By the Court,
Hawley, J.:This action was brought by appellants to determine' the right of possession to certain mining ground.
The cause was tried before the court without a jury. A judgment was rendered in favor of respondent. No motion for a new trial was made. The appeal is taken from the judgment.
Appellants claim that upon the facts found by the court the judgment should have been in their favor.
The following diagram shows the relative positions of the Tip Top, St. George and Yictoria locations, relied upon by respondent, and of the Uncle Sam location, upon which appellants rely :
*45
*46Htom the findings of the court it appears that the mining ground in controversy is situated on Ruby Hill, in the Eureka Mining District; “ that along and through the hill for a distance slightly exceeding’ a mile, and extending in a northwesterly and southeasterly direction, is a zone of limestone, in which at different places throughout its length mineral is found;” that underlying this zone on the southerly side is a well-defined, unbroken foot-wall of quartzite which has a general dip to the northeast; that on the northerly side of this zone of limestone is a hanging-wall of shale, and that this zone of limestone is a vein or lode of rock in place, bearing gold, silver, lead and other valuable minerals.
That the Uncle Sam mining claim was located upon this zone of limestone on the 14th day of January, A. D. 1872, by E. H. Rose and two other persons; that they included in said location eight hundred linear feet of said zone, two hundred linear feet having been located for a discovery claim; that they recorded the notice of location in due time, and marked the boundaries of the claim before the St. George was located; that several years prior to the location of the Uncle Sam claim said zone had been discovered and a large number of mining claims located upon it; that Rose knew of the existence of said locations, and that work was being prosecuted thereon; that at the time of the location of the Uncle Sam, and for a long time prior and subsequent thereto, it had been the custom and usage of the larger portion of the miners upon this zone or lode to include in their locations two hundred feet for a discovery claim; that it was not known or believed at the time of the location of the Uncle Sam that the belt or zone of limestone running through Ruby Hill constituted but one zone or lode; that the locators of the Uncle Sam believed there was no other valid existing location upon the ground included within the surface boundaries of their location; that a mining claim called the Phillips was located on the 23d day of September, A. D. 1871, by Phillips and others upon the identical ground afterwards located by the Uncle Sam; that the Phillips claim and location was abandoned prior to the location of the Uncle.Sam; that Rose, prior to the location of the Phillips, had discovered the ore within the limits of the Uncle Sam location.
*47“ That Bose and his associates made the Uncle Sam location-in good faith and in accordance with the customs and usages of the majority of the miners in said mining district, and they and their grantees have ever since remained in the actual possession of said Uncle Sam location as located, to the extent of annually sinking a shaft thereon, maintaining and at times occupying a cabin thereon, and * * * excavating drifts and tunnels thereon, * * *; that Rose and his co-locators did the amount of work required to hold said mining claim under the laws of the United States, and their successors in interest continued to do the necessary work to hold said claim after succeeding to the interest of Rose and his co-locators up to the time of this trial;” that none of said work was done within the surface limits of the St. George, but was done within the surface lines of the Uncle Sam location.
That the St. George claim was located on the 20th day of March, 1873, subsequent to the location of the Uncle Sam;, ‘ ‘ that from and after the date of the location and discovery of the St. George mining claim and lode herein, * * * the Richmond Mining Company of Nevada has. been actually in possession of the said lode, as in the said patent described, and has been engaged in mining and extracting the precious metals therefrom, and * * * in sinking winzes and running drifts, tunnels and levels at a great depth below the surface of the earth, and none of the excavations made by either party came in conflict with any of those made by the other.”
That respondent, on the 1st day of August, 1873,, made-an application, through the local United States land office at Eureka, for a patent to the St. George mining claim; that on the 29th day of September, 1873, and within the period allowed by law for publication of notice, Bose and his associates filed a protest in said land office,, which showed the boundaries and extent of their claim, against said application;, that on the 21st day of October, 1873, they filed the complaint in this action in the office of the clerk of the district court of Eureka county; that at that time they did not pay the docket fee required by the statute of this State (2 Comp. L. 2766) ; that the docket fee was advanced and paid by the clerk to the *48county treasurer, in his regular monthly settlement, on the 3d day of November; that respondent regularly appeared in said action and filed a demurrer and answer; that it did not at any time move to dismiss said action or file a plea in abatement therein.
That softer said cause was at issue it was regularly placed upon the calendar for trial; that thereafter it remained on the calendar until the March term, 1874, but was not tried, for the reason that negotiations were pending for a settlement of the matters in controversy; that at the March term, 1874, the cause was continued upon motion of counsel for respondent, and thereafter the cause was not placed upon the calendar, nor any proceedings had, until the March tenn, 1880; that negotiations for a settlement were still pending, and Rose and his associates were led to believe from representations made to them by the officers and agents of the Richmond Mining Company that it would abandon all claim to that portion of the Uncle Sam west of the west end line of the Tip Top claim, or that it would purchase the Uncle Sam claim, and it was owing to these facts that the prosecution of the suit was delayed; that in the month of September, A. D. 1876, the Richmond Mining Company made application to the land office at Eureka for final entry and payment for the St. George claim, and presented a certificate of the clerk of the district court to the effect that this action had not been placed upon the calendar, nor had any proceedings been had therein, after the March term, 1874; that the officers of the land department, upon this certificate, decided that this action had not been prosecuted with due diligence, and for this reason that the Richmond company was entitled to a patent; that these proceedings were had without notice to plaintiffs and at a time when they and their attorneys believed from the representations made by the officers and agents of the Richmond company, as before stated, that a settlement would be agreed upon, and that there was no necessity for a trial; that the ruling of the officers of the land office at Eureka was approved by the commissioner of the general land office at Washington, D. C.; that plaintiffs were notified of his decision, and informed that they would have sixty days within which to appeal from the *49decision of the Secretary of the Interior; that they did not take any steps in the matter and did not appeal from the decision; that, thereafter, on the 7th day of May, 1877, the government of the United States issued a patent to the St. George claim and lode to the respondent.
