The opinion of the court Avas delivered by
Mr. Justice Pope.On the sixth day of February, 1829, Thomas Ilanscome, of the city of Charleston, executed his deed, whereby he conveyed unto Dr. Thomas Logan, his heirs and assigns forever, a certain house and lot, situate in Charleston County, upon the following trusts: “To suffer and permit Mrs. *321Ann Holmes and lier husband, for and during their joint lives, to occupy and enjoy said premises, or to receive the income thereof, and upon the death of either of said parties, viz., Mrs. Ann Holmes or her said husband, then in trust to suffer and permit the survivor to enjoy the income thereof during his or her life; and upon the death of the survivor, then in trust, to be absolutely vested in such issue of their present marriage as may be living at the death of the survivor aforesaid, to be held by them, if more than one, as tenants in common; and I, the said Thomas Hans-come, do hereby authorize and empower the said Dr. Thomas Legaré at any time hereafter, at the request of the said Mr. and Mrs. Holmes, or the survivor, in writing to that effect, to sell and dispose of the said property in such way as they may so direct, and to vest the proceeds in any other species of property, to be held, however, subject to the trusts mentioned in the deed.” Dr. Legaré, the trustee, was the father of Mrs. Ann Holmes. The consideration mentioned in the deed was regard for Mrs. Holmes, and the sum of five dollars paid by the trustee. This deed ivas recorded in the office of the register of mesne conveyance for Charleston District on the 16th day of February, 1829, upon the following probate: “State of South Carolina, Charleston County. Personally appeared before me Thomas P. Allen and made oath that he saw Thomas Hanscome sign, seal, and deliver this deed for the purposes therein mentioned, and that he, with Thomas S. Grimke, witnessed the same. Sworn to before me this 16th day of February, 1829. Maurice Simons, jr., notary public.”
James W. Holmes died before his wife, Ann Holmes; the latter died in October, 1889. Twelve children were born unto them, ten of whom died unmarried. All of the issue of the said James W. Holmes and Ann Holmes, his wife, in October, 1889, are as follows: Susan J. Fuller, Anna O. Missroon, William B. Holmes, who are grandchildren ; Claudia H. Butler, Clelia Porcher Missroon, James Missroon, Edward Nathaniel Fuller, jr., Maud Eola Holmes, and Mabel Warren Holmes, who are great grandchildren; and Rutledge Parker Butler, who is a great great grandchild. Henry E. Young is the owner of the interest of the grandchild, William B. Holmes.
An action was begun in the Court of Common Pleas for Char*322leston County for partition of the land in controversy amongst the issue of said James W. Holmes and Ann, his wife, by Susan J. Fuller as plaintiff against Anna C. Missroon, William B. Holmes, James A. Holmes, and Henry E. Young as defendants, on the 12th day of March, 1890, and a decree for the sale of the house and lot was made by Judge James F. Izlar at his chambers; in Orangeburg, in this State, on the 22d day of March, 1890, directing a sale of the same to be made by C. R. Miles, Esq., as master. An attempt was made by such officer to sell such house and lot at public auction at ¡$1,800 to H. J. O’Neill. This failed, because it was discovered that all the issue of the marriage of James W. Holmes and Ann, his wife, were not parties to the action. An amended complaint was duly exhibited, and all of the issue were legally made parties. After such had been done, an order for sale was made, by which the master was directed to sell at public outcry the premises in question. To this order, how'ever, was added this provision : “The master is authorized, with the assent of the counsel in the case, to convey the said premises to any person or persons who may pay the sum of eighteen hundred dollars therefor before the day of sale.” The master employed James F. Redding to act as his agent in securing such purchaser, and on the 12th day of November, 1890, J. H. Heinsohn, of the city of Charleston, agreed to and with said James F. Redding, as agent, to pay two thousand dollars therefor, to be paid in cash upon the tender to him of good and sufficient title deeds for the same, two weeks being allowed for the examination of the title, all of which was in writing and signed by Mr. Iieinsohn. These facts were reported to the court by the master, and a decretal order was passed confirming the sale to Heinsohn upon his compliance with the terms.
