By the Court,
Beatty J.:This is an action to determine the right of possession of certain mining ground in the Ward district, White Pine county. The plaintiff deraigns title from the locators of a claim called the Shark, and the defendant is the grantee of the locators of the Paymaster. Both claims were located on the same ledge — the Paymaster in July, the Shark in September — and the principal question in the case is as to the validity of the Paymaster location. The facts in regard to *450this location are very clearly and fully presented by the findings of the district judge, which embrace the special verdict of a jury upon a number of issues submitted to its decision. No exception whatever is taken by either party to the findings of the jury, and the objections of the appellant to the additional findings of the court relate rather to the conclusions of law involved than to the facts upon which they are based. The question before us is therefore narrowed down to a construction of the legislation of congress and the local rules of the Ward district governing the location of mining claims.
Before entering upon a discussion of the purely legal questions involved in the case, however, it will be best to give a connected statement of the facts, which are as follows : Mineral deposits were first discovered in what is now the Ward mining district, by Thomas F. Ward, in March, 1872. On the first of May the district was organized, a set of local rules adopted, and (it seems) Ward appointed recorder. The rules so first adopted were, in their general features, like the rules everywhere prevalent on this coast before the enactment of the law of congress of May 10, 1872. Claims were to be located by posting a notice at the point of discovery; the notice to be recorded in fifteen days; this to hold the claim good for one hundred days, within which time a certain amount of work was to be done on the ground in order to hold the claim a year. Each locator was to have fifty feet of the surface on each side of his ledge or vein, but this not to carry the right to any mineral deposit therein distinct from the one located. These rules, so far as they were not inconsistent with the act of congress of May 10, 1872, continued in force until the first of October following, when the miners adopted a new set of rules.
Such being the law of the district for the location and holding of claims, Ward, on the seventeenth of July, 1872, discovered the vein or ledge which is now in controversy, and placed upon the croppings at the discovery-point the following notice:
“Paymaster location notice. — We, the undersigned, do hereby locate and claim fifteen hundred (1500) feet on this *451ledge, lode, or deposit of mineral bearing quartz or rock, with all its dips, spurs, angles and variations, together with all privileges prescribed by the mining laws of the United States and this district, and intend to hold and work the same according. We claim three hundred (300) feet easterly, and twelve hundred (1200) feet westerly from this monument, running along the course of the vein. This shall be known as the Paymaster. Ward mining district, July 17, 1872, situated about fifteen hundred feet N. W. by N., from Mountain Pride lode.”
To this notice were appended the names of the locators, and opposite the name of each was set the number of feet (undivided) to which he was to be entitled.
On the following day, July 18, the claim was recorded by Ward, as mining recorder of the district, by copying it into a small memorandum-book which he carried in his pocket, and which at that time constituted the record-book of the district. Subsequently, about the first of August, a larger book was obtained, and the records transcribed from the little book. In the meantime, however, the Paymaster notice, and the record of it, had been changed as follows: It seems that there was some sort of an agreement subsisting between Ward, John Henry, E. G. Hardy and three others, that they should be equally interested in the locations made by Ward. But in the location of the Paymaster, Ward had omitted Hardy’s name, and inserted that of Dave Pearson, who was not a member of the company. A few days after the location and recording of the claim, Henry called Ward’s attention to the fact that Pearson’s name was improperly on the notice, and Hardy’s name improperly omitted. He also objected to the unequal distribution of the claim among the six locators. Ward thereupon changed the notice on the ground, and the record in the little book, by erasing the name of Pearson and substituting the name of Hardy, and by changing the figures following the names, so as to give to each locator two hundred and fifty feet of the claim. These changes in the notice and in the little book were made before the transcription to the large book which, since the first of August, 1872, has contained the records of the ward district.
*452Subsequent developments have shown that the vein or ledge upon which this Paymaster claim was located has a course or strike from south-east to north-west. According to the magnetic meridian (variation 16|-°) it runs more nearly east and west.
In September, 1872, some work, it does not appear how much, had been done on the Paymaster location, but the course of the vein was not clearly determined.