That on the 80th day of April, 1874, the government of the United States issued to the respondent a patent to the Tip Top claim and lode.
That on the 18th day of October, 1878, the respondent made an application for a patent to the Victoria claim, which had been located subsequent to the location of the Uncle Sam, and procured a patent therefor from the United States on the 28th day of February, 1880; that no protest was filed against said application by the owners of the Uncle Sam claim.
That the Tip Top, St. George, Victoria and the Uncle Sam claim are each upon the same vein or lode.
That at the time of the trial of this action the Albion Consolidated Mining Company was the owner of the Uncle Sam claim, and this action is prosecuted for its benefit by the consent of the plaintiffs.
All that portion of the mining ground, within the limits of the Uncle Sam location, on the easterly side of the line “A” “ C ” on the diagram belongs to the respondent by virtue of the Tip Top location and patent.
We have been thus particular in stating the facts, in order that some of the' questions which we will have occasion to discuss may be the more clearly comprehended.
The real controversy, upon this appeal involves the validity of the Uncle Sam location, owned by appellants, and of the St. George and Victoria locations and patents owned by respondent. There are, however, numerous preliminary questions to be first disposed of. The case upon every point fairly bristles with legal and technical objections, urged by respondent. If any of the objections are well taken the judgment should be affirmed. If none of them are tenable the judgment must be reversed.
The various questions presented have been elaborately argued with marked ability.
*50From the interest thus manifested, as. well as the importance of some of the questions involved, and the peculiar facts of the case, we deem it to be our duty to decide all the points, that have been made; but in so. doing we shall not attempt to* answer all the reasons advanced by counsel. It is enough to state our opinion upon the points discussed and to give the reason for our decision thereon.
1. It is claimed by respondent that the statement on appeal is defective because it does-not contain any evidence, or specify any error which occurred at the trial. This, objection is without merit. No question is raised by appellants as to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings of facts. They do not rely upon any alleged error committed by the court, during the progress of the trial. The statement does contain some, if not all, of the documentary evidence, and it was unnecessary to insert any more of the evidence taken at the trial in order “ to explain the particular errors or grounds specified ” in the statement on appeal.
The statement is sufficient to authorize this court to determine whether the findings of facts support the judgment of the district court, provided there is a proper specification of errors as required by section 332 of the civil practice act. (1 Comp. L. 1393.)
2. We are of the opinion that this provision of the statute has been substantially complied with. It is true, as claimed by respondent, that in the assignment of errors it is not said, in direct terms, “that the judgment is contrary to the findings; or that upon the findings the judgment should have been for appellants;” yet such is the evident meaning and effect of the language used.
We believe it has been the usual practice, in cases like this, to make the general statement- that the judgment is not supported by the findings, and to add a specific statement of “ the particular errors” relied upon. Bub the general statement, the absence of which it is claimed is fatal without the particular specifications, would, according to many of the authorities cited by respondent, be insufficient.
It must be remembered that no objections are urged as to the sufficiency of the findings. They are not complained of by *51•either party, but are accepted as correct by both, and must be so'treated by this court. The only grounds, therefore, that could have been assigned as error were the alleged erroneous conclusions of law reached by the eourt upon the undisputed facts set forth in the findings.
Every conclusion of law of which complaint is made is separately specified as an error upon the part of the court. The form of the specifications may be subject to criticism, but the substance is there. Appellants have pointed out with great distinctness the specific errors which they claim the court committed, in its conclusions of law, in such a manner as to enable this court to readily understand the grounds upon which they rely for a reversal.
The specifications are given “ with such fullness as to aid the court in the examination of the transcript,” and this court is not left, as was the court in Squires v. Foreman, 10 Cal. 298, and other cases cited by respondent, “ to grope its way through the record in search of possible errors. ”
The statement on appeal and the assignment of errors come within the rule announced by the decisions in Barrett v. Tewksbury, 15 Cal. 356, and Hutton v. Reed, 25 Cal. 478, and this court has never, in any of its decisions, suggested that any further specification was necessary.
3. Respondent contends that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. In deciding this question it is important to determine the nature of this action, for upon the character of the pleadings, especially of the complaint, depends the solution of many questions that have been elaborately and learnedly argued by counsel.
The complaint alleges “that the plaintiffs axe, and ever since the 20th day of January, A. D. 1872, have been the owners of, seized and possessed of,” the mining ground in controversy, “together with all the veins, lodes and ledges throughout their entire depth, the top or apex of which lies within said surface boundaries; that defendant, unjustly and adversely to plaintiffs, claims an estate in fee in and to said premises, and the right of possession thereof, and the right of extracting and converting to its own use all the mineral-bearing rock, ore and earth therein contained, and has filed in the *52United States land office an application for a patent thereto, under the name of the St. George ledge and mine,” and closes with the usual prayer.
