The opinion of the court was delivered by
This was an action brought by the plaintiffs to recover possession of certain real estate, a lot of land in the city of Columbia, in the possession of the defendant. The plaintiffs claim title as devisees under the will of their uncle, Robert N. Lewis, and allege, in their complaint, that the defendant also claims title from the same source. In her answer the defendant, while denying each and every allegation, except as therein afterwards admitted, and asserting title in herself, admits that she has all the title to said lot ever owned by Robert N. Lewis, but alleges that she has other independent sources of title, and that said Lewis is not the source of title common to herself and the plaintiffs. For a further defence, she pleads the statute of limitations; and also that under the provisions of the will of Robert N. Lewis, the said lot of land was duly conveyed by Sarah B. Lewis, who had, by operation of law, become executrix thereof, for valuable consideration, to one Fannie L. Stolbrand, on the 27th of February, 1872, and that all the right, title, and interest of the said Fannie L. Stolbrand, who had intermarried with one E. M. Stoeber, was, on the 9th of October, 1878, duly conveyed to defendant, who since said date has held the premises adversely to all the world.
When the case was called for trial, one of the counsel for defendant moved for a continuance, upon the ground that his client had been unable to find the two original deeds, constituting her claim of title from Robert N. Lewis, and that the record of one of said deeds, to wit, the deed from Sarah B. Lewis, as executrix, to Fannie L. Stolbrand, did not show a seal affixed to the name of the grantor. Upon an intimation from the presiding judge
The plaintiffs first offered in evidence a certified copy of the will of Robert N. Lewis, the terms of which, so far as pertinent to the questions involved in this case, will be hereinafter stated, as well as a certified copy of the will of Daniel B. Lewis, in which, after stating, amongst other things, that he desired that the will of his deceased brother, Robert N. Lewis, should be carried out as he had directed, the said Daniel B. Lewis appointed his wife, Sarah B. Lewis, executrix of his will, and she duly qualified as such. The plaintiffs then introduced in evidence a certified copy of a deed purporting to be a conveyance of the lot in controversy by Sarah B. Lewis, executrix, to Fannie L. Stol-brand, bearing date 27.th of February, 1872, which purported to have been executed in the presence of B. I. Boone and G. M. Chapline, in consideration of the sum of $1,100, and to have been proved and recorded on the 6th of March, 1872, counsel saying: “We offer that to show by what chain of title the defendant claims, bringing her within the rule as to common source.” The plaintiffs then put in evidence a certified copy of a deed purporting to be a conveyance of the premises in question by Fannie L. Stoeber (nee- Stolbrand) to the defendant, which was in the usual form, with general warranty, and purported to have been executed on the 9th of October, 1878, in consideration of $600, in the presence of two sub-cribing witnesses, probated and recorded 15th of October, 1878, counsel for plaintiffs saying that this deed also was introduced for the same purpose as the former.
Mrs. Sarah B. King, formerly Lewis, was then offered as a witness, who testified, amongst other things, as follows, after giving the names and time of birth of each of her children by her first marriage, by which it appeared that her eldest son, Robert, was born on the 30th of June, 1861, and that her youngest child was born on the 12th of May, 1870; that Robert N. Lewis died
Thereupon counsel were directed to proceed with the evidence; and the witness, after stating that the paper was signed by her daughter, Mrs. Reeves, in the presence of Boone and Chapline, by the direction of the witness, was asked to state the circumstances under which it was done, to which objection was interposed by defendant’s counsel. After some discussion, the witness was allowed to testify, against defendant's objection, that the circumstances under which the deeds were signed were substantially as follows: Boone came up to Greenville, bringing with him a number of blank deeds for the witness to sign, repre
Upon the close of the testimony on the part of the plaintiffs, counsel for defendant moved for a non-suit upon the following grounds: “1st. That the plaintiffs had failed to show sufficient title in themselves to justify them in going to the jury. 2nd. That the plaintiffs had shown such title in the defendant as would justify a non-suit.” The motion having been overruled, the defendant went into her testimony, which need not be set out here, as we will refer to so much of it as may be necessary in considering the several questions involved. The charge of the Circuit Judge is set out in the “Case,” and should be embraced in the report of this case; and we will not now undertake to state even the general tenor of his instructions to the jury, but will only refer to such portions, in the progress of the discussion, as may be necessary to a proper understanding of the views which we take of the case. The jury having rendered a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs, defendant appeals upon very numerous grounds (forty-four in number), set out in the record, which need not be separately stated or considered.
The leading inquiry presented under this clause is whether the legal title to the lot of land now in controversy, which it is conceded constituted a part of the rest, residue, and remainder of the estate of the testator, Robert N. Lewis, is in the plaintiffs, who, as the children of Daniel B. Lewis, are the beneficiaries under this clause, or in their trustee, whoever he may be; for if in the former, then the plaintiffs, under the testimony which they adduced, made a prima facie showing sufficient to escape a non-suit, unless their testimony at the same time showed that such legal title had passed out of them before the commencement of this action, as contended for in the second ground in support of the motion for a non-suit; but if in the latter, the trustee, then it is clear that the plaintiffs have failed to show any legal title in
It is very obvious that this question turns upon the result of the- inquiry whether the case falls within the operation of the statute of uses. In what cases the statute will execute the use, is a subject which has been before this court in a number of cases recently, one of the latest probably being Ayer v. Ritter, 29 S. C., 135, where the authorities in this State were reviewed ; and the rule there stated is “that the statute will not execute the use as long as there is anything remaining for the trustee to do, which renders it necessary that he should retain the legal title in order fully to perform the duties imposed upon him by the trust." See, also, Carrigan v. Drake, ante 354, which contains the last utterance of the-court upon the subject. Under this rule the inquiry is, whether the trustee had any duties to perform which rendered it necessary that the legal estate should remain in him in order to secure the proper performance of such duties. It will be observed that, in the fourth clause of the will, the same person is invested with two distinct and separate offices — that of executor'of the will and that of trustee for his children, and this must be kept in mind in order to avoid confounding the powers and duties of the one with those of the other. For instance, the power to sell is vested in Daniel B. Lewis as executor, and not as trustee, and hence it would not have been necessary for him to retain the legal estate in order to exercise that power. The estate was not devised to the executor for the purpose of enabling him to sell, but he was simply invested with the power to make the sale, and in such case the legal title vests in the heirs or de-visees, as the case may be, until the power of sale is exercised. King ads. Ferguson, 2 Nott & McC., 588; Ware v. Murph, Rice, 54.
This power of sale was not given to the trustee but to the executor (Reeves v. Tappan, 21 S. C., 1), and, therefore, it cannot be claimed that the trustee must retain the legal estate in order to enable him to exercise that power. The trustee was not directed to receive the rents and profits and apply the same,
The next inquiry is, whether the plaintiffs had the right to the possession of the property in question. The general rule is, that the title carries with it the right to the possession of real estate, though there are cases in which this general rule does not apply. We must, therefore, inquire further whether there is anything in this case to take it out of the operation of the general rule. We do not find anything in the will which shows an intention that the executor should retain the possesion of the estate for any purpose, as in Geiger v. Kaigler, supra; for certainly the mere power of sale conferred upon the executor was in no wise inconsistent with the retention ofpossessmn by the holders of the legal title until such power was exercised. There is no intervening right conferred upon any one -by the will which would interfere with or prevent the legal owners’ right of possession. We do not think, there
It is insisted, however, that both of the questions hereinbe-fore considered, have been heretofore determined adversely to the plaintiffs in the case of Reeves v. Tappan, 21 S. C., 1. We do not so understand that case. There the only questions considered and determined by this court were whether the executrix of Daniel B. Lewis, who was the executor of Robert N. Lewis, could exercise the power of sale conferred upon the first executor, and if so, whether the special provision in the will of Daniel B. Lewis, authorizing his executrix to sell all the lands of the estate of Robert N. Lewis, outside of the city of Columbia, limited her power of sale to such lands. In that case the court decided that prior to the change in the law by the act of 1880 (17 Stat. 363), the executor of an executor represented the first testator and was invested with all the powers conferred by the will of the first testator upon his executor. It was, therefore, held that Mrs. Sarah B. Lewis, as executrix of Daniel B. Lewis, was invested with all of the powers conferred upon Daniel B. Lewis, as executor of Robert N. Lewis, and could, and did make, a valid sale and conveyance of the lot of land, belonging to the estate of Robert N. Lewis, which was in controversy in that case, and that her power of sale was not limited by the provision in the will of Daniel B. Lewis above mentioned. While, therefore, the case of Reeves v. Tappan, supra, must be regarded as determining conclusively that Mrs. Sarah B. Lewis, as executrix, had the power to sell any of the real estate belonging to the estate of Robert N. Lewis, and did make a valid sale and conveyance of the lot in controversy in that case, the question whether such executrix has made a valid sale and conveyance of another and different lot of land, remains open and unaffected by the decision in the former case.
