UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 93-2556
Summary Calendar
ALX EL DORADO, INC., ET AL.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
SOUTHWEST SAVINGS AND LOAN
ASSOCIATION/FSLIC, ET AL.,
Defendants,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
For the Southern District of Texas
(H-87-3973)
(August 30, 1994)
Before DUHÉ, WIENER, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM*:
Plaintiffs-Appellants ALX El Dorado, Inc., El Dorado
Associates, LTD., Red Top Inc., and Edward L. Whittenburg
*
Local Rule 47.5 provides: "The publication of opinions
that have no precedential value and merely decide particular
cases on the basis of well-settled principles of law imposes
needless expense on the public and burdens on the legal
profession." Pursuant to that Rule, the Court has determined
that this opinion should not be published.
(collectively, plaintiffs) sued Defendant-Appellee the United
States under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA).1 Plaintiffs
allege that the United States))through its agencies the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Federal Savings and Loan
Insurance Corporation (FSLIC), the Federal Home Loan Bank Board
(FHLBB), the Federal Home Loan Bank Board-Dallas (FHLBB-D), and the
Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS)))negligently supervised two
failed thrift institutions, Southwest Savings and Loan Association
(Southwest) and Vernon Savings and Loan Association (Vernon).
The district court dismissed plaintiffs' suit against the
United States pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), concluding that under
United States v. Gaubert2 their claims were barred by the
"discretionary function" exception to the FTCA.3 Finding no
reversible error, we affirm.
I
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
This case arises out of two errant real estate transactions
involving plaintiffs, Vernon, and Southwest. Plaintiffs alleged,
inter alia, that, as part of those transactions, the officers of
Vernon and Southwest engaged in fraudulent misrepresentations and
extensively breached various loan agreements and other contracts.4
1
28 U.S.C. §§ 1346, 2671-80.
2
499 U.S. 315 (1991).
3
28 U.S.C. § 2680(a).
4
In addition, plaintiffs alleged and eventually obtained
judgments against certain financial institutions and their
officers. These defendants and plaintiffs' judgments against
2
Of significance here, plaintiffs also allege that part of this
misconduct occurred during the United States's "watch," i.e., when
Vernon and Southwest were under the guidance and eventual
receivership of the "supervisory agent," the FSLIC.
The United States contended that the claims against it were
barred by the "discretionary function" exception to the FTCA. The
district court agreed, and dismissed those claims pursuant to Rule
12(b)(6). Plaintiffs timely appealed.
II
ANALYSIS
In reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal,5 we accept all well
pleaded averments as true and we view them in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff.6 We do not affirm such a dismissal
unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff could prove no
set of facts in support of his claim that would entitle him to
relief.7 Here, plaintiffs allege that the FHLBB placed the FSLIC
as "supervisory agent" at Vernon and Southwest. Plaintiffs alleged
in paragraph 125 of their complaint that
them are not part of this appeal.
5
The district court's conclusion that the "discretionary
function" exception applied divested it of jurisdiction over the
United States; thus, the proper ground for dismissal should have
been Rule 12(b)(1). See McNeily v. United States, 6 F.3d 343,
347 (5th Cir. 1993). Such technical error does not, of course,
affect the disposition of this appeal.
6
Cooper v. Sheriff, Lubbock County, Texas, 929 F.2d 1078,
1082 (5th Cir. 1991).
7
Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957); Cooper, 929
F.2d at 1082.
3
Defendant United States was negligent by allowing loans
in the amount of $25 million to inflate and expand to
$195 million without the knowledge or consent of
Plaintiffs all the while the United States Regulators
were in charge of the failed institutions Vernon and
Southwest; failing to monitor the loans at Vernon and
Southwest; failing to follow its own procedures regarding
advances of funds while the Defendants Vernon and the
former Defendant Southwest were in receivership; failing
to supervise its regulators; failing to enforce cease and
desist orders; and failing to follow supervisory orders
and agreements.8
The Supreme Court recently addressed the application of the
"discretionary function" exception of the FTCA to the oversight,
supervision, and management of financial institutions in United
States v. Gaubert.9 The FHLBB in Gaubert))like the FSLIC here))was
extensively involved in the oversight and management of a soon-to-
be failed financial institution.10 The Supreme Court emphatically
rejected any claim that "management" or "operational" decisions are
excluded from the ambit of the "discretionary function" exception:
A discretionary act is one that involves choice or
judgment; there is nothing in that description that
refers exclusively to policymaking or planning functions.
Day-to-day management of banking affairs, like the
management of other businesses, regularly requires
judgment as to which of a range of permissible courses is
the wisest.11
The Court devised a two-part test for applying the "discretionary
8
Paragraph 125 also concluded with the allegation that
"[a]ll of such negligence was a proximate cause of actual damage
to Plaintiffs."
9
499 U.S. 315 (1991).
10
Id. at 319-20. The regulators in Gaubert were involved in
everything from arranging for the hiring of consultants on
operational and financial matters to reviewing and "approving"
the institutions' litigation choices.
11
Id. at 325.
4
function" exception: (1) the challenged conduct must involve an
element of judgment or choice, and 2) the judgment or choice must
be based on considerations of public policy.12
Plaintiffs' averments fail the Gaubert test.13 Regarding the
first step, as the Gaubert Court itself noted, the relevant
statutes provided the banking agencies with broad authority to
supervise financial institutions; such statutes were not couched in
mandatory terms.14 In contrast, the plaintiffs here have alleged
only some generalized failures to follow mandatory rules; they have
failed))either in the complaint or here on appeal))to point to even
one relevant mandatory limitation on that statutory discretion.15
12
Id. at 322, 323; McNeily, 6 F.3d at 348 (describing
Gaubert test).
13
The plaintiff must allege a claim sufficient to survive a
motion to dismiss based on the "discretionary function"
exception. E.g., Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 327; McNeily, 6 F.3d at
347-49.
14
Gaubert at 329. During the relevant period in the
complaint, Vernon and Southwest were regulated by the FHLBB and
were subject to the statutes discussed in Gaubert. Among other
things, the FHLBB had sole discretion to allow troubled
institutions to operate under FHLBB supervision or to determine
that an institution was insolvent and to place it into
receivership. 12 U.S.C. § 1464. The "supervisory agent" and the
ultimate receiver here, the FSLIC, had broad powers to liquidate
such institution in an orderly manner or to make such other
disposition of the matter as it deemed to be in the best
interests of the institution, its savers, and the Corporation.
12 U.S.C. § 1729(b)(1). The foregoing statutes have since been
amended or repealed by the Financial Institutions Reform,
Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA), which has placed
similar discretion in different federal banking agencies. See
generally FIRREA, Pub. L. No. 101-73, 103 Stat. 183 (1989).
15
The only "mandatory-sounding" items in this complaint
involve the FHLBB's purported negligent failure to supervise,
i.e., failure to require Vernon and Southwest to comply with the
FHLBB's procedures, cease and desist orders,and supervisory
5
Such averments are insufficient, in themselves, to defeat the first
part of the Gaubert test.16
As for the second element, Gaubert instructs that
[w]hen established governmental policy, as expressed or
implied by statute, regulation, or agency guidelines,
allows a Government agent to exercise discretion, it must
be presumed that the agent's acts are grounded in policy
when exercising that discretion. For a complaint to
survive a motion to dismiss, it must allege facts which
would support a finding that the challenged actions are
not the kind of conduct that can be said to be grounded
in the policy of the regulatory regime.17
Here, the plaintiffs have alleged nothing that would suggest that
the statutory discretion exercised by the banking agencies))whether
or not exercised negligently))was not based on considerations of
public policy. Accordingly, plaintiffs' averments fail the second
part of the Gaubert test.
III
CONCLUSION
The claimed negligent conduct of the banking agencies of the
United States falls within the "discretionary function" exception
orders. Such a claim is frivolous. We held even before Gaubert
that the claimed failure of a banking agency to supervise is
protected by the "discretionary function" exception. FDIC v.
Mmahat, 907 F.2d 546, 552 (5th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S.
936 (1991).
Plaintiffs also complain that the district court abused its
discretion in denying them leave to amend their complaint. As
plaintiffs have failed to identify even one thing regarding any
supposed "mandatory" limits that would have been alleged
differently, we find this contention to be without merit.
16
Cf. McNeily, 6 F.3d at 349 (affirming Rule 12(b) dismissal
based on holding that "vague and conclusory" [sic] allegations
are insufficient to defeat the sovereign immunity of the United
States).
17
Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 324-25 (emphasis added).
6
to the FTCA. Therefore, the judgment of the district court
dismissing all claims against the United States is
AFFIRMED.
7