We will not follow counsel in that portion of their argument which is based upon the theory that this is a suit brought under the provisions of section 256 of the civil practice act. In our opinion the sufficiency of the complaint must be determined by the provisions of section 1674 of the compiled laws (Stat. 1873, 50), and section 39 of the civil practice act.
Section 1674 reads as follows :
“ In all actions brought to determine the right of possession of a mining claim, or metalliferous vein or lode, where an application has been made to the proper officers of the government of the United States, by either of the parties to such action, for a patent for said mining claim, vein or lode, it shall only be necessary to confer jurisdiction; on the court to try said action, and render a proper judgment thérein, that it appear that an application for a patent for such mining claim, vein or lode, has been made, and that the parties to said action are claiming such mining claim, vein or lode, or some part thereof, or the right of possession thereof.”
The objections to the complaint, under section 1674, are stated as follows : ‘ ‘ There is no allegation that the claim or application of the defendant for a patent is without right, or invalid or void, or that the plaintiffs ever filed any adverse claim to the defendant’s application for a patent. It does not appear from the complaint that any contest ever was initiated or was pending in the land office at the date of the commencement of this action.”
The complaint is not defective, either under section 256 or section 1674, because it does not allege the particulars of defendant’s claim and prove that it was invalid. (Scorpion S. M. Co. v. Marsano, 10 Nev., 379; Golden Fleece G. and S. M. Co. v. Cable Con. G. and S. M. Co., 12 Nev. 320.)
In the case last cited, Beatty, J., in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “A review of the question is, however, wholly unnecessary in this case, which is governed by the provisions of section 1674 of the compiled laws, * * * and evidently designed to supplement section 2326 of the revised *53statutes of the United States. * * * Under these laws the pendency of a contest in the land office, with respect to a mining claim, gives our district courts jurisdiction to determine the right of possession as between the adverse claimants. The contestant, whether he is in or out of possession, must commence his action to determine the right within thirty days after filing his adverse claim. It .would be absurd to hold that, if 'he happens to be the party in posssesion, and there: fore presumably entitled to the possession, judgment must go against him, in favor of a party out of possession, unless he not only proves his own right affirmatively, but disproves the claim of the defendant by negative testimony. The only sensible construction of the law is that each party must prove his claim to the premises in dispute, and that the better claim must prevail.”
It is claimed that this decision is in favor of tho respondent, upon the point that the pendency of the contest in the land office must be alleged. The complaint in that action averred that plaintiff had filed an adverse claim to the defendant’s application for a patent, hence the statement in the opinion that the pendency of the contest in the land office gave the court jurisdiction, which is true; but the question here involved was not presented in that case, and the court did not decide that such an allegation was absolutely essential in order to give .the court judisdiction.
Section 1674 does not make the filing of the protest a jurisdictional fact to be alleged in the complaint, and in this respect it differs from the statute considered by the court in Berry v. Camet, 44 Cal. 352, which is also relied upon by respondent.
It has, we believe, been the general practice in this state, in suits of this character, to allege the pendency of the contest in the land office, and the act of congress (Rev. Stat. 2326) has reference to cases where an adverse claim is filed. But it does not attempt to confer any special jurisdiction upon the state courts.
In 420 M. Co. v. Bullion M. Co., 9 Nev. 248, we said c “ Congress did not, by the passage of this act, * * * confer any additional jurisdiction upon the state courts. The object of the law, as we understand it, was to require parties *54protesting against the issuance of a patent to go into the state courts of competent jurisdiction and institute such proceedings as they might, under the different forms of action therein allowed, elect, and there try ‘ the rights of possession ’ to such claim and have the question determined. The acts of congress do not attempt to confer any jurisdiction not already possessed by the state courts, nor to prescribe a different form of action. * * * We are of opinion that when the action is brought, whatever1 may be its character, it must be tried by the same rules, governed by the same principles and controlled by the same statutes that apply to such actions in our state courts, irrespective of the acts of congress.”
Section 16.74 was evidently passed to supplement the act of ■congress, as stated in the Golden Fleece case, and it designates the jurisdictional facts that are necessary to be alleged in the complaint. The complaint in this action substantially conforms to the language of the statute, and we are of opinion that, tested by the statute and' the previous decisions of this court, it states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action to determine the right of possession to the mining ground in controversy.
4. The claim of respondent that this action was not commenced in time is not well taken.
The complaint was filed within thirty days after the filing of the protest as required by the statute.
It is true that the plaintiffs did not pay the docket fee (2 Comp. L. 2766-7), but it was advanced and paid by the clerk in his next regular monthly settlement with the county treasurer. The findings are silent as to whether any summons was issued or not. They show, however, that the defendant regularly appeared and filed a demurrer and answer to plaintiffs’ complaint, and did not at any time move to dismiss the action or file a plea in abatement. From these facts it is apparent that it cannot now be claimed that the action was not commenced in time.
The defendant, by demurring and answering, waived the issuance of summons. (1 Comp. L. 1085; Iowa M. Co. v. Bonanza M. Co. 16 Nev. 64.)
