delivered tbe following opinion:
This is a case of a bankrupt firm dealing in tobacco at Ca-guas, Porto Rico. Tbe petition and adjudication in this case were May 17, 1912. Tbe total of schedule A, that is, debts due by tbe concern, was $133,185. Tbe total of estimated assets was $137,265. On tbe face of it this would not show bankruptcy, but the assets proved to be not easily realized, *354and bave not brought half the scheduled value. The referee at the beginning was Salvador Suau, then J. K. Savage, and now Henry G-. Molina. The trustee elected was Carlos Aguayo, and one of his sureties was Segundo Cadierno.
After a month of administration by Aguayo, his sureties asked to be discharged; and about the same time, June 26, 1912, a number of creditors filed a petition alleging that the members of the bankrupt firm had not given the necessary information, and expressing dissatisfaction with the work of the trustee, and asking his removal. At the hearing in this matter before this court the question of a successor 'to the trustee came up, and several were mentioned, and during an adjournment Cadierno was proposed, and he was appointed by the court, and qualified as such. The retiring trustee was ordered to turn over the assets to him, which was accordingly done.
The new trustee disputed many claims, realized some of the assets, but has not succeeded in pleasing all the creditors. On August 22 a meeting was called before Eeferee IT. Gr. Molina, at Caguas, and some, claiming to be the majority of creditors in number and amount, protested against this and similar meetings on the ground that they were useless and expensive, and that the trustee was not present to aid the meeting which he had called. The result was a motion filed for the removal of Trustee Cadierno, and upon the hearing it developed that the following charges were insisted upon: First, that the appointment of Cadierno was illegal; second, that it was disapproved by the majority of the creditors; third, that the majority still did not wish Cadierno as trustee; fourth, that numerous meetings had been called by him to no purpose; fifth, that the trus*355tee bad made sales of property for under 75 per cent of tbe value; sixth, that he had shown partiality towards San Juan creditors, and bias against those from Caguas and elsewhere in the interior; seventh, that he had not filed the reports required by the bankruptcy law. A hearing was had before this court upon the specifications, May 13 and 14, and voluminous 'testimony taken. It will be necessary, therefore, to take up the specifications in detail.
1. The law as to the appointment of a trustee is that at their first meeting after adjudication, or after a vacancy, the creditors shall appoint a trustee, and if the creditors do not make the appointment, the court shall. Bankruptcy law, §'44. There seems to be no question that one Carlos Aguayo was properly appointed in this manner, but the contention now is that upon his retirement there was not a meeting of creditors to appoint his successor, for it was done in open court, and not at a meeting of creditors. The action of the court was doubtless under general order No. 13, making the appointment subject to the approval of the referee or judge, and therefore there seems to be no reason why a meeting of creditors should not be held in the presence of the judge at a session of court. The minute entry would seem to show that this was the case, and while this is not as full as might be desired, no objection was made at that time or any other time until Cadierno had been acting as trustee for a year or more. The action of the court may be further justified by the fact that § 44 provides that, if the creditors do not appoint a trustee, the court shall do so. Bankruptcy act, § 44. Aguayo was unquestionably removed, and either the creditors appointed Cadierno his successor,, or *356they did not appoint anybody, and the court appointed Cadierno in accordance with the law. Furthermore, the rule is general that a de facto officer will be recognized until proper proceedings are taken for his removal. Even if Cadierno is to be considered as a de facto trustee, and not one de jure, he has been recognized so long and so frequently by both court and creditors that it is impossible to consider him in any other light than as trustee until some action for removal is taken before the court.
2. It will be more convenient to discuss the question of approval by a majority of creditors in another part of this opinion, and to take up, next, alleged misconduct of different kinds. One allegation is that the trustee called numerous meetings of creditors which were unnecessary and which he did not himself attend. The evidence upon this point is not convincing. It seems to be true of a meeting held at Caguas on.August 22, 1912, when the trustee called a meeting which he did not himself attend. This was reprehensible, and the referee could have taken some action in the matter. lie did not do so, however, and no appeal was taken from his failure to disapprove. This act, standing by itself, would not; under the circumstances, constitute in the mind of the court a ground for removal.