Such being the condition of that claim, on the ninth of September the locators of the Shark discovered the crop-pings of the same vein at a point about four hundred feet north-west of the location point of the Paymaster, and posted the following notice:
Shark mine No. 1. Notice. We, the undersigned, do hereby locate and claim fifteen hundred (1,500) feet on this ledge, lode or deposit of mineral-bearing quartz and rock, Avith all its dips, spurs, angles and variations, together with all privileges prescribed by the mining laws of the United States and this district, and intend to hold and work the same accordingly. We claim seven hundred and fifty feet on each side of the monument running along the course of the vein. This shall be known as the Shark mine No. 1.
“ Ward Mining District, Nye County, Nevada, September 9, 1872.
“John Taylor, three hundred and seventy-five feet.
“ Thomas Connor, three hundred and seventy-five feet.
“ Mathew Gleeson, three hundred and seventy-five feet.
“Chas. Strutenberger, three hundred and seventy-five feet.”
On the following day this notice was recorded, the certificate to the record being as follows:
“Recorded September 10,1872, at ten o’clock A. m. Situated ab'out sis hundred feet north-easterly from Young American mine, and about three hundred feet north-westerly from Paymaster mine.
“Thomas P. Ward, Recorder.”
Some significance is attributed to the fact that Ward, the locator of the Paymaster, going upon the ground for the purpose of making this record, and necessarily observing *453the proximity of the Shark to the Paymaster, made no complaint at the time that the Shark locators were on his claim. It was not until October, and after some work had been done by the locators of the Shark, that notice was given that they were on the Paymaster vein. They, however denied that it was the same vein. They claimed a cross vein, and declared that if it turned out that they were on the Paymaster they would give it up.
About this time, on October 10, 1872, John Henry, one of the Paymaster locators, took down their notice and put up another, the same in all respects as the one removed except that it claimed three hundred feet southerly and one thousand two hundred feet northerly from the monument, instead of three hundred feet easterly and one thousand two hundred feet westerly. On the same day he drove down two stakes, one at the north-west end of the Paymaster and the other at the south-east end. They were marked “ North-westerly stake of Paymaster ” and “ South-easterly stake of Paymaster.” These stakes were on a line, or very nearly on a line, with the croppings of the vein as now developed, and within a few feet of the center-line of the claim as now surveyed. At some time subsequent to the change of the notice on the mine, a corresponding change was made in the record of the claim by erasing the words easterly and westerly, and inserting the words southerly and northerly. The jury could not find who made this change in the record, but the district judge was of the opinion, and so are we, that it was done by Ward and Henry, but without any fraudulent intent.
In the meantime, on the first of October, the laws of the district had been changed so as to conform more nearly to the act of congress of May 10, 1872, it being especially provided that locators should have three hundred feet of surface ground on each side of their vein, to include, of course, not only the vein originally located, but all veins within the surface lines, (it. S. sec. 2322.)
It is found as a fact that sufficient work has been done under each of these locations to satisfy the requirements of the law of congress and the rules of the district. The Pay*454master location was never marked upon the ground in any other way than by the three stakes on the line of the crop-pings, one at each end and one at the point of discovery, until it was surveyed for the purpose of the patent application in October, 1875. The Shark location was never-marked on the ground in any way, except by the monument at its initial point, until April, 1874, when Gleeson set stakes at the four corners of the surface claim. On these facts the district judge concluded that the Paymaster location was valid, and, as a necessary consequence, the subsequent location of the Shark on the same ground was invalid. In accordance rvitli this conclusion the judgment of the district court ivas for the defendant.
The plaintiff, appealing from the judgment and from the order denying her motion for a new trial, makes a number of assignments of error, which, however, are all involved in the three propositions following.
It is contended: 1. That the Paymaster claim was not located in conformity with the act of congress and the rules of the district, and consequently that it was void; 2. That the Paymaster locators, if they ever had a good claim, abandoned it; 3. That they are estopped by their own acts from asserting any claim adverse to the Shark.
Keeping these propositions entirely distinct, and confining our attention for the present to the first, it is to be observed that there is no question that the locators of the Paymaster were the original discoverers of the ledge in controversy ; that they made a bona fide attempt to locate it; that their claim was notorious ; that they and their successors have continued to occupy and develop the property; that the Shark locators were aware of the priority of the Paymaster claim, and originally repudiated any intention of locating upon the same vein. These facts being conceded, the only position open to the appellant, and the only position her counsel have attempted to maintain, is that a mining claim cannot be held except by compliance with certain requirements of the mining laws ; that the Paymaster locators did not conform to those requirements, while the locators of the Shark did, and that, as a *455necessary consequence, the law gives her the property. Aside from the questions of abandonment and estoppel, she claims nothing except from a strict application of the law, regardless of any seeming hardship in depriving the defendant of a mine which its predecessors were the first to discover, claim and develop.
There can be no doubt as to the correctness of the proposition upon which this claim is founded. The United States have granted to their citizens, and to those who have declared their intention to become such, the right to explore and occupy the public mineral lands. (U. S. Revised Statutes, sec. 2319.) Those qualified locators who comply with the laws of the United States, and the local regulations not in conflict therewith, governing their possessory title, have the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of their locations. (R. S. 2322.) Ho who complies with the law has the exclusive right. Therefore, if it is true that the Shark locators complied and those of the Paymaster did not, the plaintiff must take the mine, no matter who is entitled to the credit of the discovery.
What then constitutes compliance? The questions involved in this branch of the case have led to a very thorough and elaborate discussion of the mining laws of the United States, and particularly of the act of congress of May 10, 1872 (R. S. sec. 2319 el seq.,), under which these claims were located, and which embodies the most important features of the mining legislation. The same questions were, to some extent, involved in the case of the Golden Fleece Company v. Cable Consolidated Company (12 Nev. 312), but were not very fully argued, and were discussed in the opinion only so far as seemed to be necessary for the disposition of that case. Some of the conclusions then announced have been questioned by counsel for respondent in this appeal, but after a thorough re-examination of the whole subject, with all the light that has been thrown upon it by the most elaborate argument, oral and written, we remain entirely satisfied with that opinion. So far as it goes, it is a correct exposition of our present understanding of the law. But it does not cover the whole ground, and is, perhaps, *456not sufficiently explicit upon some of the points adverted to. The magnitude of this case and the great importance of the subject to a mining community warrant a re-statement of our views in a more complete and, we hope, a more convincing form.
One of the imperative requirements of the statute, an indispensable condition precedent of a valid location, is that it shall be “distinctly marked on the ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced ” (R. S. 2324). By reference to the foregoing statement of facts it will be seen that one of the locators of the Shark in April, 1874, marked the boundaries of that location by setting stakes at the four corners of the claim. It is conceded that this was a sufficient marking of that location; but it is contended that the Paymaster had been sufficiently marked since October 10, 1872, by means of the two stákes at the ends of the claim on the line of the croppings and by the location monument at the point of discovery. Whether this marking was sufficient to answer the requirements of the statute is the principal question in the case, and, as a step towards its solution, counsel have devoted a great portion of their argument to the preliminary question: What does a mining claim consist of? what are its essentials? What are its incidents? Is it the surface ground that is located, or is it the vein with the surface as an incident? It is conceived that a determination of this point will greatly facilitate the inquiry as to what sort of marking of boundaries is required. Counsel for appellant contend that the location is of the surface and that stakes at the corners of the claim are essential. Counsel for respondent insist that the location is of the vein as the principal thing with the surface as a mere incident, and that stakes to define the limits of the claim upon the vein are sufficient.
What we said in the Golden Fleece case we think expresses the truth in regard to this matter : “ It is time that the vein is the principal thing and that the surface is but an incident thereto ; but it is also true that the mining law has provided no means of locating a vein except by defining a surface claim, including the croppings, or point at which the vein *457is exposed, and the part of the vein located is determined by reference to the lines of the surface claim.” (12 Nev. 329.)
The vein is the principal thing in the sense that it is for the sake of the vein that the location is made; the surface is of no value without it; no location can be made until a vein has been discovered within its limits, and the surface must, or at least ought to, be located in conformity with the course of the vein. (B. S. 2320.) But the location is of a piece of land including the vein.
“A mining claim located after the tenth day of May, 1872, whether located by one or more persons, may equal, but shall not exceed, one thousand five hundred feet in length along the vein or lode; but no location of a mining claim shall be made until the discovery of the vein or lode within the limits of the claim located. No claim shall extend more than three hundred feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface, nor shall any claim be limited by any mining regulation to less than twenty-five feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface, except where adverse rights existing on the tenth day of May, 1872, renders such limitation necessary. The end lines of each claim shall be parallel to each other.” (B. S. 2320.) This section alone shows that it is a surface parallelogram not less than fifty feet in width that must be located. But the purpose of the law is more clearly indicated by its granting clauses. What is it that the locators have the exclusive right to possess ? Having complied with the laws they ‘ ‘ shall have the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of all the surface included within the lines of their locations and of all veins, lodes and ledges throughout their entire depth, the top or apex of which lies inside of such surface-lines extended downward vertically, although such veins, lodes or ledges may so far depart from a perpendicular in their course downward as to extend outside the vertical side-lines of such surface locations.” (B. S. 2322.) This is the only part of the act which grants the right to possess any lode, ledge or vein. The vein originally discovered, and for the sake of which the location is made, is lumped in with other mineral de*458posits that may happen to exist within the limits of the surface claim, and no part of it is granted except that part the top or apex of which lies inside of the surface lines extended downward vertically. This, it would seem, ought to be conclusive, but the language of section 2325 is, if possible, still more convincing: “Section 2325. A patent for any land claimed and located for valuable deposits may be obtained in the following manner: Any person, association or corporation authorized to locate a claim under this chapter, having claimed and located a piece of land for such purposes,” may, by taking the prescribed steps, obtain the title upon payment of five dollars per acre for the land.
Thus it appears that a location on a vein must be made by taking up “a piece of land” to include it. No other means are provided, and it is only upon condition of complying with the law that the locator becomes entitled to anything. The discoverer of a vein may be allowed a reasonable timo to trace its course before being compelled to define his surface claim, and in the meantime may be protected in his claim to fifteen hundred feet of the vein, but his location will never be complete until his surface claim is defined. That this is the only possible construction of the statute seems so plain to our minds that we should have thought it superfluous to say a word in defense of our view if we were not aware that an opposite opinion is very largely prevalent. We think this is due to the fact that the custom of locating a vein claim by means of a notice posted on the croppings, and of holding it by record of the notice and work done at the discovery point, without any definition of boundaries, has prevailed so long and so universally on the Pacific Coast that tho system has come to be regarded by a great many as something essentially inherent in the nature of things. The right, under such locations, to follow the vein in whatever direction it might run, to the extent claimed in the location notice, taking the adjacent surface necessary for the convenient working of the mine as a mere incident thereto, has been so long recognized and enjoyed as to have almost assumed the character of one of the natural and inalienable rights of man. That the government, *459in disposing of its mineral lands, lias adopted a radically different system, under which a vein .can only he located by means of a surface claim, and held only to the extent that it is included within the surface lines, is a thing too incredible to be believed by those to whom the old customs seemed rooted in the very foundations of justice.
But disagreeable as the awakening may be, it is time we were opening our eyes to the fact that a new system has been introduced. The act of congress of May 10,1872, has effected the changes above indicated. Its language is plain and unambiguous, and whatever may be our opinion of the impolicy of the changes effected by it, we are bound to submit and conform ourselves to its requirements. If the terms of the statute left any room for construction the argumentum ab inconvenienii might be entitled to great weight, but it cannot be invoked where the language of the law is so plain as it is in this instance.
Besides, we do not share in the opinion that the new system is so utterly bad. Nobody can pretend that it is perfect, but to our minds it is a great improvement on the system which it displaced. We are willing to admit that cases may arise to which it will be difficult to apply the law, but this only proves that such cases escaped the foresight of congress, or that, although they foresaw the possibility of such cases occurring, they considered that possibility so remote as not to afford a reason for departing from the simplicity of the plan they chose to adopt. So far, the wisdom of the congressional plan has been sufficiently vindicated by experience. It is true that veins and ledges are not found to be perfectly regular in their formation — they have not a perfectly straight course even in depth, and near the surface they present still greater irregularities of strike and dip; but still they approximate the ideal vein that congress seems to have had in view sufficiently nearly to admit of an easy application of the law in all the cases of conflicting claims that have fallen under our observation.
As to the difficulty of establishing surface lines immediately upon the discovery of a vein, that also is conceded.’ *460It is a well-known fact that the croppings of a vein are always a very imperfect, and often a very deceptive, guide to its course, and it will often be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to locate a surface claim in conformity with the course of the vein, even after years spent in its development.
But all this affords no argument against the system. Unless the miners voluntarily restrict themselves by local regulations, a claim may always be one thousand five hundred feet long by six hundred feet wide. Let the discoverer of a vein be ever so unfortunate in locating his claim, he cannot possibly get less than six hundred feet of the vein, while under the old law the most he could get was four hundred feet. How, then, can it be said that he is subjected to any hardships? So far from restricting his rights, the new law has very greatly enlarged them, and at the same time has made them vastly more certain and secure.
Furthermore, we do not understand that the law requires the surface claim to be defined immediately upon the discovery of the vein. We think that under any circumstances the discoverer, if he went to work diligently to trace out its course, would be allowed a reasonable time for that purpose, and in the meantime would be protected in his right to one thousand five hundred feet of the vein. In the absence of any state or territorial or local regulation prescribing the time to be allowed for tracing, the question as to what should be deemed a reasonable time w'ould have to be determined in view of the facts and circumstances of each case. We said, however, in the Golden Fleece case (12 Nev. 329), and we still think, that this is a matter for local regulation under the power delegated to the miners by section 2324 of the revised statutes, to make rules not in conflict with the laws. Any reasonable rule for the provisional holding of a claim, by means of the posting and recording of notice, during the time necessary for tracing, would, we feel confident, be favorably viewed by the courts, especially if it required the locator to use diligence in the work of tracing during the time allowed for that purpose. This, however, is a question which we are not called upon to de*461cicle in this case. We have been led into this line of argument in response to what has been said by counsel for respondent in regard to the great hardship imposed upon the discoverer of a vein by compelling him to define his surface claim before he could possibly ascertain the course of the vein. If we are right in our opinion that he would be allowed a reasonable time for tracing, the supposed hardship does not exist. If we are wrong, and if the discoverer must set his stakes without stopping to trace the vein, even then, as we have shown, he is better off since, than he was before, the statute. His surface lines will necessarily include at least six hundred feet of the vein, and may include upwards of one thousand six hundred. In the latter case he may be compelled to readjust his lines so as to take only one thousand five hundred feet, but in any case he can secure six hundred feet. Before the statute he could claim no more than four hundred feet of the vein, and of that he was not secure for a day. The moment he developed rich ore he was beset by trespassers, and in order to enjoin them from stealing his property, was obliged to trace the vein between' them and the location point. He was harassed with litigation, and his means often entirely consumed in the prosecution of work not necessary for the development of his mine, but essential for the vindication of his title. Under the new law this source of vexation and expense is entirely swept away. Within his surface lines the discoverer of a vein is secure, and he might well consent to sacrifice something in the extent of his claim for the sake of that security. So far, however, from having to make such a. sacrifice, his claim, at the very worst,, is more ample than it ever was before. Sound policy, therefore, concurs with the language of the statute in sustaining our conclusion that a vein can only be located by means of a surface claim. How soon after the discovery of the vein “the location must be distinctly marked on the ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced ” (B. S. 2324), we do not decide, but until it is so marked we are clear that the location is not complete, and the law has not been complied with.
So far we agree entirely with the views of counsel for *462appellant; but, although we are satisfied that a location must be of a surface claim, and that the boundaries and extent of the claim must be plainly defined by stakes or marks on the ground, it does not appear to be a necessary consequence that the least admissible marking is by posts or monuments at all the corners of the claim.
We are aware that the commissioner of the land-office has recommended the planting of posts at the corners and the erection of a sign-board with the name of the claim, the names of the locators, etc., at the location point, and undoubtedly a compliance with these recommendations would be sufficient to satisfy the law in this particular. But at the same time we think it may be satisfied by something less. There is, after all, something in the fact that it is a mining claim and not an agricultural claim that is being located, and some account should be taken of the customs, habits and circumstances of a mining community in determining what is a sufficient marking of a mining claim. The vein is always the principal object that the locator has in view; it is generally, after location and work at the location point, a conspicuous feature of the locality; it is the first thing that attracts the attention of mining men; the surface claim by which it is to be located ought to conform to its course; the end lines must be parallel, and, as they ought to conform to the dip of the ledge as nearly as practicable, they ought to be at right angles to the side lines, so that if the center-line of the claim is once established the boundaries are thereby fixed and may be readily traced.