Respondent cannot take advantage of the fact that the clerk instead of the plaintiffs paid the docket fee. ...
*55The clerk had the right to refuse- to put the case upon the-docket unless the docket fee was paid by the plaintiffs. By-entering- it upon the docket he became personally responsible, and assumed the payment of the fee, and, having paid it, as he did, the rights of plaintiffs were preserved.' The case stands precisely the same as if the summons had been issued, and the docket fee paid by plaintiffs on the day the complaint was filed.
5. The claim of respondent that the protest does not show “the nature, boundaries and extent” of the Uncle Sam location, and lode is untenable.
This objection is one that should, if relied upon, have been made in the land office when the protest was filed. It is questionable whether any objection could be urged against the protest after the commencement of the suit, especially in a case-where no plea has been interposed to its sufficiency. But it is. apparent that the protest does sufficiently show “the nature, boundaries and extent” of the Uncle Sam claim and lode.
The respondent, in its application for a patent to the St. George location and lode, claimed two hundred and fifteen feet in width upon the surface. The Uncle Sam location claimed two hundred feet in width upon the surface.
The protest avers “that the so-called St. George lode or vein, wherefor a patent is applied, is identical with the Uncle Sam vein and lode,” and refers to the diagram to show “the nature and extent of the conflict.” The protest, in its description of the “nature, boundaries and extent” of the Uncle Sam location and lode, is as clear, definite and specific as. was. the-application presented by respondent for a- patent to the St. George. If the protest is defective, so is the application. It would be absurd, in the first instance, to decide that the application was sufficient when it only claimed two hundred and fifteen feet in width on the surface; and then, in the next breath, declare that the protest was insufficient because it did not claim the entire width of the lode on the- surface.
It is a conceded proposition that there is but one lode within the limits of the respective locations. • It therefore necessarily follows, notwithstanding the fact that each party only claimed two hundred feet in width on the surface, that which ever *56party lias the better right to the possession of the lode will be entitled to its entire width and entire depth, although it may, in its- downward course so far depart from a perpendicular as to extend outside the vertical side lines, of the surface location.
6. It is. strenuously insisted that appellants cannot maintain this action because, as respondent argues, the court found as a fact that it was in the actual possession of the mining ground in controversy at the time the action was commenced. This, argument is principally based upon the ground that this action must be governed by the provisions- of section 256 of the civil practice act. But it is also claimed that the same rule must prevail under the provisions of section 1674, notwithstanding the fact that it does not confine the rights of plaintiffs, as does, section 256, to a party in possession.
We do not think the argument of respondent could be sustained even if the facts were, as it claims them to be, that it was the only party in the possession of the mining ground in controversy. (Golden Fleece v. Cable Con. Co., 12 Nev. 321.)
The facts, however, show that both parties were in possession of different portions-of the “big*lode,” and the character of their possession is particularly defined.
Under the statute the party having the better right to the possession of the lode must prevail, and is entitled to maintain this action.
It being admitted, as we have before stated and will have occasion again to repeat, that there is but one lode, and that the Uncle Sam location, upon this lode, is prior in point of time to the St. George, it must follow that if the location of the Uncle Sam was valid in its inception, and its owners have not waived, lost or abandoned their rights, but have at all times complied with all the requirements of the law, appellants were and are the only parties legally in possession of the lode in controversy, 'and that respondent is not entitled to the “nine points of law” that are claimed for it and that often follow from the actual possession of property.
This must be true. If at the time the St. George location was made there was a prior, existing and valid location upon this portion of the lode, and such location has ever since been legally maintained, then the subsequent location of the St. *57George upon this portion of the lode was absolutely null and void, and respondent did not, and could not, acquire any rights whatever by virtue of its location upon, or its possession of, this portion of the lode. A party cannot locate a valid claim to a mining claim or lode already' located and legally possessed by others.
In Belk v. Meagher, recently decided by the supreme court of the United States, Waite, C. J., in delivering.the opinion of the court, said : “ Mining claims are not open to relocation until the rights of a former locator have come to an end. A relocator seeks to avail himself of mineral in the public lands which another has discovered. This he cannot do until the discoverer has in law abandoned his claim and left the property open for another to take up. The right of location upon the mineral lands of the United States is a privilege granted by congress, but it can only be exercised within the limits prescribed by the grant. Locations can only be made where the law allows it to be done. Any attempt to go beyond that will be óf no avail. Hence, a relocation on lands actually covered at the time by another valid and subsisting location is void; and this not only against the prior locator but all the world, because the law allows no such thing to be done. * '* * The right to possession conies only from a valid location. Consequently, if there is no location there can be no possession under it. Location does not necessarily follow from possession, but possession from location.”
7. Is the Uncle Sam location invalid ?
It is claimed by respondent that the locators of the Uncle Sam, by claiming a discovery interest, committed a fraud upon the government, and that, by reason thereof, their entire claim is illegal and void. The act of congress under which this location was made provides ‘ ‘ that no location hereafter made shall exceed two hundred feet in length along the vein for each locator, with an additional claim for discovery to the discoverer of the lode.” (14 U. S. Stat. 252, sec. 4.)
