The opinion of the Court was delivered b/
Willard, A. J.The first question to be considered in this case is whether the Circuit Court had authority to grant a writ of prohibition to stay the collection of taxes levied for State and County purposes, as affecting the relators, on the ground that property of relators not subject to taxation had been illegally taxed.
This question depends on the force and effect of Section 5 of the Act entitled “ An Act to amend an Act entitled ‘ An Act to provide for the assessment and taxation of property,’ ” approved February 28, 1870, (14 Stat., 367.) If this declaration of the legislative authority carries the force of law, then the prohibition in the present case was improperly granted, and must be set aside.
*527The Section in question is as' follows: “ The collection of taxes shall not be stayed or prevented by any injunction, writ, or order, issued by any Court or officer, except as provided for in this Act and in the Act to provide for the assessment and taxation of property.” There is nothing in either of the Acts referred to that creates any exception to this general language in favor of the proceedings by prohibition. The language employed plainly excludes the use of the remedy by prohibition as a means of staying the collection of taxes.
The will of the Legislature must prevail in this respect, unless there is something in the Constitution of the United States or of the State that deprives it of the force and effect of law. Where the sense of a statute is made out in conformity to established rules of construction, we know of no means of depriving it of the force and effect of law but those afforded by the Constitution of the State or of the United States.
Is there, then, anything in either of these instruments that operates to prevent the execution of the declared will of the Legislature in question ?
It is argued that Section 5 is void under Section 20, Article II, of the Constitution of this State, which declares as follows: “ Every Act or Resolution having the force of law shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.” Much discussion and contrariety of opinion has been elicited in regard to similar provisions in the Constitutions of some of the other States, with reference to the question whether a disregard of its requirements in the passage of an Act renders such Act nugatory. It will not be necessary to pass upon this question, for, under the view taken of the Act containing the Section under consideration, no conflict with such constitutional requirement exists.
The Act of 1870, according to both its title and the substance of its provisions, is amendatory of the Act of 1868, (14 Stat. 27.) The Act amended is entitled “An Act providing for the assessment and taxation of property.” In order to ascertain what is the proper subject of these Acts, within the sense of the Constitution, to which Section 5 must be referred, in order to test its harmony with the Constitution, it is necessary to consider the Act of 1870 as if its provisions were incorporated in and solidified with those of the Act of 1868, so as to make one system of means for the accomplishment of the objects embraced within the title of the Act of 1868.
*528The proper subject of the Act of 1868 is, the proceedings for the ascertainment of property subject to taxation, for the rateable distribution of the sums required to be raised for public purposes among the tax payers, according to the value of the property legally bound to contribute, for the ascertainment of the sums chargeable to each individual tax payer by way of assessment, for the correction of the assessments, as it regards taxes illegally or erroneously imposed or omitted, and for the enforcement and collection of such taxes. Sections 6, 7 and 8 of the Act of 1870, undertake to ascertain and regulate the remedies for illegal assessments which may be obtained by means of an action at law, materially increasing the efficiency of such remedies.
Are provisions of law defining the remedies incident to the abuse of the taxing power fairly within the subject opened by the title of the Act of 1868? If so, then a provision excluding a remedy previously allowed is as strictly within that subject as one giving a new or modifying an old remedy.
The object of the Act of 1868 is the regulation of the taxing power of the State. Its subject, embracing, as it does, all proceedings properly incident to the exercise of such taxing power, must be regarded as commensurate with all the means by which the object of the Act can either be promoted or defeated. Under such a view, ordinary remedies in the Courts of justice must be considered as included, especially such as tend to arrest proceedings instituted under the authority of the Act. Although the State cannot be impleaded in its own Courts, yet its agents and servants derive no immunity from this fact, where acting without the sanction of law. The effect of a remedy taken against a public officer charged with duties incident to the assessment and collection of taxes may operate upon the State directly, as where the action of the officer is stayed or public funds are tied up in his hands.