3. Another ground of misconduct alleged is that the trustee made several sales of property at less than 15 per cent of its value. This allegation seems to be based upon § 70b of the bankruptcy law, which provides that “real and personal property shall, when practicable, be sold subject to the approval of the court; it shall not be sold otherwise than subject to the approval of the court for less than 15 per centum of its ap*357praised value.” [30 Stat. at L. 566, cbap. 541, U. S. Comp. Stat. Supp. 1911, p. 1511.] Tbe instances complained of more particularly relate to some Utuado coffee and Caguas tobacco. As to tbe coffee, tbe evidence tends to show that tbe trustee exchanged doubtful coffee on tbe tree for clean coffee which realized $160. It is not clear that this was an improper exercise of judgment. As to tbe tobacco, it would appear that 190 quintals were sold for $2,300, and that tbe purchasers sold it for double this amount. A combination of bidders is also set up. It cannot be said to be proved, however, that tbe trustee knew of any such combination, and, as tbe price obtained was higher than that offered by tbe largest purchaser of tobacco on tbe island, it would appear that the sale was a fair one under the circumstances. The amount of the profit made by the purchaser is not always a criterion of the fairness of the sale to him. It should be added that, while the law forbids a sale for less than 75 per cent of the appraised value without the approval of the court, there was nothing in the evidence at this hearing to prove either that this property had been appraised, or that the sale was not approved by the referee. Both of these elements would be necessary to make, the sale illegal and both are duties of the referee. Bankrupt law, § 70b. The burden is on the party complaining.
4. The trustee seems to have stated that the claims of certain San Juan creditors were correct, and to have questioned many of those out of town. There is testimony showing he told the bankrupts, that, if they would acknowledge the San Juan creditors, he would not proceed against the bankrupt firm in the criminal proceedings, which he contemplated. The trustee’s *358explanation of this is that be knew the San Juan claims were correct, and that the books of the bankrupts were in such a condition that he could not tell whether'any others were. There seems to be no question that he was active in his investigations, —indeed the complaint is that he overdid the matter. It cannot be said that the proof on this point is convincing. The burden in a proceeding like this to remove a trustee, particularly where serious charges are made, is on the petitioner, and the petitioner must meet the burden of proving his case to the satisfaction of the court.
5.- As a further ground for removal is alleged the fact that the trustee has not made reports to the court as required by law. Section 47 of the bankruptcy act requires that the trustee shall “report to the courts, in writing, the condition of the estates and the amounts of money on hand, and such other details as may be required by the courts, within the first month after their appointment and every two months thereafter, unless otherwise ordered by the courts.” [30 Stat. at L. 557, chap. 541, U. S. Comp. Stat. Supp. 1911, p. 1500.] This has been criticized, by text writers as impracticable. However, that may be, it is certainly reprehensible for a trustee to be in office, as in this case, for over a year, and make no report of any kind to the court. The explanation offered by the trustee is that he did prepare a report in Spanish, not being a master of English, and turned it over to his attorney to translate and file. The attorney, on the other hand, says that he did not think it his duty to act as a translator, and he did not do so. The trustee must be held as derelict in this particular. He must attend to this duty at once, and it must be regarded for *359the future. Tbe trustee must follow up the matter, and see that the report is filed. As it has to be over his own signature, there is no excuse in his leaving it even to his attorney. He must do so promptly.
The irregularities proved do not seem to he sufficient for the removal of the trustee.
6. So far there have been discussed the questions as to validity of the appointment of Cadierno as trustee, and misconduct by the trustee after his appointment. There remains the important question, What are the rights and powers of the creditors if a majority in amount and value do not now wish him to remain trustee ?
The will of creditors is generally expressed at meetings called by the referee of his own accord, or at the request of the trustee or of creditors. Bankruptcy general order No. 25; Bankruptcy act, § 55. Voting at meetings is confined to a majority in number and amount of claims of creditors present whose claims have been allowed. Bankruptcy law, § 56. These creditors, however, cannot at any meeting remove a trustee; that power resides only in the court. Bankruptcy act, § 2 (17). But any creditor may bring the question of removal before the court. ■See Bankruptcy Forms 52 — 55. In the case at bar, what is the wish of a majority in number and amount of the creditors whose claims have been allowed ? ■
By order of this court the referee, Henry Gr. Molina, on May 18, 1913, has reported a list of creditors and the amounts of their claims which have been “approved.” ' The statutory word is “allowed,” but it is assumed that the referee means that by the word “approved.” They amount in number to forty-*360three, and in amount to $71,686.23. Of these the following creditors apply for the removal of the trustee:
José Raminez Munoz. $2,500.00
Mateo Rucabado .■. 5,784.12
Mateo Rucábado . 8,000.00
Gregorio Sola Delgado. 74.00
Magin R. Arguelles . 3,026.00
Cipriano Manrique Gil. 3,755.53
Aguayo Hermanos. 1,946.27
Jesus Hernandez . 200.00
Manuel Soto Aponte. 1,500.00
Yldefonso Sola . 1,550.30
Hermogenes Jimenez. 1,334.00
Lorenzo Jimenez Soto. 306.00
American West Indies Trading Co. 624.11
Rafael Sola .'.. 292.91
Delfind Vila. 420.00
Fernando Aponte . 2,633.00
José C. Sola. 4,057.46
Juan- B. Lopez . 600.00
Vicente Santos .■. 280.00
Antonio Maria Sorba . 2,000.00
Sandalio Marcano . 200.00
Rafael Santos ... 168.36
Joaquin Almena Perez . 700.00
Juan Jimenez Suari. 1,287.77
This makes twenty-three creditors, with a total .. $43,23.9.83
*361This includes Mateo Encabado, one of whose claims is not among those reported approved by the referee, but must be regarded as allowed; because, after objection and suit by the trustee, a judgment has been recovered by Eucabado for $8,000. This claim should therefore have been reported by the referee as allowed.