■ Appellants contend that the term “discovery,” as used in this act, is susceptible of more than one construction, and that the courts are justified in defining its meaning to be “ a discovery *58made- within the limits of the claim' located.” We are of opinion that a broad and liberal interpretation should be given to this statute. It must be construed with refei'ence to the intent and object that congress had in view at the time of its. passage, and in determining this question it is proper to consider the condition of the country and the general character of the mineral deposits, veins and lodes.
The object was evidently to encourage- the- location and development of mining claims. It was intended that the adventurous and enterprising prospector, who explored the-mineral regions, in search of the hidden treasure, should be rewarded by the government with at least “ an additional claim for discovery.” The mineral lodes, in many mining; districts, were concealed from public view. They did not always “crop out” upon the surface of the earth. There were no landmarks to definitely determine the length, width, distance or course of the lode when discovered. It required much time, money and labor, and in many cases protracted and expensive litigation to settle these disputed questions.
The facts of this case present a fair history of the condition of many of the mining districts in this state, and eliminate from the case every question as to any intended fraud upon the government. They show that Rose was the first discoverer of the ore body at the point of his location, and that he and his associates made the location in good faith, honestly believing that the location was not upon any lode that had been previously discovered by others. Subsequent developments established the fact that they were mistaken, and the owners of the Uncle Sam have been legally deprived of all that portion of their location on the easterly side of the line A C, within the boundaries of the Tip Top claim, and it also appears from the diagram that over two hundred feet of the Uncle Sam location, on the westerly end, extends beyond the limestone shale into the country rock. The fact that Philips made a prior location to the same ground is not entitled to any consideration, because this location was abandoned prior to the location of the Uncle Sam.
In illustration of the evil results that would flow from sustaining respondent’s construction of the law, let us suppose *59'that A, in 1870, located a mining claim, on the easterly end of Ruby Hill, including two hundred feet for a discovery .interest; that B, two months thereafter, went to the westerly -end, a distance of over one mile, and made a location upon a "body of ore, arid, believing it to be upon an entirely distinct lode from the one upon which A had made his location, claimed two hundred feet for discovery; that for years after- ' wards numerous other parties came upon the hill and made divers other locations between the claims of A and B, each •claiming two hundred feet for discovery, and for ten. or more years the various claims thus located were worked and •developed upon the theory and belief that each was upon a separate and distinct vein or lode; and, after this lapse of time, the expenditure of several hundred thousand dollars, and long-protracted and expensive litigation, it was ascertained, as it finally was on Ruby Hill (Eureka Consolidated Mining Company v. Richmond Mining Company of Nevada, 4 Saw. 302) , that there was but one lode, a zone of limestone containing precious metals, varying in width from five hundred to fifteen hundred feet. The courts would have to say to B, and all the subsequent locators who made locations on this .great mineral zone' — although their claims did not in any manner conflict with any previous locations made upon the lode— that their locations were absolutely void because the developments, brought about by time, labor, money and litigation, had established the fact that they were all upon the same lode originally discovered and located by A. To so declare would not only make invalid most of the early locations on Ruby Hill, but -would, in its effect, entirely upset and destroy, in many cases, the titles to mining property in the various mineral districts of this and other states and territories. Nevertheless, if the law so directs, in plain and unequivocal terms, it is the bounden duty of the courts to follow its mandates, although by so doing it would result in great and manifold injustice. The responsibility would rest upon congress, not upon the courts. But we are of opinion that such is not the meaning, object or intent of the law, and that such a construction is not warranted either by the letter or spirit of the statute. The most that could possibly be claimed against the *60validity of the Uncle Sam location would be that it was voidable to the extent of the excess of two hundred feet, and the owners of the claim could determine from which end, or ends, this excess should be taken. Nothing more than this result would follow from the reasoning’ of Beatty, J., in the Golden Fleece v. Cable Con., supra, where an alien joins in making a location; or, from the views expressed by the Supreme Court of Idaho, in Atkins v. Hendree, where it was claimed that the locators had purposely included a greater number of feet than the law allowed, and the court said that “ all the benefit that a subsequent locator can claim is that he shall be entitled to maintain his right to the excess.” (1 Idaho 112.)
There is not any principle decided, or reason given, in either of these decisions inconsistent with the construction contended for by appellants that the statute intended to give two hundred feet to the discoverer of the lode within the limits of his claim, and we are not prepared to say that such a construction is not warranted by the language of the statute. But, under the facts of this case, it is only necessary to decide that the Uncle Sam location is not entirely void; that, if voidable at all, it is only as to the excess of the discovery interest.
8. Is the St. George patent void ?
The provisions of the act of congress, to which we have already referred and upon which this and other questions, to be hereinafter discussed, must be determined, read as follows : ‘ ‘ Where an adverse claim is filed during the period of publication, it shall be upon oath of the person, or persons, making the same, and shall show the nature, boundaries, and extent of such adverse claim, and all proceedings, except the publication of notice, and making and filing of the affidavit thereof, shall be stayed until the controversy shall have been settled or decided by a court of competent .jurisdiction, or the adverse claim waived. It shall be the duty of the adverse claimant, within thirty days after filing his claim, to commence proceedings in a court of competent jurisdiction to determine the question of the right of possession, and prosecute the same with reasonable diligence to final judgment; and a failure to do so shall be a waiver of his adverse claim. After such judgment shall have been rendered, the party entitled to the possession *61of tlie claim, or any portion thereof, may, without giving-further notice, file a certified copy of the judgment roll with the register of the land office, together with the certificate of the surveyor general that the requisite amount of labor has been expended or improvements made thereon, and the description required in other cases, and shall pay to the receive]- five dollars per acre for his claim, together with the proper fees, whereupon the whole proceedings and the judgment roll shall be certified by the register to the commissioner of the general land office, and a patent shall issue thereon for the claim, or such portion thereof as the applicant shall appear, from the decision of the court, to rightly possess.” (Rev. Stat. U. S., sec. 2326.)
