concurring.
Nearly 30 years ago, a group of attorneys sought a fee award under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 after “achieving] only limited success” litigating their clients’ constitutional claims. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 431, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983). This Court’s opinion resolving their claim for fees observed that “in some cases of exceptional success an enhanced award” of attorney’s fees under § 1988 “may be justified.” Id., at 435, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (emphasis added). That observation plainly was dictum, but one year later this Court relied on it to reject the “argument that an ‘upward adjustment’ ” to the lodestar calculation “is never permissible.” Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 897, 104 S. Ct. 1541, 79 L. Ed. 2d 891 (1984). Yet “we have never sustained an enhancement of a
[559 U.S. 561]
lodestar amount for performance,” ante, at 552, 176 L. Ed. 2d, at 505, and our jurisprudence since Blum has charted “a decisional arc that bends decidedly against enhancements,” 532 F.3d 1209, 1221 (CA11 2008) (Carnes, J.). See also ante, at 552-553, 176 L. Ed. 2d, at 505-506.
Today the Court holds, consistent with Hensley and Blum, that a lodestar fee award under § 1988 may be enhanced for attorney performance in a “few” circumstances that “are indeed ‘rare’ and ‘exceptional.’ ’’Ante, at *511554, 176 L. Ed. 2d, at 507. But careful readers will observe the precise limitations that the Court imposes on the availability of such enhancements. See ante, at 554-557, 176 L. Ed. 2d, at 506-508; see also ante, at 560, 176 L. Ed. 2d, at 510 (Kennedy, J., concurring) (“[I]t must be understood that extraordinary cases are presented only in the rarest circumstances”). These limitations preserve our prior cases and advance our attorney’s fees jurisprudence further along the deci-sional arc that Judge Carnes described. I agree with the Court’s approach and its conclusion because, as the Court emphasizes, see ante, at 553, 176 L. Ed. 2d, at 505-506, the lodestar calculation will in virtually every case already reflect all indicia of attorney performance relevant to a fee award.