The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Mr. Justice Jones.These two cases, by consent of counsel, were tried together by Judge Witherspoon without a jury. One case was in claim and delivery to recover possession of an engine and boiler, and the other to recover damages for an alleged unlawful taking possession of the same property. The Circuit Judge found for the defendant and dismissed the complaints. Reference to his opinion, which is reported, may be made for the facts.
The pleadings put in issue the title and possession of plaintiffs, and defendant set up title in himself. Both parties claimed under Mrs. C. S. Preacher, who conducted the business of sawing lumber. The plaintiffs held a past due chattel mortgage against Mrs. Preacher, covering some mules and some machinery connected with the saw mill business, but not including the engine and boiler in question; and plaintiffs’ contention was that Mrs. Preacher through her agent sold them the property used in the saw mill business, including the said engine and boiler, in settlement of the mortgage debt; that this trade was effected January 12, 1895, and that the property, including the engine and boiler, were to be turned over to plaintiffs not later than January 19,1895; that pursuant to the agreement the mules were actually delivered to plaintiffs, and that when they went to take charge of the engine and boiler, they found that H. M. Ard and M. R. Mixson were in possession .of the property, claiming to have purchased the same from Mrs. Preacher. Defendant claimed to have bought the property in dispute from Ard and Mixson; that plaintiff had never acquired possession of said property; that the engine and boiler were to be turned over to plaintiff on condition that they take up a mortgage thereon for a balance of $ 175, due to another party; that after receiving the mules and some other property, covered by their mort*568gage, plaintiffs informed Mrs. Preacher’s agent that they could not pay this mortgage; that thereupon Mrs. Preacher paid off the mortgage, and sold and delivered the engine and boiler to H. M. Ard and M. R. Mixson in payment of services due them as sawyer and wheelwright. The Circuit Judge held that, in order to recover in either of the above cases, the plaintiffs must show by the preponderance of the evidence that they have acquired title to the engine and boiler by a complete executed contract of sale of the property, and that the conflicting evidence failed to satisfy him that the plaintiffs acqtiired title to the engine and boiler under a sale of said property. He further said: “I find, as matter of fact, that the plaintiffs have failed to show that they have acquired the lawful title to the engine and boiler and attachments, or that the defendant has deprived plaintiffs of the lawful possession of said property, as described in the above entitled actions.”
1 These being cases at law, we have no jurisdiction to review the findings of fact by the Circuit Judge. By consent of counsel, he became the trier of the issues of fact as if sitting as a jury. Upon conflicting evidence he has found for the defendant. His judgment thereon is final, unless some error of law is duly excepted to this Court.
1. It is excepted that he erred in holding that a sale and payment of the purchase money did not constitute delivery. It does not appear that he so held. On the contrary, he held that the contract of sale was not complete and executed. Nor does he hold that the plaintiff had paid the purchase money of the property in dispute.
2 2. It is excepted that the Circuit Judge erred “in holding and deciding that there was no legal delivery to plaintiffs of the engine and boiler, and that the pencil memorandum referred to in the decree tended to negative the legal delivery arising from the sale and payment of purchase money.” As to the pencil memorandum, which is in these words, “These effects to be turned over to Peeples & Peeples not later than 19th January, 1895,” the *569Circuit Judge did not bold as alleged, but he held that it “tends to show that the contract between the parties was not executed, as the delivery was to be made at a future day.” We cannot say that he erred as matter of law in holding, if he did so hold, that there was no legal delivery to plaintiffs of the engine and boiler. Whether the engine and boiler were actually or constructively delivered to plaintiffs by the agent of Mrs. Preacher, was a question of fact. Even if the question of delivery is a mixed question of law and fact, this Court has no power to reverse the findings thereon by the Circuit Court in a case at law, unless that finding was influenced or controlled by some error of law. This Court, in such case, cannot consider the evidence, reach an independent conclusion on the facts different from that reached by the Circuit Court, and then deduce therefrom that the Circuit Court erred as matter of law. This would be to assume jurisdiction to review findings of fact in a case at law. Unless specific error of law, influencing such finding, be pointed out, we are bound to assume that the Court applied sound principles of law in reaching his conclusion.
3 3. We agree with the Circuit Judge in his conclusion as to the question of estoppel against the defendant to assert title in himself; but, even if he erred on this question, the error was harmless, in view of his conclusion that plaintiffs failed to establish title to the property in themselves. Defendant’s title may be defective, and yet plaintiffs may not be entitled to recover.
