This case is before us on an appeal by the plaintiff from a judgment on a directed verdict in favor of the defendant.
*538It is alleged in the complaint: “That on or about the 22d day of January, 1907, the defendant herein entered into an agreement in writing with the plaintiff herein, wherein and whereby, among other things, the said defendant agreed as follows: That if the city of Milbank, county of Grant, state of South Dakota. •:= * * And it is mutually agreed that in the event the stock of goods hereinbefore mentioned and described should exceed the sum of $6,000 in value at their invoice and wholesale value [certain proceedings are to be taken to ascertain the value.] * * * It is mutually agreed between said parties that 3^4 per cent, shall be added to the wholesale price of said good to compensate the parties of the second part for freight and dray-age expended and that this percentage shall be added to the wholesale price of the goods taken to make up the sum of $6,000. * * * It is further agreed between said parties that the party of the first part shall make a loan upon the land herein described in the sum of $2,000 and said $2,000 shall be. paid over to the parties of the second part in cash. * * * It is further mutually agreed and understood that the merchandise hereinbefore described, shall not be removed from the said telephone block building until such time as the party of the first part shall furnish and deliver said warranty deed and an abstract' showing good aud sufficient title to the land hereinbefore described.” Appended to this contract is the following: “I hereby ratify the contract made between the Minder & Jorgenson Band Company and Preiss Brothers, February 9th, 1907, for the purchase of said stock and accept the sureties on this bond. [Signed] Ole P. Brustuen.”
It is disclosed by the record that a bond was executed by Preiss Bros., with Minder & Jorgenson Band Company and BIT. Bentley as sureties, agreeing to pay to the defendant Brustuen any damages that he might sustain by reason of any incumbrances on said 'stock of goods, which bond was executed on the 12th day of February, 1907.
At the close of all the evidence, the plaintiff made a motion for the direction of a verdict in its favor, which was denied by the court, and -thereupon the defendant made the following *539motion for the direction of a verdict: “The defendant moves the court to instruct the jury to return a verdict - for the defendant upon all the issues for the following reasons: First] that there is no evidence in the record or produced to the jury whatever bearing upon the second count of the complaint; second, that, as to the first count of the complaint, the evidence failed to show that the plaintiff produced or procured a purchaser for the land ready, willing, and able to perform the contract, and for the further reason that the undisputed evidence shows that the stock of goods referred to in the complaint was not invoiced to the defendant, and that the owner thereof, Preis? Bros., refused to produce invoices showing the cost price of the goods, and therefore defeated the sale and refused to carry out the terms of the contract, and refused to invoice the goods, and were not in a position to furnish any evidence or data from which the wholesale price of the goods could be determined, and that no goods were ever sold or delivered to the defendant.'’ This motion was granted by the court, and verdict and judgment were rendered in favor of the defendant.
It will be observed that in the complaint it alleged that there was a contract entered into between the defendant Brustuen, and the plaintiff, by the terms of which the defendant agreed with the plaintiff, in case it procured a purchaser for his property for $3,goo net cash, the plaintiff was to have all he could obtain over that the sum as a commission; that it is further alleged that subse quently that contract was modified by an oral agreement that il the plaintiff should procure a purchaser for the land for $5 more per acre, or $5,100, the defendant would accept the payment of the $5,100 dry goods; that thereupon the plaintiff entered into the contract above referred to with Preiss Bros, for a sale of the land to them for a stock of dry goods of the value of $6,ooo at the wholesale invoice price, with 3% per cent, added thereto for the expense of freight, etc.