3 This brings us to the consideration of the question presented by the second ground of the motion for a non-suit, viz. : Did the plaintiffs show that their title to the lot in controversy had been divested by the sale and conveyance of the same by Mrs. Sarah B. Lewis to the defendant’s grantor, Miss Stolbrand. Assuming, as we must assume, since the decision in
4 For the purpose, probably, of meeting this difficulty, the plaintiffs then undertook to show the circumstances under which these papers, purporting to be deeds, had been signed, with the view of showing that they could not operate as conveyances; and for this purpose produced Mrs. Sarah B. King (formerly Lewis), the person named as grantor in the first deed, who testified against defendant’s objection, as has been hereinbefore stated. The first question upon this branch of the case is, whether such testimony is competent under, and in face of, the admissions upon which the case was ordered to trial. The nature and extent of those admissions have been set out above in our general statement of the case, and need not, therefore, be repeated here. While it does seem that the admission, as first stated by one of the
5 Although this would be conclusive of this appeal, and necessarily involves a new trial, yet it ma.y be proper that we should consider briefly the other questions presented, though time will not permit any extended consideration of such questions. The testimony of Mrs. Sarah B. King (formerly Lewis) was also objected to upon the ground that a grantor should not be permitted to impreach the execution of his own deed, except for fraud. It will be observed that Mrs. King is not a party to this cause, and has no legal interest in it, so far as we can discover ; and also that the plaintiffs do not claim under or through her. The precise question, therefore, is whether, in a case between third persons, a grantor in a deed, under which one of the parties claim, is a competent witness to impeach the execution of such deed. While there is, or has been, some conflict of authority in England and in some of the American States as to this question, we think it has been settled here that such testimony is competent. Knight v. Packard, 3 McCord, 71; Simmons v. Parsons, 1 Bail., 62.
7 In view of the fact that the claim of title by defendant-through adverse possession was, as we have seen, properly rejected by the Circuit Judge, and that the only other title relied upon by defendant was that derived from Robert N. Lewis, under whom alone the plaintiffs claim, we see no error in the instructions given to the jury as to the matter of common source of title, and we do not deem it necessary to consider in detail the various objections made by appellant to what the Circuit Judge said upon this point.
8 While the question as to the validity of the Stolbrand deed, if the circumstances attending its execution had been proved by competent evidence, becomes unimportant now under the views hereinbefore presented, yet as it has been fully and elaborately argued and may arise again in the new trial which will be ordered, it is, perhaps, proper that it should now be determined. Without going into any discussion of this important and interesting question, which could not be done without extending this opinion to an unreasonable length, it is sufficient for us to say that we think the authorities cited by the counsel for respondents1 are sufficient to show that where an executor, in whom no legal estate is vested, undertakes to convey real estate, under a power contained in a will from which he
9 As to the question of ratification it is very clear, both from reason and authority, that knowledge was an essential element entering into the consideration of the question whether Mrs. Lewis had ratified the Stolbrand sale by receiving the purchase money, and hence the request to charge, omitting that essential element, was properly refused. But even if such purchase money was not knowingly received by Mrs. Lewis as executrix, but was received by her agent, entrusted by her with the management of the affairs of her testator’s estate, and by such agent applied to the payment of debts or legacies, the very purpose for which the executrix was authorized to sell, then the purchaser would have an equity to claim that the sale should be validated. We think, therefore, that there was error in that portion of the judge’s charge in reference to the receipt of the purchase money.
The judgment of this court is, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be reversed, and that the case be remanded to that court for a new trial.
1.
Reeves v. Tappan, 21 S. C., 9; Lamar v. Simpson, 1 Rich. Eq., 71; Coombes Case, 9 Co., 75; Bacon Abridg., title authority D; Story Agency, § 13; Paley Agency, 175, note a; 2 Wms. Ex'rs, 944; Berger v. Duff, 4 Johns. Ch., 368; Black v. Erwin, Harp., 411; Drury v. Foster, 2 Wall., 24; Upton v. Archer, 41 Cal., 87; Vaca Valley R. R. Co. v. Mansfield, 84 Cal., 561; Schintz v. McManamy, 33 Wisc., 299; Chauncy v. Arnold, 24 N. Y., 330; Allen v. Withrow, 110 U. S., 128; Ayres v. Probasco, 14 Kans., 175; Mills v. Williams, 16 S. C., 593.