The object of the law in requiring the location to be marked on the ground is to fix the claim, to prevent floating or swinging, so that those who in good faith are looking for unoccupied ground in the vicinity of previous locations may be enabled to ascertain exactly what has been appropriated in order to make their locations upon the residue. We concede that the provisions of the law designed for the attainment of this object are most important and beneficent, and that they ought not to be frittered away by construction. But it must be remembered that the law does notin express *463terms require the boundaries to he marked. It requires the location to he so marked that its boundaries can be readily traced. Stakes at the corners do not mark the boundaries; they are only a means by which the boundaries may be traced. Why not, then, allow the same efficacy to the marking of a center-line in a district where the extent of a claim on each side of the center-line is established by the local rules? It would be safer and therefore better to comply with the recommendations of the land-office and erect stakes at the corners of the claim, but if the grand object of the law is attained by the marking of a center-line we can see no reason why it should not be allowed to be sufficient.
In this case the locators of the Paymaster marked the center-line of their claim on the tenth of October, 1872. No miner, no man of common intelligence acquainted with the customs of the country, could have gone on the ground and seen the monument, notice and work at the discovery point and the two stakes, one three hundred feet south-east of the location monument, marked “ South-easterly stake of Paymaster,” the other twelve hundred feet north-west of the location monument and marked “North-westerly stake of Paymaster,” in a line with the croppings and with the discovery point, without seeing at a glance that they marked the center-line of the claim. By the rules of the district and the laws of the land he would have been informed that the boundaries of the claim were formed by lines parallel to the center-line and three hundred feet distant therefrom and by end-lines at right angles thereto. With this knowledge he could easily have traced the boundaries and, if such was his ivish, ascertained exactly where he could locate with safety. We conclude, therefore, that the Paymaster location was sufficiently marked on October 10, 1872. At that time the Shark location had not been marked in any Avay, and Avhether the law allows a locator a reasonable time or not to mark his boundaries, protecting his full claim in the meanwhile, the same result equally follows. If the Paymaster Avas not marked within a reasonable time after the discovery, then certainly the Shark was not, for the first was *464marked within three months and the latter not until more than eighteen months after discovery.; so that the Shark claim was lost by the failure to mark its location within a reasonable time. If on the other hand, the Paymaster location was marked in a reasonable time, and such time is allowed, then the Shark was thereby excluded. If no time for tracing is allowed, and the first to mark his boundaries is first in right, then the Paymaster location holds the claim, because it was first defined by monuments on the ground. Unless the Paymaster locators failed in some other particular to comply with the law, there is no hypothesis upon which anything can be claimed under the Shark location. But it is contended that the Paymaster location was rendered invalid by non-compliance with the rules of the district and the law of congress respecting the notice and record of claims. There is no doubt that in order to secure the right of possession to a mining claim there must be a compliance not only with the laws of the United States, but also with such local regulations of the mining districts as are not in conflict therewith (B. S. 2824), and if the miners of the Ward district have made the posting and recording of location notices essential, the courts are not at liberty to dispense with them.
The original laws of the district were adopted May 1, 1872, ten days prior to the passage of the act of congress, which, as we have seen, introduced an entirely new system of making locations, a system in which the preliminary posting and recording of notices is entirely out of place, except, as a means of- protecting a claim during the time necessary for tracing the ledge and marking the boundaries of the location. When the location is thus marked, all that the notice and record were ever intended or expected to accomplish is effected in a manner far more satisfactory and complete. In place of a very imperfect, and often misleading, notice of what was claimed, there is a plain and unambiguous notice to all the world of the exact position and extent of the location. It might well have been held, therefore, with respect to the rules adopted May 1, 1872, that their requirements as to the posting and recording of *465notices were superseded by tbe act of congress of May 10, 1872: that they were merged in the higher and more efficacious rule of the statute, or, at least that, if they continued of any force whatever, it was only as a means of protecting a vein discovery during the time reasonably necessary for tracing its course and marking the boundaries of the location, and, consequently, that if the discoverer chose to mark his location in the beginning, or actually dicl so at any time before an adverse claim was made, his failure to post and record a notice would count for nothing.
But the rules of the district were revised on the first of October, after the passage of the act of congress, and the provisions with respect to the notice and record of claims were re-adopted without any additional’provision for bringing them into sensible relation to the law. They do not purport to supply a means of holding a claim pending the marking of the location on the ground, but stand as substantive and independent requirements, a compliance with which is essential to the validity of a claim. We are not willing under the circumstances to go to the extent of holding that their observance can be dispensed with, even where a location has been plainly marked before the making of an adverse claim. We will assume that it was necessary for the locators of the Paymaster not only to have marked their location before the Shark locators complied with the law, but also to have posted and recorded a notice of the claim. Did they do so?
There can be no question that the original Paymaster notice was all that the law requires. The only objection to it is that it did not contain in itself a description of the claim by reference to some natural object or permanent monument. It was not necessary that it should. It is only the record of the claim that is required to contain such a description; and there are excellent reasons for making a distinction between the notice and record in this particular. A notice is generally, and for safety ought always to be, posted immediately upon the discovery of the vein, before there is any time to -survey the ground and ascertain the bearings and distances of natural objects or permanent *466monuments in the neighborhood; and besides,4 the claim referred to by the notice is always sufficiently identified by the fact that it is posted on, or in immediate proximity to, the croppings. A notice claiming a location on “ this vein ” has only one meaning. But the notice is exposed to the danger of removal by adverse claimants, or destruction by the elements, and for permanent evidence of the location its record is provided for. The record, if it consisted of a mere copy of the notice, would not identify the claim, and there would be an opportunity as well as a temptation to the locators, upon the discovery of a more valuable mine in the vicinity, to prove, by perjured witnesses, that their notice was posted on that mine. The floating of claims was by no means an infrequent occurrence prior to the act of 1872, and if such attempts were seldom completely successful, they were always vexatious, and often the means of levying a heavy black-mail. It was on this account that the record (not the notice) was required to contain “such a description of the claim or claims located by reference to some natural object or permanent monument as will identify the claim” (R. S. 2824). It is a sufficient compliance with this provision of the law if the description of the locus of the claim is appended to the notice when it is recorded. But by reference to the foregoing statement of facts it will be seen that not only did the record of the Paymaster location contain the necessary description; it was also contained in the body of the notice as posted on the ground : Situated about fifteen hundred feet N.W. by N. of the “Mountain Pride lode,” is the description in the notice ; and asno objection to it was made upon the ground that the “Mountain Pride lode ” was not a well-known natural object, at that distance and in that direction from the Paymaster location monument, we presume it was, in fact, a good description. The record also contained the names of the locators and the date of the location, and thus fulfilled every requirement of the act of congress. (R. S. 2824.) But it was changed by Ward and Henry, and it is contended that after those changes it was no longer a good record.
*467The argument in support of this point is about as follows: Pearson, whose name was in the original notice, as first recorded in the little book, was one of the locators of the claim; he had a vested right, and could not be deprived of his interest by the erasure of his name from the notice and record, and consequently after his name was scratched out the record no longer contained the names of the locators, and was void. We do not think it is by any means clear that Pearson ever acquired any interest in the claim. It does not appear that he ever assented to the use of his name as a locator by Ward, who actually made the discovery and posted and recorded the notice, and it does appear that there was some sort of arrangement by which Ward was to divide his discoveries equally among those w'hose names were afterwards signed to the notice. If Pearson had no right to a share in the discovery, and if Ward merely inserted his name by mistake, or under some misapprehension, and erased it before the claim had been perfected by work or the marking of its boundaries, it is difficult to see upon what ground he could claim to have ever had any vested right as a locator. But whether he had or not is a question between him and the other locators of the Paymaster. As to outsiders, the notice and record were sufficient. They contained the names of those who claimed to be the locators, and served every purpose of the law' — that is, they identified the claimants and the claim.