The question of remedies against public officers becomes a matter of interest to the State, as affecting the efficiency of its means for raising money by taxation, and, therefore, the regulation of such remedies is the proper subject of a systematic arrangement of the modes of procedure by which the power of taxation is to be exercised.
The term “subject,” as employed in the Constitution, must receive a liberal interpretation, not only as employed in imposing limitations to the legislative authority, but in furtherance of the particu*529lar object disclosed by the Section in which it occurs. Its object is in part to secure a systematic treatment of matters for legislation, by drawing whatever appertains to either a particular or general subject into consideration, separate and apart from all other matters not appertaining to such subject, experience having shown that neglect of such systematic treatment exposes the legislative body to imposition by the surreptitious introduction of irrelevant matters, and tends to impair the completeness of their work.
A general subject like that of a system of regulations controlling the exercise of one of the great powers or functions of the government must be considered as equally within the language of the Constitution as a particular subject embracing a few matters of limited interest.
It is clear that the Section under consideration is properly a part of the general subject treated of and embraced in the title of the Act,'under the general designation of the class of powers to which the Act relates.
- If the Section in question could be regarded in no other light, than as destroying an existing remedy, rather than as-modifying it with a view to greater efficiency and less detriment to the public interests, still the Act would not be open to objection, unless such-destruction contravened some definite clause or limitation of the Constitution. The only clause that has usually been referred to in. the general discussion of the powers of the Legislature over remedies is that contained in the Constitution of the United States, as well as of this State, forbidding the passage of laws impairing the obligation of contracts.
That provision is wholly inapplicable here, unless every right that a citizen enjoys under the laws is to be regarded as having its foundation in a contract, as that term is used in the Constitution. That provision contains an important principle. It recognizes the right of two or more citizens to bind themselves by the terms of a contract to a course of action which, if not inconsistent with the law of the land at the time the contract is made, becomes to them a law of as high áanetion as that which proceeds from the legislative authority of the State. It recognizes the obligation of such a contract as entitled to be placed beyond the legislative control or interference.
In the present case, the right of the relator to a writ of prohibition, as it existed prior to its repeal, stood on the foundation of a concession by the Act of the law alone, contained in its general *530remedial provisions, and was, in no sense, caused by the obligation of a contract, as that term is used in the Constitution.
But the Section under consideration, although it denies a remedy theretofore taken in a particular form, yet it affords one in another form equally as efficient, as we must assume, in the judgment of the Legislature. No one has yet questioned the right of the Legislature to mould and change the forms and characteristics of remedies, even where these remedies are the means of enforcing the obligation of contracts clearly within the protection of the clause of the Constitution under consideration.
It has been said that the terms of the Constitution, fixing the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court, preclude the Legislature from taking away the remedy by prohibition, in the case of illegal taxation, on the ground that such a repeal of an existing remedy would tend to destroy in part a jurisdiction conferred by that instrument.
The clause in question is in Section 15, Article IV, which Section reads as follows: “ The Courts of Common Pleas shall have exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of divorce, and exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases and actions ex delicto which shall not be cognizable before Justices of the Peace, and appellate jurisdiction in all such cases as may be provided by law. They shall have power to issue writs of mandamas, prohibition, scire facias, and all other writs which may be necessary for carrying their powers fully into effect.”
The questions to be considered are: first, whether the grant of jurisdiction conferred under the expression, “power to issue writs of * * prohibition,” &c.. operates, in itself, considered as a grant of jurisdiction, as authority for the Court to employ that remedy in all cases in which it had theretofore been employed, independently of an exercise of legislative authority intended to prevent the employment of such writ as a remedy in a particular case; second, whether the terms of the Constitution admit of an interpretation giving them a greater effect than that of a grant of mere jurisdiction, and equivalent to a declaration that the remedies to which the jurisdiction of the Court extends shall remain inviolate, both as it regards the nature and effect of such remedies, and the eases to which they shall be applied. In other words, is the language of the Constitution more than a mere grant of jurisdiction, and, if not, does the grant of jurisdiction, in itself, place the remedy conferred beyond the power of the Legislature to declare that it shall not be *531employed in a certain case in which it has theretofore been employed? These questions will be considered in the order above stated.