It is disclosed by the evidence that the plaintiff, togethei with the defendant, Brustuen, commenced invoicing the goods in the store at Milbank, that no wholesale invoice value was fur nished by Preiss Bros., and that thereupon the defendant, Brut *540tuen, requested them to produce their wholesale invoice price lists. This the Preiss Bros, refused, claiming that they were not required to produce any such price lists, and thereupon the defendant, Brustuen, declined to go- any farther with the contract, and left the store and the stock of goods, and had nothing farther to do with it; and what subsequently became of the goods does not appear from the record. On the trial of the case it was claimed by the plaintiff that at about the time he and the defendant, Brustuen, commenced to invoice the goods in the store he advanced to Preiss Bros, the sum of $2,500, but the testimony offered by the plaintiff to prove this fact was objected to by counsel for the defendant and excluded by the court. The question and objection are as follows: “Q. You may state, Mr. Jorgenson, whether or not you had any talk with the defendant, Brustuen, relative to the $2,500 at or about the time, Exhibit 3, being the bond, was executed?” This question was objected to as “immaterial, irrelevant, and for the reason, first, that the plaintiff wás to advance $2,500, and that no obligation rests upon the defendant to pay any money; and, second, that the plaintiff m this action seeks to recover, not for the advancement of money, but for the breach of an alleged obligation to' convey land for the purpose of enabling the plaintiff to mortgage it, therefore immaterial.” This objection was sustained by the court, and the plaintiff then made the following offer: “The plaintiff now offers in evidence Exhibits 4 and 5 for the purpose of completing ■the offer we expected to make in connection with it. Plaintiff now offers to prove by the witness on the stand in connection with Exhibits 1 (the original contract), 2 (the contract between plaintiff and Preiss Bros.), 3 (the bond referred to), which have already been received in evidence, and by Exhibits 4 and 5,, which are now offered in evidence, that the $2,500 referred to by the witness and represented by Exhibit 4 and mentioned in Exhibit 5 was paid over by the witness as plaintiff's agent to Preiss Bros., at the request of the defendant, and that no part of said sum has ever been repaid to the plaintiff, and that the payment thereof has been demanded by the plaintiff of the defendant.” To which offer the defendant objected for the reasons before *541stated, and for the reason that it is immaterial and irrelevant; this action being for damages on account of the alleged breach of contract to convey real estate by the defendant to the plaintiff, and not for the recovery of money advanced for the defendant. This objection was sustained by the court. Plaintiff then made the following offer: “Plaintiff further offers to prove that after the payment of the $2,500 to Preiss Bros., evidenced by Exhibit 4, that the defendant took possession of the stock of goods mentioned in Exhibits 2 and 3.” To which the defendant objected for the reason that the same was immaterial, irrelevant, and for the same reasons heretofore stated, and for the further reason that the fact of the partial performance of an oral contract for the conveyance of real estate is incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial in an action except one brought as an equitable action for the purpose of compelling the specific performance of a contract under the statute. To this offer the court ruled as follows: “By the Court: So- far as it relates to the second cause of action, it may be sustained and overruled as to any bearing it may have on the first cause of action.”
It is contended by the appellant that the court erred in excluding this evidence, and that, had the same been admitted, both the plaintiff’s causes of action would have been established, or, at least, there would have been evidence before the jury from which they might have found that the plaintiff was entitled to. recover upon both' causes of action. It is insisted, however, in support of the court’s ruling, that, as to the first cause of action, the plaintiff had failed to' prove that the alleged first modification of the contract had ever been executed for the reason that it had failed to show that it had produced a purchaser, able, ready, and willing to deliver a stock' of goods of the value of $6,000 wholesale invoice price, with 3% per cent, added, and therefore the said modification not being in writing was void under our statute (Sec. 1287 of the Civil Code), which provides that no change or modification of' a written contract can- be made by an oral contract unless the 'same has been executed. The defendant further insists that he was not bound by the contract entered into between the plaintiff and Preiss Bros. *542for the reason that he was not a party thereto, and it was not entered into or executed by the plaintiff as liis agent, and that the purported ratification of the contract between the plaintiff and Prei'S'S 'Bros, was not binding upon him, as there was no contract purporting to be made by the plaintiff as his agent to be ratified. It is further insisted by the defendant, assuming that he was bound by that contract, he was not liable for any money-paid thereon, as the contract distinctly specifies that the plaintiff 'shall raise $2,500 by mortgage on the property'-, and pay the same over to Preiss Bros., and then transfer to them the property-subject to the mortgage. We are inclined to take the view that the court was right in excluding all the evidence in reference to the payment of the. $2,500 to Preiss Bros., as under no view of the case was the defendant liable to' pay any money' to Preiss Bros. Assuming that he. was bound by the contract between the plaintiff .and Preiss Bros., he was only bound to- convey the property to the plaintiff when a purchaser, had been produced able, ready, and willing to transfer to him the merchandise of the wholesale value of $6,000, with the 3j. per cent, added thereto, and there was no evidence introduced on the part of the plaintiff showing that it had produced any' such purchaser.