.The language of this statute is clear, plain and explicit.
When a patent is issued in pursuance of its provisions it would furnish the highest and best evidence of title which a party could obtain. In such a case, as was said by Field, J., in the Eureka case (4 Saw. 319), “a patent of the United States for land, whether agricultural or mineral, is something upon which its holder can rely for peace and security in his possessions. In its potency it is ironclad against all mere speculative inferences. ” But it is equally as clear, and as well settled, that, if the statute has not been complied with, and a patent is issued without authority of law, no substantial title is acquired.
The position taken by respondent that the officers of the land department of the government had jurisdiction to declare the adverse claim of appellants waived, by a failure on their part to prosecute this suit with reasonable diligence, cannot be sustained.
When this suit was commenced the district court acquired jurisdiction to try every question involved in the case, including the question of diligence in its prosecution. Congress did not intend that the land department should take any action until the controversy was finally determined in the state courts. The department is not authorized to interfere with the proceedings in the courts. The statute declares the steps that must be taken, and by following its directions no conflict of authority can ever arise between the land department and the *62courts. By departing from them endless confusion and expensive and unnecessary litigation will be bound to follow.
Secretary of the Interior Schurz, in overruling the decision of the commissioner of the land office in the Iowa Mining Company v. Bonanza Mining Company, gave a clear exposition of the act of congress. He said: 4‘ This statute provides in plain terms that a failure on the part of an adverse claim-, ant to prosecute his suit to judgment with reasonable diligence shall be a waiver of his claim, but it does not provide, either in terms or by necessary implication, that you shall decide what constitutes reasonable diligence while suit is pending in court. There can be no question but what the state court of Nevada has acquired jurisdiction over this cause, and it is equally clear that the object of the law was to require parties claiming an adverse interest in land included in an application for patent to try the right of possession and have the controversy determined by the state courts before a patent was issued. ‘Where a court has jurisdiction, it has a right to decide every question which occurs in the cause.’ (Elliott v. Piersal, 1 Pet. 340.) The question of diligence in the prosecution of a pending suit is as much a question for the determination of the court as any other question of law or fact which may arise in the progress of the case, and one which, after the court has acquired jurisdiction, should be left for its determination. I do not think it was the intention of congress that you should decide what constitutes reasonable diligence in the prosecution of a suit pending in a court of competent jurisdiction, for such a proceeding would necessarily interfere with matters which the court alone should determine. Under such a practice it might occur in which you would hold that reasonable diligence had not been exercised, and issue a patent, while the court might hold otherwise and give judgment for the adverse claimant, and the result would be a conflict of authority and a confusion of titles. * * * 1 am of opinion that the proper practice in cases of this character is for the defendant, if in his opinion the suit is not prosecuted with reasonable diligence, to move the court to dismiss the case for want of prosecution, and if the motion is granted, cause the judgment to be certified to your office, when a patent can *63be issued without conflict with the jurisdiction of the courts, or the rights of the parties in interest.” (Sickel’s Mining Laws, 290; Copp’s Mineral Lands, 219.)
Equally plain and explicit is the opinion of Secretary Chandler, in City Rock v. King of the West. “The plain meaning of this section is that all contests which may arise in the disposal of the mineral lands shall be tried and determined, if tried at all, in a court of competent jurisdiction; that the adjudication and determination of that court shall be final, and a patent for the tract in controversy shall issue to the successful party or parties, upon showing- further compliance therewith. ” After stating the objections raised by the protest he adds: “Both of these objections go to the merits of the case, and not to the form of the claim. It is unquestionably your duty, as well as mine, when an adverse claim is presented for consideration, to examine it and determine whether the claimant has substantially set forth, under oath, its ‘ nature, boundaries and extent;’ but if a compliance with the law is shown in these particulars, and a suit has been instituted to determine the rights of the parties, I am of the opinion that we can proceed no further with the investigation. It is the duty of the court in which the suit is pending to determine all other questions relating to the controversy.” (Sickel’s Mining Laws, 296; Copp’s Mineral Lands, 219.)
The facts of this case, as well as the decisions of the different secretaries of the interior, show the expediency, wisdom and propriety of congress making provision, as it did, to have this question, and all others arising in the action, to be settled and determined in the state courts. The certificate issued by the clerk ‘ ‘ to the effect that this action had not been placed upon the calendar, nor had any proceedings been had therein from the March term, 1874,” was true upon its face; but this fact, without showing the cause of the delay, conveyed to the officers of the land department an absolutely false impression, and induced them, in an ex parte proceeding, to decide that the plaintiffs had not prosecuted the suit with reasonable diligence; whereas the truth was, as established at the trial, that defendant was responsible for the delay in the prosecution of the suit.