4. The Circuit Judge did not hold that a mortgage chattel could not be sold subject to a mortgage thereon, as excepted to in the fourth exception. The only sentence in his opinion which could possibly be taken as a basis for this exception is this: “Plaintiffs had no lien or special claim upon or to the engine and boiler, which could not lawfully be disposed of until the balance of the debt secured by a mortgage of this property had been provided for.” The Judge, no doubt, had in mind the provisions of *570section 277 Criminal Statutes, relating to sales of personal property under lien.
5. The Circuit Judge did not hold that such estoppel could not arise in a law case like this, as alleged in the fifth exception. What he correctly held was that the answers of Ard and Mixson, in the case of Peeples & Peeples v. Ard and Mixson, prepared by the defendant as their attorney, could not, under the facts of this case, have the effect of an estoppel in an action at law where the plaintiffs’ right to recover must depend upon their establishing, by the pre-ponderence of the evidence, that they have acquired the title to the property in dispute.
4 6. In regard to the sixth exception. This relates largely to matters of fact. The Circuit Judge found as matter of fact that plaintiffs’ counsel had been fully informed of defendant’s claim that he had purchased the engine and boiler from Ard and Mixson, before plaintiffs instituted the suit against Ard and Mixson. This being the fact, there was no error of law in holding that notice to plaintiffs’ counsel of defendant’s claim of the property in question was notice to the plaintiffs.
7. The seventh exception, alleging error in not holding that defendant was notified of the title of appellants to the engine and boiler, is untenable. It relates to a question of fact inconsistent with the facts found by the Circuit Judge.
8. The eighth exception, alleging error in not holding that defendant having notice of appellants’ title, could not in law acquire a better title than Ard and Mixson had to the engine and boiler, is not well taken. It assumes that appellants had title to the property in question, whereas the Circuit Judge has found that he had no title thereto, and relates to defendant’s defense of title, whereas plaintiffs were bound to show title or right of possession in themselves, which the Circuit Judge has found as matter of fact they failed to do.
*5715 *5709. It is alleged in the ninth exception that the Circuit Judge erred in not holding that delivery of part is delivery *571of the whole. This exception is very general and indefinite, but we assume it has reference to the contention of plaintiffs, that Mrs. Preacher having delivered to plaintiffs the mules mortgaged by her to plaintiffs, pursuant to the arrangement of settlement made on January 12, 1895, thereby delivered the engine and boiler, which with the mules and other property constituted the saw mill property. Whether the delivery of a part of a mass of property shall be considered a delivery of the whole, would depend in one essential particular on the intention of the parties to the contract of sale, and the existence of such an intention is a question of fact. The Circuit Judge has found as matter of fact that “the negotiations between the parties contemplated the surrender of the property, the title to which vested in plaintiffs under their chattel mortgage.” There is nothing in the findings of the Circuit Judge to show that Mrs. Preacher intended that the delivery of the mules, or part of the mill plant mortgaged to plaintiffs, should be deemed a delivery of the engine and boiler; on the contrary, the findings of fact are inconsistent with any such intent. The delivery of the mules may be referable to the mortgage covering them, and as to such property, delivery did not convey title to plaintiffs, they already having title thereto, the condition of the mortgage being broken.
10. The tenth exception, alleging that the Circuit judge erred in holding that a sale of a chattel subject to a mortgage is a conditional sale, is unfounded. The Judge did not so hold. What he held was that “plaintiff had no lien or special claim upon or to the engine and boiler, which could not lawfully be disposed of until the balance of the debt secured by a mortgage of this property had been provided for. If the sale of' the engine and boiler was upon the condition that the plaintiffs would pay the balance of the mortgage debt on the property, and plaintiffs before taking possession of said property notified H. M. Preacher (agent of Mrs. Preacher) that they would not pay said debt, *572the title to the property in dispute has never been acquired by the plaintiffs.”
6 11. The eleventh exception, assigning error “in overruling the objection of appellant to the testimony as to Solomon’s mortgage, which does not appear on the records, the mortgage not being produced or its loss accounted for,” can not be sustained — first, because it does not appear that any objection was made when the testimony was offered; and, second, because the testimony, for the purpose offered in this case, was competent, had it been objected to. Defendant had the right to offer evidence of the terms of the contract between plaintiffs and Preacher, which, according to the version of defendant, necessarily involved mention of the Solomons mortgage.
7 12. As to the twelfth and thirteenth exceptions, alleging (12) error in holding that Ard and Mixson purchased cum onere, the consideration of their alleged purchase being an antecedent indebtedness, and (13) error in not holding that the attempted sale by Preacher to Ard and Mixson was a legal fraud, are too general and indefinite for consideration; but, besides this, they relate to questions of fact — facts, too, which appertain to the defense of defendants; whereas the Circuit Judge has found that plaintiffs failed to establish by evidence title in themselves.
The judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed.