 Selden, 572.) These cases establish the general principle, but the decision in Blair v. Hamilton (32 Cal. 52) is so aptly in point that I quote: “It is first insisted, on the part of the defendant, that in passing upon the question before us no resort can be had to the finding of facts, upon the ground that the same constitutes no part of the record, for the reason that it was not prepared and filed until the next term of the court, at which time, as is claimed, the court had lost all jurisdiction of the case. If the finding be disregarded the result would be the same, as will presently appear; but were it at all necessary that we should be put in possession of the facts in view of which the court below acted, and which are not technically of record, it would be competent for this court to require the court below to certify such facts in its return to the writ. In many cases jurisdictional facts may not appear of record, either by failure of the inferior court or officer to follow the requirements of the law and make them of record, or because the law itself does not require it to be done. In such cases this court, and all other courts having jurisdiction to review and correct the proceedings of inferior courts, would be powerless unless it can compel the inferior tribunal -to certify to this court not only what is technically denominated the record, but such facts, or the evidence of them, as may be necessary to determine whatever questions *184as to the jurisdiction of the inferior tribunal may be involved, and the grossest abuses of power, to the great reproach of the law, might be perpetrated with impunity and without the ptossibility of a remedy. ”
The language which I have italicized points out the absurdity of the position that a court which has power to correct excesses of jurisdiction of inferior tribunals may be utterly deprived of the means of affording any redress by the neglect or willful misconduct of the inferior court in failing, or purposely omitting, to put upon record the matters by which its excess of jurisdiction may be shown. Section 443 of our practice act is identical with section 453 of the California practice act, by virtue of which it was held, in the case just referred to, that the supremo court could compel'a full return of everything necessary to determine the question of jurisdiction. I say, therefore, assuming the correctness of that decision, that in this case, if the decision of Judge Wright, orally announced at the close of the testimony for the prosecution, that Sweeney was not guilty of any excessive diversion of water, will enable us to say that the district court exceeded its jurisdiction in the proceeding under review, then we could have compelled a return of that decision to our writ of certiorari; and if we could have compelled a return of it, then I say that under the stipulation of these parties it may be considered in this case. I hope to be able to make it clear that the acquittal of Sweeney on the first charge necessarily convicts the district court of an excess of jurisdiction, because it will follow that he can only have been found guilty on the second charge, unless we are to adopt the respondent’s construction of the written findings afterward filed, and hold, with him, that the district judge, after having induced Sweeney to believe that he would find in his favor on the only issue of fact in the case, and to abstain from introducing rebutting testimony, was guilty of the gross outrage of afterward changing his decision without giving the petitioner any opportunity of introducing his evidence. I should be very unwilling to conclude that the district judge had been guilty of such conduct, and I fail to see that the *185written findings put liim in the position to which the argument of respondent would consign him. But if I were forced to conclude that he had done what respondent says he has done, I should still say that he had exceeded his jurisdiction in another particular.
The district court ivas bound to hear the witnesses for the defense. (Comp. Laws, 1528.) To have refused to do so would not only have been a gross outrage upon propriety and decency, but would have been a departure from the forms prescribed by law, and therefore an excess of jurisdiction; for a court which is limited to one mode of procedure has no authority to proceed by a different mode. This explains the meaning of the language of the statute: “has regularly pursued the authority,” etc. (Comp. Laws, 1503.) (People ex rel. Seward v. The Judges of the County of Dutchess, 23 Wend. 362.) Then, if the district court would have exceeded its j urisdiction by arbitrarily refusing to hear Sweeney’s Avitnesses, hoAv much better would the case stand if, after deluding him into sending away his Avitnesses unsworn, by pretending to acquit him on the first charge, the court had afterward found him guilty on that charge? The distinction between the íavo cases would scarcely have amounted to a difference. But, in truth, the district judge never did convict Siveeney of diverting more water than he Avas entitled to divert, and an inspection of his written findings Avill sIioav the truth of this statement. Before entering upon that inquiry, however, it will be convenient to ascertain the proper construction of the decree and injunction in the case of Phillips v. Welch, and to determine what acts would be violative thereof.
The affidavit upon which SAveeney Avas attached sets out the findings of fact, conclusions of laAv and decree and injunction in that case, from Avhich it appears that the suit was brought to enjoin the defendant and others, (including Sweeney) from diverting the Avaler of King’s Canon creek above the land of plaintiff, through Avhich it flows in its natural channel. The nature of the litigation and the issues determined Avill sufficiently appear from those portions of the findings and decree Avhich relate to the rights of Phillips *186and Sweeney. It was found that the stream flows in its natural channel through the lands of the several parties to the suit, and that certain proportions'of the water are necessary to them for irrigating their land,, watering their stock, and for household and domestic purposes. To Phillips, it was found that thirty-one one-hundredths of the stream are necessary, and to Sweeney' sixteen one-hundredths. It was found that the grantors of Phillips had appropriated thirty-one one-hundredtlis of the stream for the purposes specified. As to whether Sweeney or his grantors had made any appropriation, the findings are silent; but the conclusion of the court as to his rights, respecting the use of the water allotted to him, is expressed in the samé language as that with respect to the rights of Phillips. The finding as to Sweeney is as follows: “That the defendant,'.E. D. Sweeney, is the owner in fee of the land described in his answer, part of which is agricultural and farming land; that the waters of said creek flow in the natural channel through said land; that a portion thereof, to wit, sixteen one-hundredth parts of all the water customarily flowing, in said stream, is necessary for the irrigation of said land and the crops grown thereon, and for watering the stock, and for the domestic purposes of the defendant; and that the defendant, E. D. Sweeney, in connection with said land, is the owner of an usufruct in and is entitled to use sixteen one-hundredth parts of all the water customarily flowing in said stream for said purposes.” By similar findings the whole stream is parceled out in various proportions to the several parties. The conclusion as to the rights of Phillips and Sweeney are as follows: “That the plaintiff, H. P. Phillips, is entitled to have and recover from all of the defendants and each of them, and to have a decree for thirty-one one-liundredth parts of all the water customarily flowing in said stream, and for the use of the same for the irrigation of his said land and crops, and for his stock and domestic purposes.
“That the defendant, E. D. Sweeney, is entitled to recover against the plaintiff and from each of the other defendants judgment and decree for sixteen one-hundredth parts of all the water customarily flowing in said stream, *187and for the use of the same in connection with his said land for irrigation and for stock and domestic purposes.”
The decree follows these findings and conclusions. It declares the rights of the respective parties, and merely enjoins each of them from diverting any portion of the water allotted to the others, or otherwise depriving them of the use of the same for irrigation, stock and domestic purposes. In other words, the only thing the petitioner, Sweeney, was forbidden to do by the express terms of the decree and injunction was to divert or consume more than sixteen-hundredths of the stream; and the question which in the opinion of the district court was the only one to be decided, and which I now propose to examine, is, whether it was a contempt of court in the petitioner to bring his share of the water to Carson and sell it, instead of using it on and in connection with his land.
It is res adjudícala in this case that Sweeney’s offense, if any, is a criminal offense, (11 Nev. 187). In Maxwell v. Rives, (11 Nev. 221) we decided that “the statute concerning contempts is a penal statute, and must be strictly construed in favor of those accused of violating its prohibitions.”
Upon the same principle it must be held that when a man is criminally prosecuted for violating an order of court, the order must be strictly construed in his favor. It stands in the same relation to the act complained of that the penal statutes bear to ordinary offenses. It is of no greater dignity than the laws of the land and deserves no peculiar favor. The presumptions in favor of innocence and the liberty of'the citizen weigh just as strongly against it as they do against an act of the legislature. When a man is criminally charged for doing an act in violation of law, a law must be shown which distinc'Jy forbids the act complained of, and its express terms will not be aided by doubtful implications in order, by construction, to make that a crime which is not plainly declared to be so. Applying this rule to the decree in Phillips v. Welch, it seems clear to my mind that the parties to that action were forbidden to do but one thing; they were only forbidden to con*188sume more than their share of the water, and they could be guilty of contempt in no other way than by violating that injunction.
This certainly is the full extent of the injunction if we look only to its express terms. But counsel for respondent contend that the finding and decree of the court that Sweeney ivas, “in connection Avith his laud,” the owner of and entitled to use for irrigation, etc., so much Avater, A?as an implied prohibition of any other use. But surely it vvill not be contended that any such prohibition is necessarily to be implied from the terms of the findings, and'if not it certainly cannot be made the ground of a criminal charge. To my mind, however, no such implication is even remotely deducible from the language of the decree. The fact that it parcels out the stream among half a dozen riparian proprietors, giving them the right to consume it entirely for irrigation; the fact that Sweeney is decreed to have exactly the same rights Avith respect to his sixteen-hundredths that Phillips has to his tliirty-one-hundredths, and that it is found that the grantors of Phillips appropriated that amount of water; and the fact that there is no good authority for holding that Siveeney, as a mere riparian proprietor, could have the right to consume nearly a sixth part of the stream for irrigation, is proof conclusive, to my mind, that the decree is, in effect, a finding that Sweeney’s right was acquired by appropriation. The absence of a specific finding to that effect counts for nothing, for, as has often been decided in this court, the facts will be presumed, in the absence of any shoAviug to the contrary, to be such as Avill sustain the conclusions of the court. If, tiren, it is a fact that SAveeney’s right, as established by the decree, is a right founded upon appropriation or user, the law is well settled that he may change the use at his pleasure. So long as he consumes no more water than he has been accustomed to consume, those Avho are beloAv him on the stream have no right to complain of any change in the mode of consumption, for the reason that they are not injured thereby. (Angell on Water Courses, secs. 227, 228, 149, a et seq.) Besides, that part of the decree here referred to is *189merely an affirmative declaration of Sweeney’s rights. In declaring that he has one right it does not deny him all other rights. When it says that Sweeney has a right to irrigate, it does not thereby declare that Phillips has a right that he shall do nothing but irrigate. The rights of Phillips are expressly declared in another portion of the decree, and the truth seems to be that the necessary implication from the finding in favor of Sweeney is that he has the right of all appropriates of water, to change the mode of use as often as he pleases, provided he does not thereby diminish the quantity or deteriorate the quality of the water flowing to those below him. The good sense of this rule seems to be obvious. But counsel argue that the change of use in this case is an injury to Phillips, because if Sweeney used his water on his land he might not consume it all, and then it would flow back into the stream and down to the land of Phillips; and also that if Sweeney kept his land wet Phillips’ land would get some advantage from percolation and absorption. It is a sufficient answer to this to say that Phillips has no right independent of the decree to such incidental advantages as depend upon Sweeney’s volition. If Sweeney has the right to consume a certain quantity of water Phillips has no right to any part of it, although he might actually get it if Sweeney was compelled by circumstances or should choose to let it flow by him. Moreover, if it is a fact that it would be an advantage to Phillips if Sweeney used his water on his land, such fact is not established by the decree, and neither this court nor the district court is authorized to assume it. The right of Phillips that he should so use it, if any such exists, is not sanctioned by the injunction, and we are not authorized ex post facto to enlarge the terms of the injunction for the purpose of trapping Sweeney into a crime. The mere fact that Phillips may have been damaged does not convict Sweeney of contempt. To be a contempt the injury must have been caused by a forbidden act.
Assuming, then, that Sweeney has never been prohibited by any lawful order of court from selling his sixteen-hunr dredths of the stream in Carson city, how does the case *190stand? He is accused in the affidavit of two acts alleged to be contempts of court, of excessive diversion and of diversion to Carson city. One of these acts is in violation of the order of the court, and the other is not. One it has authority to punish; the other it has no authority to punish. Suppose, then, it has tried both charges together, found the defendant guilty generally and imposed a lumping fine, how can it ever be ascertained what part of the fine was apportioned to the innocent, and what part to the guilty act? And if the court, along with the case which it had authority to try, has tried another case beyond its jurisdiction, and has blended the two proceedings together so that they cannot possibly be disentangled, can it be said that the jurisdiction of the court has not been exceeded? It seems to my mind clear that in such a case, the fact clearly appearing that there has been an excess of jurisdiction, the whole proceeding must fall together. This is the result that follows from the position of respondent: That we can look at nothing but the findings of the court, and that they show a conviction of Sweeney on both charges. But the findings of the court do not convict him on both charges. They are quoted in the opinion of the chief justice.