The subsequent alteration of the notice by changing the words westerly and easterly to northerly and southerly had no effect upon the rights of the parties. The only purpose of those words was to show in which direction from the discovery point the claim extended one thousand two hundred feet, and in which direction its extent was only three hundred feet. Either set of words served the purpose equally well. No doubt when the vein was first discovered its course seemed to be east and west; after a certain amount of development it seemed to run north and south, and the notice was changed for the perfectly innocent and even laudable purpose of giving to all whom it might concern a better description of the claim. The corresponding *468alteration in the record was made with the same motive, at least the court finds that it was done without any fraudulent intent; and certainly it was wholly immaterial. There was no swinging of the location effected by this change in the notice and record. The claim was never fixed until the stakes were set; and so far as the notice was concerned it claimed one thousand five hundred feet of the vein, no matter where it might run. If it was good for anything it was good for what it claimed pending the marking of the location. The changes and erasures in the record were certainly irregular, and if they had been material, or if they had not been satisfactorily explained, might have afforded good grounds for excluding it from evidence. But they were satisfactorily explained. They were not designed to defraud any one, and had no such effect. We think that the comments of the district judge on this matter are very just. ‘ ‘ Mining recorders are a class of officials that must be treated with a great deal of forbearance and indulgence. They are often entirely ignorant of legal forms, and have no appreciation of the horror with which an ordinary lawyer views the erasure or alteration of records and other documents. Where no fraud or deception is intended, .their blunders must not be construed into crimes.”
This disposes of the first proposition of appellant. The second and third are entirely without merit, and as they relate to well settled doctrines of the law, they will be very briefly adverted to. There is not the slightest evidence of an intention on the part of the Paymaster locators to abandon their claim. The act of Henry in changing the language of the notice on the tenth of October, 1872, proves only that he had abandoned the opinion that the course of the ledge was east and west. So far from proving an intention to abandon a foot of his claim on the ledge, it proves exactly the reverse.
Nor do the facts present a single element of estoppel. Each party had exactly the same means of information. When the Shark location was made it was as much the business of its locators to know whether it was on the Paymaster vein as it was of Ward, the recorder. The truth proba*469bly is that no one at that time thought the two claims would conflict. It is idle, therefore, to say that any culpable silence on the part of Ward caused the expenditure of labor and money on the Shark. If the locators of that claim were deceived it was their fault, and they must suffer the Consequences.
As to the change in the Paymaster notice from east and west to north and south, that was, as we have seen, wholly immaterial. The simultaneous setting of the stakes entirely superseded the calls of the notice, and was the first thing that ever fixed the boundaries of the claim. If, after that, the Shark locators continued at work, they did so with their eyes wide open, as they did everything else from the beginning to the end of their attempts to locate the ground. Prom the outset they had the same opportunities to know the truth that the other party had. If they have any better claim to the property than the defendant, it is not because they were deceived or misled, but only because they can show a technical compliance with the law, while their adversaries cannot. It is upon this ground alone that their case has any semblance of strength, and upon this ground we think it clearly fails.
Since the foregoing was written two cases (Gelsich v. Moriarty et al., and Holland et al. v. Mount Auburn G. Q. M. Co.) have been decided by the supreme court of California, in both of which it is assumed, as a point beyond question, that the marking of a mining location on the ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced is absolutely essential to the validity of the claim. This is in perfect accordance with our own views as above expressed. But in the latter of these cases it seems also to be held that the marking of the center line of the claim is not sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the law. The opinion of the court is very brief, and no reasons are assigned for the conclusions reached. We have, however, been led by that decision to thoroughly reconsider our own opinion on this point, and the arguments of counsel pro and con. The result is that we are satisfied of the correctness of our first conclusion. *470A mining claim consists of a certain breadth of surface, to be laid off on each side of the line of the croppings, with the mineral deposits included therein. The center line, as a matter of course, is to be a straight line conforming to the general strike of the vein as nearly as that can be ascertained. The side lines are to be parallel to the center line, and if, as we assume to be the proper construction of the law, the end lines must be parallel and conform to the dip of the vein, which is at right angles to its strike it follows, with the conclusiveness of a mathematical demonstration, that when the center line is once definitely fixed the boundary lines can be traced (that is, followed out) with absolute certainty. It may be that they could not be traced as easily and readily as if stakes were set at the corners, but the difference would be very slight and of no practical consequence. In any case we think that the law should receive as liberal and beneficíala construction as is consistent with the object which congress undoubtedly had in view in passing it. That object, we are satisfied, was not to save intending locators a slight amount of labor in tracing older claims, but it was to make the boundaries of such older claims certain and immovable; to put an end forever to the shifting and floating of claims; to do away with an existing and intolerable evil. The whole object of the law is accomplished whenever, from the monuments on the ground, the boundaries of a mining claim can be traced with absolute certainty and without any practical difficulty, and for that purpose a definitely fixed center line is sufficient.
The judgment and order appealed from ought to be affirmed, and it is so ordered.