On the other hand the following are opposed to the removal of the trustee:
The Texas Co. $ 139.56
West India Oil Co. 111.43
Cadierno Hermanos . 4,513.62
Sues, de L. Villamil & Ca. 4,075.06
Freiría.& Ca.•. 2,332.66
Sobs, de Izquierdo & Ca. 82.35
Isidro A. Sanchez. 552.06
Sues, de M. Lomba & Ca. 2,314.81
E. Lopez y Hermanos . 1,990.00
Pablo Eoig. 800.00
José O. Garriga. 303.23
Cayey Caguas Tobacco Co. 4,640.37
Isidoro Alvarez . 478.95
Hilario Santos.'. 912.15
Korber & Ca. 156.97
Alies Hermanos..’. 1,907.58
Pórtela & Ca. 195.52
Soe. Ind. Eiera & Ca. 84.00
This makes eighteen creditors with total $25,590.32
*362This still leaves the following as taking no part one way or the other in this application:
El Banco de Puerto Bico. $3,200.00
M. Grau é Hijos.654.75
Total . $3,854.75
On both sides are other creditors whose claims have not yet been allowed, and the referee reports the names of others still whose claims have not yet been allowed. None of these can be considered one way or the other on the present application.
It was intimated upon the argument that the report of the referee was incomplete in that there were other allowed claims which do not appear upon his report. This, however, is a matter which cannot be taken up collaterally. For the purposes of the present application, only- claims reported as allowed by the referee can be considered. Bankruptcy act, § 56. It may be added that no question occurs in this case as to secured creditors.
The net result of the foregoing investigation, therefore, is that a majority in number and amount of the creditors holding allowed claims join in the petition for the removal of the trustee.
7. This raises the legal question of the right of such majority.
The bankruptcy law provides that the selection of the trustee by the creditors must be with the approval of the court, while the language, relating to removal is stronger. It says (General Order 13) that the trustee can only be removed by the court. This is discretionary with the court. It has been held that, being discretionary, it should be exercised only where there *363is sufficient cause. Re Mallory, 4 Nat. Bankr. Reg. 153, Bed.. 'Gas. No. 8,990. In tbe case at bar there have been irregularities, but no misconduct which per se would justify removal of the trustee. Is the fact that such removal is desired by the majority in number and value of the creditors a sufficient cause ?
The general object of the bankruptcy law is the administration of the assets of a bankrupt for the advantage of the creditors, and it cannot be said that the district court, which touches the administration of the assets only on such occasions as this or an appeal from a referee, is better able to judge of the interest of the creditors than the majority of the creditors themselves. The objection of the majority in number and vahie of the creditors would be very persuasive to the court in exercising its discretion.
8. A trustee may be removed at the instance of even one creditor, for misconduct in office, which is not the case here, but if the cause of removal is the fact that it is desired by a majority of the creditors, the court must be sure that it is the wish of this majority. In.the case- at bar there have been three referees and two trustees, and the report of the present referee shows that he is not certain as to all claims which have been before his predecessors. He reports $11,064.23 as “filed this 10th day of May, 1913,” and a list of nine other creditors with claims aggregating $3,562.57 “filed with previous referees, but apparently not approved.” Moreover, it is not clear whether there are two claims of Rucabado, or whether the larger includes the less. It is quite true that the necessity of quorum does not obtain at meetings of creditors, and that if only one is present there is a legal meeting; but the rule does not apply *364where the court is seeking to be guided by the wishes of a majority of the creditors. In ordinary cases, by parliamentary law, persons not voting are counted in the negative. If the claims above mentioned should be allowed and be favorable to the present trustee, there might be an application to restore him. This has happened in regard to claims filed after the first meeting. Collier, Bankr. 7th ed. 577; Re Morganthal, 1 Nat. Bankr. Reg. 402, Fed. Cas. No. 9,813. The principle of the removal is consulting the best interest of the estate. 1 Loveland, Bankr. 748. The court does not desire to do a vain thing, and therefore will order the referee to proceed with expedition in the matter of allowance of all claims properly filed, and to report further to the court, within thirty days, the allowance or disallowance of such claims. The court will then be certain it can consult the wishes of the majority of the allowed creditors, and will act accordingly. It may be, also, that this interval will afford an opportunity for the parties to harmonize their differences, and agree upon a course of administration which will put an end to the differences which are proving so expensive to the estate.
It is so ordered.