On the 7th January, 1891, when the master tendered him a deed of conveyance for the property, he declined to accept the same and comply with his agreement. On the 9th March, 1891, Mr. Miles, as master, reported these facts to the court, and on the same day a rule was issued out of the court against Mr. Heinsohn, requiring him to show cause on the 11th March why he had not complied with his contract of sale and purchase of the premises in question. In the return to the rule, amongst other *323things, Mr. Heinsohn agreed to take the premises in question at the price fixed, provided the titles thereto are free from objection, and that such objections should be submitted to the court, waiving any objection to the form of the proceeding, or any other objection, except those relating to the validity of the title; in consideration of which it was agreed by counsel on both sides that no costs by either party to the action should be charged against the other parties to the action, but that each party should pay his own costs. Objections were made to the title by said Heinsohn, and the same were heard and considered by his honor, Judge Norton, who thereafter, to wit, on 7th May, 1891, filed his decree, in which he overruled such objections, and ordered that the rule be made absolute, and that the said Heinsohn should comply with the terms of his bargain within twenty days from notice of the filing of the order, or be attached as for a contempt of the court.
J. H. Heinsohn has appealed from this decretal order of his honor, Judge Norton, upon the following grounds :
I. Because his honor erred in holding the deed of Thomas Hanscome to Thomas Legaré, as trustee, dated 6th February, 1829, to have been made on valuable consideration, the only evidence of its consideration being the statement thereof in the deed.
II. Because his honor erred in holding that by the said deed of Hanscome to Legaré, trustee, the issue of the marriage of Mrs. Ann Holmes and her husband living at the death of the survivor took a fee simple, and in not holding that they took life estates as tenants in common.
III. Because his honor erred in holding that “where there is a conveyance in fee to a trustee without any beneficial interest, without any specific limitation to the beneficiary, the latter takes a beneficial interest in fee, whether the use be or be not executed by the statute; and this proposition is supported by stronger reason and more authorities' where the quantity of the estate of a remainderman after an unexecuted trust, specially limited to another for life, is in issue.”
IV. Because his honor erred in not holding that under the deed of Hanscome to Legaré, trustee, the estate in the issue of Mr. and Mrs. Holmes, living at the death of the survivor, was a legal *324estate; that the word “heirs” is necessary in a deed to make such an estate a fee simple; and that the word “heirs” is wanting in the limitation to the issue in the deed,- and, therefore, such issue only take life estates as tenants in common.
V. Because his honor erred in not holding that if the estates limited in the deed of Hanscome to Legare', trustee, to the issue of Mr. and Mrs. Holmes, living at the death of the survivor, w'as an equitable estate, the word “heirs” is necessary to make a fee simple in them, and that there are no equivalent word or words expressing a fee simple interest as regards them anywhere in the deed.
VI. Because his honor erred in holding that the deed from Hanscome to Legaré, trustee, and his heirs, and limiting the precedent estate to Mr. and Mrs. Holmes, to their lives and the life of the survivor, and then to the issue without specific limitation, shows'intent on the part of the grantor that the issue should have a beneficial interest in fee, and that the power to direct a sale, and the words, “to be vested absolutely,” and “to be held as tenants in common,” are sufficient in themselves to show such intent.
VII. Because his honor erred in holding that because the deed of Hanscome to Legaré, trustee, showed a payment of five dollars by the trustee to the grantor, this was sufficient to prevent a reverter.
VIII. Because his honor erred in holding that the title to J. H. Heinsohn is a fee simple title, w'hereas such title is proposed to be made under the decree in this action of Susan J. Fuller, plaintiff, against Anna C. Missroon and others, to which action only the issue of Mrs. Ann Holmes and her husband, James W. Holmes, living at the death of the survivor, and those claiming under such issue, are parties, and such issue claim title under the deed of Hanscome to Legaré, trustee, by the terms of which such issue have only life estates as tenants in common, on the determination of which there is a reverter to Thomas Hanscome, or those entitled under him.
IX. That his honor erred in holding that respondent’s objections to the title relating to the conduct of the cause, and in so far as they had any force, have been removed by subsequent proceedings. It was objected on the part of J. H. Heinsohn, that the *325order of 25th October, 1890, under which the sale to Heinsohn is claimed to have been made, was granted at chambers by the judge of the First Circuit in Orangeburg, and without the County of Charleston, where the land is situated, and was so made without the consent of the guardian ad litem of the infant defendants, of whom there w'ere several, and this has not been cured by any subsequent proceedings in the case.
X. Because his honor erred in holding the title tendered to Mr. Heinsohn to be a good title in fee simple, because the proposed sale was ordered to be made at private sale, and, being a judicial sale, could only have been ordered to be made at public outcry.
XI. Because his honor erred in not holding that J. F. Red-ding, agent, was without authority to make the sale in question.
XII. Because his honor erred in holding that the deed of C. J. Steedman, sheriff, to Adam Tunno, the original of which cannot be produced, and which was a link in the title, is properly recorded on the affidavit of probate not signed by the witness making it, and in not holding such record bad and no notice, and that a certified copy of such record of deed could not be introduced in evidence.