*64The necessity of giving courts of justice final jurisdiction to review the action of the land department even in cases where its officers, have jurisdiction to act, is very clearly and forcibly stated by the supreme court of the United States in Johnson v. Towsley, wherein it was decided that “the land office, dealing as it does with private rights of great value in a manner particularly liable to be imposed upon by fraud, false swearing and mistakes, exemplifies the value and necessity of this jurisdiction. ” (13 Wall. 72.) But in this case the officers. of the land department had no jurisdiction to determine the question at issue. At the time the St. George patent was issued, there was a valid and pending contest in the court to determine the right of possession to the mining ground and lode in controversy, and the act of congress expressly declares that in such cases “ all proceedings * * * shall be stayed until the controversy shall have been settled, or decided by a court of competent jurisdiction, or the adverse claim waived.” The action of the land department was in violation of this provision of the statute. The government of the United States, under the circumstances, had no more authority than a mere stranger to issue the patent. Its officers had no jurisdiction to perform any act, and it could not legally issue a patent while a valid contest was pending in the state courts.
A patent issued without authority of law is void. (U. S. v. Chapman, 5 Saw. 528; Polk’s Lessees v. Wendal, 9 Cranch 87; Stoddard v. Chambers, 2 How. 285; Morton v. Nebraska, 21 Wall. 660; Sherman v. Bruick, 93 U. S. 216.)
In Polk’s Lessees v. Wendal, the facts showed that the state of North Carolina attempted to grant lands to which she had no title or authority to grant. The court declared the patent void. Marshall, C. J., in delivering the opinion, said : “ There are cases in which a grant is absolutely void, as where the state has no title to the thing granted, or where the officer had no authority to issue the grant. In such cases the validity of the grant is necessarily examinable at law.” (9 Cranch 99.)
In Stoddard v. Chambers, the facts showed that a patent had been issued at a time when the lands therein granted were expressly reserved from sale. McLean, J., in delivering the *65opinion of the court, said : “No title can be held valid which has been acquired against law; and such is the character of the defendant’s title so far as it trenches on the plaintiff’s. * * * The issuing of a patent is a ministerial act, which must be performed according to law. * * * It is true a patent possesses the highest verity. It cannot be contradicted or explained by parol, but if it has been fraudulently obtained or issued against law, it is void. It would be a most dangerous principle to hold that a patent should carry the legal title, though obtained fraudulently or against law, * * * The patent of the defendant having been for land reserved from such appropriation, is void.” (2 How. 318.)
From the views already- expressed it is apparent that the district court Avas correct in its conclusions that the 1 ‘ St George patent Avas issued Avitliout authority of law, while the land embraced in the application Avas reserved from sale as effectually as though there had been a special act of congress excluding it, and that, therefore, it is absolutely void.”
9. Is the Victoria patent valid ? There is, as we have before stated, but one lode Avithin the boundaries of the Uncle Sam, St. George and Victoria locations. This lode was the coveted prize for which these locations Avere made, and for which the patents to the St. George and Victoria were issued. The apex of this lode is within the surface ground claimed by the Uncle Sam location, and throughout the argument it was conceded that if the owners of this location have in all respects complied Avith the law they will be entitled to the entire width of the lode. To repeat the facts: When respondent made its application for the St. George claim it included the identical- lode which Avas afterwards embraced in its application for a patent to the Victoria. The OAvners of the Uncle Sam claim protested against this application and brought an action in the state court, within proper time, to determine which party" had the better right to the lode. They did not protest against the second application of respondent for a patent to-the same lode under the name of the Victoria.
Field, J.(in Eureka Consolidated Mining Company v. Richmond Mining Company of Nevada) declared that under *66the act of congress of 1872, “ When one is-seeking a patent for his. mining location and gives proper notice- of the fact as, there prescribed, any other claimant of an unpatented location objecting to the patent of the claim, either on account of its extent or form, or because of asserted prior location,, must come forward with his objections and present them, or he will afterwards be precluded from objecting to the issue of the patent. While, therefore, the general doctrine of relation applies to mining patents so as to cut off intervening claimants, if any there can be, deriving title from other sources, * * the doctrine cannot be applied so as to cut off the rights of the earlier patentee, under a later location where no opposition to that location was. made under the" statute. The silence of the first locator is, under the statute, a waiver of his priority. (4 Saw. 318.)
These views are relied upon by respondent and claimed to-be conclusive, in its favor, in support of the validity of the Victoria patent. But it will readily be seen, by an examination of that decision, that- the question at issue here was not presented in that case, and the language of the eminent judge who delivered that opinion was not intended to, and does not, apply to a case like the present.
It seems to us that substantially the same reasons exist against the validity of the Victoria patent that exist against the St. George, and that if the court below was correct in declaring the St. George void, it necessarily follows by every method of sound reasoning known to the law, that it was. wrong in the conclusion reached that the Victoria patent was valid.
At the time the Victoria patent was issued there was, as we have several times declared, a valid and pending contest between the respondent and appellants in the state court to determine" the right of possession to the identical lode for which this — as well as the St. George — patent was issued. During the pendency of this contest the lode was reserved from sale.
In replying to the question asked by the surveyor general of Colorado, “Was the resurvey of the Crown Point lode, made after the filing of said adverse claim, and prior to the *67final disposition of the said application by this office, legal ?” ■the commissioner of the general land office said : “I would .■state that after an application has been made for patent for a given mining claim such claim is virtually withdrawn from the market, pending the final disposition of the case.” (Sick>els’ Mining Decisions, 116'.)
The application of J. B. Haggin for patent to the Hurricane lode was dismissed by .the commissioner “upon the ground that a great portion of the land applied for was included in the pending application of Andre Chavaune, and hence at the date of Haggin’s application the same was not in market. ” .(Sickles’ Mining Decisions, 243.)
If the portion of the lode in controversy was reserved from -sale, then no patent could issue for it until this suit is settled ■and determined by the courts.
A party, after applying for a patent to a mineral lode under a given name, cannot, after a contest is raised in the courts, and while it is pending, make a second application, under another name, to the same lode, and, after obtaining a patent therefor, stand in the doorway of the “ Temple of Justice” and say to the adverse claimant, who regularly appeared and protested against the first application, “You cannot enter these halls to defend your rights, because you did not protest against my second application.”
If a party could legally make a second application for the same lode, he could continue without limit. As soon as one protest was filed, he could immediately make another application to the same lode under a different name, and require the adverse claimant to protest against each application and to bring a separate and distinct action in each case, and make the same proofs, in order to determine the identical questions at issue in the first suit. If this be the law, then a wealthy applicant could, in many cases, soon exhaust the purse, as well as the patience, of the adverse claimant, if he should unfortunately be limited in his means, however strongly he might be intrenched in the justice and right of his case.
We do not believe that the act of congress requires such vain, useless and expensive proceedings. It points out with unusual clearness the mode that each party must pursue, and *68when the parties have once regularly brought themselves within its provisions their respective rights must be heard and determined in the manner therein designated.
Under the facts of this case no patent could be legally issued by the government of the United States to that portion of the lode in controversy, until the question as to which party has the better right to the possession of the. lode is disposed of by the courts, and then the party having such better right is, by pursuing the provisions of the statute, entitled to the patent. If this portion of the lode is not reserved from sale until the contest is disposed of, then the provisions of the act of congress are a delusion and a snare :—
“That keep the word of promise to our oar and break it to our hopo.”
Numerous other reasons have been assigned by appellants against the validity of the Victoria patent, some of which only go to the extent of making it voidable instead of void ; but in our opinion the views we have expressed are correct, and they are conclusive of the case. It follows, therefrom, that the Victoria patent, in so far as it attempts to convey to respondent any portion of the lode covered by the valid portion of the Uncle Sam location, is — like the St. George— absolutely null and void.
10. In cases where a patent is issued without authority of law there is no necessity to resort to a court of equity to have it declared void. The question of its invalidity can be raised and determined in any proceeding either in law or equity. The authority of the court to declare the St. George and Victoria patents void, under the pleadings in this action, is too well settled to require discussion. (See authorities heretofore cited in discussing the invalidity of the St. George patent; also Patterson v. Tatum, 3 Saw. 173; Patterson v. Winn, 11 Wheat. 380; Cooper v. Roberts, 6 McLean 93.)
11. The only remaining question is as to the form and character of the judgment which the district court should be directed to render in this case.
Appellants claim that they are entitled to a decree adjudging respondent to be the holder of the St. George and Victoria patents in trust for them and to an order requiring it to convey to them all rights acquired thereunder, and have cited *69a great number of authorities which they claim warrant such a course to be pursued.
In Johnson v. Towsley, the supreme court of the United States said that if for any reason “ recognized by courts of equity as a ground of interference in such cases, the legal title has passed from the United States to one party, when, in •equity and good conscience, and by the laws which congress has made upon the subject, it ought to go to another, ‘ a court of equity will,’ in the language of ‘this court in the case of Stark v. Starrs, 6 Wall. 402, convert him into a trustee of the true owner, and compel him to convey the legal title.” (13 Wall. 85.)
“ The relief given in this class of cases,” as was said by the court in Silver v. Ladd, “ is founded on the theory that the title which has passed from the United States to the defendant, inured in equity to the benefit of plaintiff, and a court of chancery gives effect to this equity, according to its forms, in several ways.” (7 Wall. 228.)
But this course is only pursued in cases where the officers of the government were authorized to act, and by an erroneous construction of the law, or a misapplication of the facts, issued the patent to the wrong party. This is not such a case. We have decided that both of these patents were absolutely void; that they were issued without authority of law at a time when the land and executive department of the government had no jurisdiction to act in the premises: The lode was reserved from sale; neither of the parties to this suit were entitled to a p>atent until the pending contest was finally settled and determined in the courts. If this bqtrue, then the patents, in so far as they pretend to convey any portion of the lode within the limits of the Uncle Sam location, have no valid existence in the law. Respondent acquired no rights thereunder, and has none to convey.
The judgment of the district court is reversed, and the cause remanded with instructions to the district court to render a proper judgment in favor of the plaintiffs in this action and against the defendant, in compliance with the views we have expressed, for all that portion of the mineral lode in controversy westerly of the westerly end line of the Tip Top claim, *70designated, by the line A C on the diagram; and order the injunction against defendant, to this portion of the lode, to be made perpetual, and a judgment in favor of plaintiffs for their costs. A judgment should, also, be rendered in favor of defendant for all that portion of the lode easterly of the line A C.