The first proposition to be considered is, that the possession of full jurisdiction by a Court is consistent with authority in the Legislature to establish, change or abolish any remedy or form of procedure in the Courts, to determine the nature, force and effect of all remedies, and the cases to which they shall be applied. In considering this proposition, it is assumed that the words “power to ■ issue writs ” import a grant of jurisdiction merely. If the opposite of this proposition be true, then it would follow that the Courts of England and of this country never had full jurisdiction, for their Control over remedies has always been subject to the right of the Legislature to modify or repeal them. The legal idea of jurisdiction has been formed in view of such ample powers residing in the Legislature. The idea of jurisdiction is embraced within that of judicial power, but, when appropriately used, carries with it the recognition of limit to that power in a particular direction. When . we are considering judicial powers, in reference to the cases in which it may properly be-exercised, we use the term jurisdiction in preference to power, as more exact and descriptive. The idea, then, of jurisdiction is that of power exerted in a given ease. Wherever there is a proper case presented for judicial action, there must, of necessity, be, as among parties amenable to the law, a relation recognized by the law as imposing certain obligations, and a state of facts disclosing a want of conformity to such obligations on the part of some of the parties concerned. If, then, the law has declared as the consequence of such a state of things, that the party in fault shall perform some act, either in direct satisfaction or compensatory for its non-fulfillment, or that he shall abstain from some threatened act of wrong,-a Court having jurisdiction may so declare, and enforce its declarations by proper means. Now all that is implied by the idea of jurisdiction is the right to declare the proper legal conclusion from the state of facts presented, with authoritative and, under certain circumstances, conclusive effect. The nature and force • of 'the obligation involved, and the consequences of want of conformity to it, are all fixed by the law-making authority, either by direct enactment or by its sanction of the unwritten law of the land". In neither of these particulars does the proper course of judicial action depend upon the will of the judicial body. The fact *532that, in declaring the unwritten law in a doubtful case, a Judge is liable to mistake the inclination of his own mind for the dictates of the law, only illustrates the importance of keeping the true nature of the judicial action clearly and constantly before the judicial mind. Inasmuch, then, as all the elements of every judicial question arise out of the expressed will of the law-making authority, except those that depend on the conduct of the parties, the judicial act can by no possibility impose a limitation upon the freedom of the legislative will. Judicial jurisdiction may be perfect, and yet the legislative power may be free from all constitutional restrictions, as is the case in England. It follows that there is nothing in a grant of judicial jurisdiction that tends in any way to affect the limits of legislative power, beyond what may be accomplished by placing the Constitution of the Court beyond legislative control as it regards the right to exercise such jurisdiction.
If, then, Section 15, considered as a mere grant of jurisdiction, cannot operate to limit the legislative authority over remedies, can the terms of that Section be regarded as indicating an intent, beyond that of lodging jurisdiction, equivalent to a declaration that the remedy by prohibition shall remain forever unchanged as theretofore existing?