XIII. Because his honor erred in holding that the deed of Tunno to Thomas Hanscome, the original of which cannot be produced, and which is a link in the chain of title, was properly recorded, the same having been recorded on an affidavit of probate not signed by the witness making it, and in not holding such record bad and no notice, and that certified copy of such record of such deed could not be introduced in evidence.
XIV. Because the original deed of Hanscome to Legaré, trustee, being a link in the chain of title and not produced, and being recorded on an affidavit of probate not signed by the witness making the same, his honor erred in not holding that whilst said deed, by reason of the proceedings in Fuller v. Missroon et al. is notice to a purchaser thereunder, a certified copy of such record could not be introduced in evidence against any person claiming under Hanscome, or otherwise, and such record is not notice.
XV. Because his honor erred in not holding that the order of reference in Fuller v. Missroon et al., under which the title is *326proposed to be made, being made before defendants answered, was prematurely made.
1 The action here to be considered was originally brought for partition of a house and lot amongst certain tenants in common. This court is not called upon to pass upon any question as between such tenants in common as parties to the action, but, on the contrary, so far as this appeal is concerned, all the tenants in common, both plaintiff and defendants, have virtually become plaintiffs in an action for specific performance against J. H. Heinsohn, defendant. It is true that the formal presentation of the questions at issue between the parties is a rule against J. H. Heinsohn, to compel him to complete his contract for the purchase of a house and lot ordered to be sold in the action between the issue of the marriage of James W. Holmes and Ann, his wife, who were living in October, 1889, when the survivor of the said James and Ann died, yet the fact is, that all such issue demand that the said J. II. Heinsohn shall perform his contract in writing, and he alone disputes their right to such relief. We must, therefore, apply the principles of equity to this controversy, just as if it was an action brought by and between such parties for a specific performance of a contract for the purchase of land.
2 Mr. Adams, in his work on Equity, at page 217, says: “In accordance with the same principle, it is held that when specific performance is asked of a contract for the purchase of real estate, the defendant may have the title examined by a master, so that its validity may be sifted in a way which would not be possible on a mere abstract authenticated as the vendor thinks proper, and that, in consideration of the relief sought beyond the law, he may have an assurance about the nature of his title such as he cannot have elsewhere. If the investigation shows a reasonably clear and marketable title, specific performance will be compelled. But if there be a rational doubt on its validity, the court, though it may be of opinion that the title is good, will not compel the purchaser’s acceptance, but will leave the parties to law.” Such enunciation of the law' governing this class of cases has received the sanction of our own courts. Butler v. O'Hear, 1 DeSaus., 382. The appellant here has the right to ask the protection of this court in the particu*327lars enumerated by the author whose words were quoted. He presents in his grounds of appeal, that we are now about to consider, the links in the chain of title'that he regards defective. We have reproduced such objections at length, but will so group them in their consideration by us, as that they shall lose no vitality thereby, but will be rendered more convenient as to the discussion. First. The construction of the deed from Hanscome to Legaré, trustee. Second. The record of such deed and the deeds as muniments to such title. Third. The objections to the proceedings under which title was tendered to Heinsohn.
3 First. In construing deeds, courts are bound to ascertain the intention of the grantor and give effect to such intention, unless the same is repugnant to the law of the land. In this connection we quote the very appropriate language of the late Chief Justice Simpson in delivering the opinion of this court in the case of McCown v. King, 23 S. C., 233 : “The object of construction as to deeds, in fact, as to all papers in contest before the courts, is to reach the intention of the parties, because it is this that must control; otherwise the contract would be the contract of the court, and not of the parties.” To the same effect is the language of the present Chief Justice in delivering the opinion of the court in the case of Mellichamp v. Mellichamp, 28 S. C., 129.
4 What, therefore, was the intention of Hanscome as derived from the language employed in this deed ? It is very evident that Mrs. Ann Holmes was the first person for whom he desired to provide, for the consideration expressed for the deed is “the regard I have for Mrs. Ann Holmes;” the trustee selected is her father, Thomas Legaré. Hanscome realized that his desire of benefiting Mrs. Holmes could only be exercised by the employment of a trustee to hold the property for her, for at that time the wife could not hold property without danger of its loss because of the marital rights of the husband attaching thereto. Hence the grantor provides her a life estate therein. But he does more, for he gives it into the power of Mrs. Holmes to have the property sold and the proceeds arising from such sale invested “in any other species of property,” to be held subject to the trusts enumerated in the deed. The grantor *328is not satisfied with this generous provision for Mrs. Ann Holmes, for he looks beyond her life, and provides that the house and lot should vest absolutely in her issue living at the death of the survivor of herself and husband. To effectuate these appropriate objects, he grants the premises in question to Dr. Legaré, “his heirs and assigns forever,” upon the foregoing trusts. What estate did the grantor intend for such issue? Was it a life estate, as appellant contends, or was it an estate in fee simple, as is contended by the respondents? We have, as in duty bound, given this matter the best consideration that we could under the circumstances that surround the members of this court, for we have studied their “Case,” carefully considered their arguments, and referred to the authorities cited by them respectively. We are constrained to hold that the issue at the death of Mrs. Ann Holmes in October, 1889, took a fee simple title to these premises as tenants in common therein.