No. 1 finds that Sweeney was diverting from the stream and conducting to Carson about forty inches of water; but there is no finding — and there can be no presumption or intendment in aid of a special verdict in a criminal case (and that is what these findings are) — that forty inches are sixteen-hundredths of the stream.
No. 2 amounts at most to this: That at the time of the decree Sweeney had no right to the water which he was conveying to Carson. Suppose he had no right to that water, what was to prevent him from doing what he afterward did, take the water he was entitled to for irrigation and bring that to Carson?
No. 3 finds that Phillips was deprived of water and thereby injured. But if Sweeney was not taking more than he was entitled to, then it was not by Sweeney but by some one else that Phillips was injured.
No. 4 finds that while Sweeny was diverting water to *191Carson the land, in connection with which the water had been awarded to him, was leased to Authers by a lease containing no reservation of the water. It is upon this finding that the whole argument of the respondent is built, and it is briefly this: The effect of the decree was to declare or to make the water parcel of, or appurtenant to, the land, and a lease without reservation of the water carried the water with it, and left Sweeney no right to any portion of the water, so that any diversion by him was an excessive diversion. This argument has been already partially answered. The decree does not, and could not, make sixteen-hundredths of the stream parcel of or appurtenant to the laud. The right of a riparian proprietor to have a running stream flow as it has been accustomed to flow, and to use the water for domestic purposes and for watering stock, is parcel of the land, and' passes by a conveyance of the land unless expressly reserved. This may be true, also, of that portion of a stream which has been appropriated for irrigating land, if the conveyance is made while that use of the water is continued. But, as has been shown, a person who appropriates water for one use may change the use at pleasure. If he takes it in the first place for irrigation, he may, if he finds it to his advantage, conduct it away in pipes and sell it; and if he does so change the use, and afterwards conveys the land, the water so appropriated does not pass with the land any more than a house would pass with the land because it had once stood on it, if it had been removed before the land was sold. The owner of land may, while he is the owner, remove from it not only those things that have been added to it by the hands of man, but even the substance of the soil, and a grantee of the land will take only what is left on the land at the date of the sale. Say then that the sixteen-hundredths of the water of the stream had been annexed to Sweeney’s land by an act of appropriation (by which means alone they could have been so annexed), there is nothing in the findings to show that before he leased to Authers he had not changed the use; there is nothing to show that he had not Authers’ license to use a part of the water belonging to the land, if it did *192still belong to it; ancl there is nothing to show that he and Authers together used as much as sixteen-hundredths of the stream.
No. 5 shows that another parcel of land, of which Sweeney had acquired title after the decree, was being occupied and cultivated, and all the water awarded to it in the decree used in connection with it. This finding that all the water awarded to the Quill ranch was being used to irrigate it, stands in significant contrast to the finding that Sweeney’s tenant, Authers, was using some water on the Sweeney ranch, and proves that the court no more intended to find than it did actually find that Sweeney and Authers together were using more water than had been allotted to Sweeney.
I repeat, therefore, that the findings of the court, construed as a special verdict in a criminal case should be construed, do not establish facts from which it can be inferred that Sweeney diverted a drop more of the water of the stream than he had a right to divert. They are perfectly consistent with the oral decision that he was innocent of that charge.
It is constantly assumed throughout the opinion of the court that it is necessary to resort to the evidence in the case to retry it on its merits, to convert the writ of review into a writ of error in order to be able to see that Sweeney was not convicted of excessive diversion of water, and was convicted and fined for diverting water to Oarson. I believe I have sufficiently shown that an examination of what is conceded on all sides to be a part of the record in the case— that is, the written findings of the court — will show that Sweeney was acquitted on the first and convicted only on the second charge. I believe, moreover, that I have shown by the authority of a case directly in point that the oral decision of the court is properly a part of the record before us, under the stipulation of the parties, and that it clearly expresses what is alone inferrable from the written findings.
Assuming it to have been shown that Sweeney’s diversion of his share of the water to Carson was no violation of the *193decree or injunction, and that he was tried and convicted of that charge and no other, I shall proceed to inquire whether the district court, in so trying and convicting him, exceeded its jurisdiction.
There ought to be no doubt or question, it seems to me, that a court, however extensive or general its jurisdiction in other respects, is, with respect to its power to punish for contempts, of special and strictly limited jurisdiction. The process is summary. There is no right to a jury trial, and there is no appeal. Necessity alone can justify the conferring of such arbitrary power upon any tribunal, and the extent of the power is accordingly limited by the extent of the necessity. Every court has power, by summary process, to punish contempts of its authority; but if it punishes by that process an act which is not a contempt, it exceeds its jurisdiction. Whenever a charge of contempt is laid before a court, it must compare the facts alleged with the law, or the order which defines the contempt, and decide in limine whether they constitute a violation of such law or order. If they do, the court has jurisdiction to proceed, and an error in deciding any question of law that may incidentally arise in the course of the trial, or in finding the person accused guilty on insufficient evidence, or against the weight of evidence, will be an error merely, and not an excess of jurisdiction. But if the facts alleged do not constitute a con-, tempt, the court has no jurisdiction to proceed, and if it erroneously decides that a contempt has been charged, and does proceed with the case, the error in deciding that a case has been presented within its jurisdiction is not merely an error, it is an error that involves an excess of jurisdiction. Every excess of jurisdiction is an error, though every error is not an excess of jurisdiction. This is a distinction which, it seems to me, has been too little attended to in the opinion of the court, where it is in effect held that, the district court being obliged to decide whether the facts found constituted a breach of its order, an erroneous decision on that point was an error merely, and not an excess of jurisdiction.
The case of Batchelder v. Moore (42 Cal. 415), establishes the principle for which I am contending: “If there be no *194affidavit presented, there is nothing to set the power of the court in motion; and if the affidavit, as presented, be one which, upon its face, fails to state the substantive facts which, in point of law, do or might constitute a contempt on the part of the accused, the same result must follow,” etc. The authority and correctness of that decision are conceded in the opinion of the court, and it is greatly relied on as sustaining the conclusions reached in this case. I think that, so far as it goes, it is directly against those conclusions. If Sweeney had been charged with nothing but a diversion of water to Carson city in the affidavit, and if that was not a violation of the decree, then, according to Batchelder v. Moore, the court would have had no jurisdiction to try him. So much, at least, it establishes. But it is said Sweeney was charged with substantive facts (the diversion of too much water) which were sufficient to set the power of the court in motion, and, therefore, the decision in Batchelder v. Moore shows that it had jurisdiction to proceed. I do not see .that that decision establishes anything of the sort. It decides that one thing is an excess of jurisdiction, but it does not decide that nothing else can be. To say that a court exceeds its jurisdiction in trying a man for contempt, when no contempt has been charged, does not imply that if a contempt is charged a court may not exceed its jurisdiction if it ignores the charge made and tries him for something else. Can a court try and convict a man of an offense of which it has no jurisdiction merely because it has been artfully charged in connection with an offense of which it has jurisdiction? Does the power of a court once put in motion acquire such fearful headway as to reach everything outside of its proper limits ?
Suppose that instead of one affidavit there had been two, one charging Sweeney with excessive diversion of water and the other with diverting water to Carson. Would the charge made in the first have authorized the court to try and convict him on the second ? If not, what difference does it make that both charges are embraced in one document instead of two ?
I am thus brought back to the point from which I started. *195If it is desired to convict a man of a charge of which a court has no jurisdiction, all that is necessary is to couple with it another charge of which the court has jurisdiction.
This will set the power of the court in motion, and it can then ignore the charge of which it has jurisdiction, and try, convict, and fine the person accused on the other charge; and although this may clearly appear, certiorari will afford no remedy.
This is a doctrine to which I cannot assent. I think the judgment of the district court should be set aside.