This Section must be construed, if possible, as allowing full force and effect to Section 1, Article IV, vesting the full legislative power of the State in the General Assembly. Implied limitations of legislative power are only, admissible when the implication is necessary, as when language conveying a particular intent cannot have its proper force without the allowance of such limitation. It cannot be successfully contended that Section 15 will be shorn of the effect due to its terms if construed as a grant of jurisdiction strictly. On the other hand, to enlarge its sense will have the effect of introducing consequences clearly not intended by the Constitution. Whatever Section 15 intended as to the grant of jurisdiction in the case of prohibition must be considered as applicable to all branches of jurisdiction named in that Section. If the power of the Legislature to repeal the use of prohibition in a particular case must be regarded as taken away by that Section, then the same result must follow as it regards writs of mandamus, scire facias, and all other writs essential to carrying out fully the powers of the Circuit Court. It must also apply to all cases of divorce, and all eases and actions ex delicto, and to matters of equity, provided for in the sixteenth *533Section. Such a construction would be equivalent to a declaration that the Legislature is stripped of all power to take away a remedy when existing and allowed by law at the adoption of the Constitution. Inasmuch as the Legislature of this State has always enjoyed this power, in common with all other legislative bodies of a similar character, it will be, in effect, radically changing the balance of power between the Legislature and the judiciary, on no higher ground than that of a doubtful implication. If the Legislature cannot be trusted with control over remedies, then it is for the people, who have the right to subject that body to limitations, to interpose, by the expression of a clear intent, to effect such limitation. It is not the province of the Courts to devise means of keeping legislative. authority within proper bounds. To raise out of Section 15 an implication of such a character could only be regarded as an attempt on the part of the Court to devise limits to legislative authority not clearly imposed by the supreme legislative power. A greater misfortune could not befall a State than legislation springing from distrust of the judiciary, and judicial action prompted by distrust of the legislative authority. Whatever abuses may exist in either of these branches of the government, to preserve the true constitutional balance between these great functions of the government is the first duty of the judiciary looking to their reform.
There is nothing in the Constitution showing an intent to give any new character or definition to judicial jurisdiction. The Circuit Court is not a new creation of the Constitution, without antecedents from which its characteristics can be judged. It was and is a Court of record, of original jurisdiction, proceeding according to the course of the common law, but with general equity powers added. Unless we are forced by clear language to a different conclusion, we must assume that it was the intent of the Constitution to put that Court on the same footing occupied by its predecessors. There is nothing in the 'terms employed that compels any other conclusion in the present case.
The present case illustrates most forcibly the inconvenience of the construction contended for. Under the existing laws, the duties imposed on the officers charged with the imposition and collection of taxes are purely political duties of an administrative character. There is no recognized precedent, either at common law or in the practice of the Courts of Equity, for the Court, by any writ or process, to lay its hands upon and stop the motion of the political ma*534chinery of the government. The law generally holds the party guilty of an abuse of political power respónsible for the consequences of that abuse, but it never, without disregarding the principles of sound government, undertakes to stop by the hands of one branch of the government the exercise of political powers by another branch. The writ of prohibition, as used at common law, never fulfilled this function. It issued from the higher branch of the Judiciary to stop assumptions of jurisdiction by judicial bodies of limited powers. Its operation was entirely confined within the judicial system itself. The remedy by prohibition in the case of an illegal tax was allowed in this State formerly, but it was recognized as exceptional. Its allowance cannot be satisfactorily accounted for, unless it proceeded upon the ground that the imposition of taxes was an exercise of judicial or at least quasi judicial power.
Whatever may have been the reasoning that induced its allowance under the then existing state of the law, it is clear that to employ that writ at the present time for the purpose claimed is to require the judiciary to do that w’hich, according to the principles of the common law, they could not do, namely, lay hold of political powers in the hands of an administrative officer and mould their exercise according to the judicial idea of their proper use. The practice of England and of the other States is against the allowance of interference of that character. We have not outlived the hardy wisdom of our ancestors, although we may claim to ourselves more art in carrying into operation the principles of law which they understood so well. To hold that the Legislature may not repeal the use of this remedy is to hold that they have not power to avail themselves of the experience and practice of other States in regard to the most important class of powers on which the organization of the means of continuing efficiently the exercise of governmental functions depends.
No sufficient ground has been shown for denying to the Section of the statute the authority of law, and the relator’s application should have been dismissed by the Circuit Court.
The proceeding below must be dismissed.
Wright, A. J., concurred.