5 WTe are satisfied that the principles announced and the authorities cited in the opinion of the court in the case of Bratton v. Massey (15 S. C., 281), are decisive of the matter of the construction of this deed. Briefly, what was there decided ? Gilmore had made a deed of certain property to B. H. Massey, his heirs and assigns forever, in trust for the wife of Gilmore, to be used and enjoyed by her as if she were sole and unmarried, with power in her to have her trustee sell any or all of the property, real or personal; such trustee to make titles to such property so sold, and with full power to devise or bequeath the same by will. Mrs. Gilmore died after her husband, not having made a will. Gilmore having died insolvent, his creditors sought to make the property held by the trustee liable to Gilmore’s debts, on the ground that by the terms of the deed no provision was made of aught but a life estate to Mrs. Gilmore, and therefore that her heirs could not inherit the same. But the court held that the intention of Gilmore was that his wife should have the fee simple to such property.
The court admitted in that case, that the trusts were not created to Mrs. Gilmore and her heirs by words to that effect, and that it was true that in the conveyance of a legal estate the word “heirs” is necessary to create a fee simple. And also, as a gen*329eral proposition, that Courts of Equity, in construing limitations of trusts, adopt the rules of law applicable to the legal estate (Washburne on Real Property, book 2, ch. III., sec. 2); yet as the sáme writer, Mr. Washburne, says at page 40 of the same section, that there are some exceptions to such rule, one of which he states as follows: “Another exception is that the word ‘heirs’ is not always necessary in order to give an equitable estate the character of inheritability, if it requires that such an effect should be given to carry out the clear intention of the party creating it. Thus it is said, if land be given to a man without the word heirs, and a trust be declared of that estate, and it can be satisfied in no other way but by the cestui que trust taking an inheritance, it has been construed that a fee passes to him even without the use of the word heirs” — citing the cases of Villiers v. Villiers, 2 Atk., 71, and Fisher v. Field, 10 Johns., 505, in both of which cases deeds, not wills, were being construed. This decision quoted the words of Kent, C. J., in Fisher v. Fields, supra: “There never was a greater mistake, as I apprehend, than the supposition that this transfer of the soldier’s rights to Birch is to be tested by the strict technical rules of a conveyance of land at common law, and that Birch did not take the whole interest of the soldier, because the word ‘heirs’ was not inserted in the assignment.” Again: “A trustee or cestui que trust will take a fee without the word ‘heirs’ where a less estate will not be sufficient to satisfy the purposes of the trust.” Again: “A trust is merely what a use was before the statute of uses, and the same rules apply to trusts in chancery now which were formerly applied to uses. And in exercising its jurisdiction over executory trusts, the Court of Chancery is not bound by the technical rules of law, but takes a wider range in favor of the intent of the party.”
6 In the case of Bratton v. Massey (15 S. C., 281), the court seized upon the almost unlimited power of disposition given to Mrs. Gilmore to deduce the intention of grantor that the estate created by his deed was a fee simple, by, in effect, supplying the word “heirs.” In the case at bar the intention of grantor after the termination of the life estate therein created, to vest the fee in “issue” living at death of survivor is also made manifest by the terms of the instrument — the same *330power of sale over the entire premises. In Bratton v. Massey no words of inheritance were used. In the case at bar, the words “to vest in issue absolutely” are found. It is true in the case of Mendenhall v. Mower (16 S. C., 303), this court said: -“But the word used in this case is the word ‘issue.’ This, as to real property, is not the apt word of inheritance, and does not in itself [italics ours] convey a fee in a deed. . Hence when this word is used in a deed, the question is open as to the intent of the grantor.” Fortunately the words “to vest absolutely” occurs here. As said by the Circuit Judge, Mr. Blackstone, in book 2, p. 104, in speaking of freehold estates of inheritance, uses “absolutely” as synonymous with “fee simple.” In Rapalje and Lawrence’s Law Dictionary, in speaking of the owner of the estate in fee simple, it is said he “is the absolute owner of land or other realty.” The same dictionary, in speaking of the legal definition of the term “absolute,” says the meaning is “complete, final, perfect, unconditional, unrestricted.”
But we are not left to this examination without some decisions from our court of last resort. In Myers v. Anderson (1 Strob. Eq., 344), after the bequest for life, the limitation wras to the .issue to be their absolute property forever; the word absolute carried the fee. Chancellor Johnstone, in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “It appears to the court that the testator in this case by the gift to the issue, not only of the property or slaves, but of the absolute property in them (a term importing the quantity of interest intended to be given), has as effectually given them the fee (so to speak) as if the bequest had been made to the issue and their heirs, and that the gift of the absolute property or fee rebuts the idea that he intended,” &c. In McLure v. Young (3 Rich. Eq., 559), the court quotes approvingly the language in the foregoing case and held the words after a life estate “to lineal descendants absolutely and forever” to mean that such descendants took as purchasers. See the effect in this same direction of the case of Moseley v. Hankinson, 22 S. C., 323.
7 The use of the $5 paid by trustee to grantor, is in support of this view. While, it is true, the only evidence of this payment is in the recital of the deed itself, yet the only person who could gainsay it would be a creditor of the grantor; it *331would certainly bind his heir so as to prevent a reverter. A very slight circumstance in the way of consideration, even if it be “a pepper corn,” our own courts declare will be sufficient evidence of the intention of the parties to carry the whole estate.
Thus we have considered the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 grounds of appeal. We must dismiss each of these.
8 Second. It appears from the “Case” that the appellant objected to the deed from Hanscome to Legaré, trustee, because the same was admitted to record when the affidavit, made by one of the attesting witnesses as to its due execution, was not signed by such witness, and the same objection was made to the two deeds — the one from Charles J. Steedman, as sheriff, to Adam Tunno, and the other from Adam Tunno to Hanscome— these deeds being muniments of title in the “issue” here being considered, and the appellant sets forth in his grounds of appeal here to be considered, the difficulty as to each of these deeds arising from this circumstance. We do not consider the grounds of appeal well taken. By the act of the general assembly of this State, passed in 1785 (§ 45, 7 Stat., 232), it was provided “and no such deed or conveyance of real estate shall be admitted to record in any County Court unless the same shall be acknowledged in such court by the grantor or grantors thereof in person, or otherwise by proof of the signing, sealing, and delivery thereof, to be made in open court by the oath of two credible witnesses at the least.” The act of the general assembly passed in 1788, amending this act, is as follows: Section 1. “That from and after the passing of this act, it shall not be necessary for the grantor or grantors of any deed or conveyance to acknowledge the same in open court, or for the witnesses attesting the same to prove them in open court, for the purpose of their being recorded in the County Courts; but the acknowledgment of the deed by the grantor before a judge of the Supreme Court, or oath of one witness before a magistrate out of court, swearing that the deed was duly and legally executed, as heretofore has been the practice to make proof., shall be sufficient for that purpose.” 7 Stat., 247.
This was the law governing the recording of deeds in 1829. By these provisions the oath of the witness attesting the execu*332tion of the deed before one qualified to administer such oath was all that was required. And inasmuch as the person charged with the duty of recording such deeds, recorded such deeds without the signature of the witness to the affidavit for that purpose, it would seem to follow, on the assumption of the law that officers are supposed to do their duty until the contrary appears, that such was the prevailing practice, and therefore answers the requirements of the statute. This court has held that a wife in renouncing dower need not herself sign the renunciation, provided the officer whose certificate evidences the renunciation duly signs the same. This decision in no wise infringes upon that rendered by this court in the case of Woolfolk v. Graniteville Manufacturing Company, 22 S. C., 332. We must overrule, therefore, the 12th, 13th, and 14th grounds of appeal, as before stated.
9 Third. We come now to the last group of exceptions, embracing the 9th, 10th, and 15th grounds of appeal. Briefly, we hold that the order of Judge Izlar, of the 3rd day of Jan. uary, 1891, was intended to heal and did heal any previous irregularities in the order of the 25th October, 1890, and that all the parties to this action are bound thereby. We hold that it was competent for the court in this case to pass the order for a sale at private sale under the facts and circumstances of this particular action, and that if there had been any irregularities therein, the decretal orders passed in this action thereafter effectually cured the same. We hold that, under the circumstances of this case, and especially in view of the orders passed herein, James F. Redding, as agent, was competent to represent the master, especially in view of the provision that the attorneys of the parties were required to be consulted and to approve the conduct of the said master and the said agent in the premises. We hold that any supposed irregularities referred to in the 15th ground of appeal were subsequently cured by the orders made thereafter in this action. We therefore overrule these grounds of appeal.
It is the judgment of this court, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.