T11 the testimony of Mr. pouis Preiss introduced on the part of the plaintiff lie testified, among other things, that: “Since the time that Mr. Brustuen and others invoiced the goods in question, we disposed of the entire stock except the goods that were invoiced. Those were left in the store. In making the invoice and fixing the prices of the goods, we did not use state meats from the wholesale houses. We fixed the prices by using the marks on the -good's. Some of the goods were marked by us and some by Stone and Sullivan. 'So far as the cost price was concerned,- the mark's by onne and Sullivan was the only knowledge or information that we had as to their cost price, and what they told us the cost price. We did not offier Mr. Brustuen a bill of sale.” Brustuen testifying in his own behalf, testified as follows: “1 went down to Milbank to 'invoice certain goods I did not examine the goods. I put down the prices as they called them off. The price called off was their mark. I have not taken *543any of the goods from the store there. I was in Preiss Bros.' ■store on the 14th day of February, the day after the invoicing. I called there quite early in the morning. 'I called for the invoice bill. I wanted to cliéck off the goods; that is, the bill from the wholesale 'house, the wholesale price of the goods, what the} cost, or the regular wholesale price value. I told them I had to have the bill for the goods so I could check them off and pack them away, and they said, ‘They did not have it, and did not produce the bill. I asked them to produce it. I said I wanted the invoice bill of these goods so I could check them over and pack them away, and they said, ‘They did not have to produce the bill/ and I said, ‘You can read the written contract and see whether you have to or not, and here it says, “Goods to be taken at wholesale invoice price.” They said: ‘They did not have to and did not want to.’ I did not go on with the inventory, because I could not take the stuff at their own,figures, and I did not have to, according to the written contract.” The evidence of Mr. Brustuen was corroborated by Mr. Hagen and Paul Emerson, and was not controverted; as will be seen, by the plaintiff. It will thus be seen that there was no evidence offered oí received showing or tending to show what the wholesale pricof the merchandise involved in this case was, or whether or not the marks on the goods were greater or less than the wholesale price, or how much. There- was no evidence offered or received showing that the wholesale value of the goods which Preiss Bros, had in their store at Milbank was, or whether the wholesale value of said goods was greater or less than $5,100, and there was no evidence offered or received showing what kind of goods Preiss Bros, had in their store, or how much of any kind of goods there was in said store. It is quite clear, therefore, that the allegations of the complaint that the plaintiff had produced a purchaser ready, able, and willing to comply with the terms of the alleged contract between the plaintiff and Preiss Bross. were not sustained by the evidence, and consequently the .plaintiff failed to show any right of recovery under his first cause of action, either under the original contract or the contract as it was alleged to have been ‘ modified, as the undisputed evidence shows-*544that the -stock of goods referred to in the complaint was not invoiced to the defendant at their wholesale value with 3% per cent, added, and that the owners thereof, Preiss Bros., were unable or refused to produce the invoice showing the cost price of the goods or any data from which the wholesale price of the goods could- be determined, and clearly under the second cause of action alleged the plaintiff was not entitled to recover as the defendant bad never contracted or agreed to pay Preiss .Bros, or the plaintiff any sum in money whatever. All that he had agreed to do- in any event, even assuming that the contract between the plaintiff and Preiss Bros, was binding upon him, was to convey the property. But, as will be observed, there is nothing in- the contract requiring him to co-nve}!- the property to- the plaintiff, and n-o- contract in writing was given in evidence proving or tending to- prove that the defendant had agreed to convey the property, either to the plaintiff or Preiss Bros. As w-ill- be noticed, it is alleged in the complaint that “the defendant agreed that, in consideration thereof, he would deed to- the plaintiff the land hereinbefore described in order that the plaintiff might procure a loan on said land to the amount of $2,500 to reimburse it for the $2,500 to be advanced for the defendant, and, after -securing the -said $2,500, the plaintiff was to deed the- said land to- the party of whom the defendant hau purchased the said goods and merchandise as provided in the contract which the defendant had so accepted as aforesaid.” The plaintiff further alleges: “That, relying upon said promise and agreement', the plaintiff advanced to the defendant the said sum of $2,500 on February 12, Í907.” Clearly, therefore, under the allegations -of the complaint, all the promises that the plaintiff relied on for his reimbursement of the $2,500 which he claims to have advanced to- Preiss Bros, was that defendant should deed to him the premises to enable- him to raise the $2,500 on mortgage. There is no- allegation- in the complaint that the defendant agreed to repay to- the plaintiff the- amount of $2,500 which he claims to have advanced to- Preiss Bros.
This brings us to- a consideration of the effect of the alleged ratification by the defendant of the contract entered into between *545the plaintiff and Preiss Bros. It is contended by the defendant that as the contract entered into by the plaintiff with Preiss Bros, was in the name of the plaintiff, and that the same does not purport to be made by the plaintiff for or on behalf of the defendant, the alleged ratification was ineffectual in binding the defendant to the terms thereof. We are inclined to -take the view that the defendant is right in 'his contention. A contract, to be binding upon the party alleged to have ratified it, must have been executed by the agent in the name of, or for, or on behalf of, the party sought to be charged by reason of his ratification. The nature of ratification is thus defined in i Am. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, 1181: “Ratification as it relates to the law of agency is the express or implied adoption of the acts of another by one for whom the other assumes to be acting, but without authority.” The Court of Appeals of New York in Hamlin v. Sears, 82 N. Y. 327, in discussing the question of ratification, says: “But-the doctrine properly applies only ,to cases where one has assumed to act as agent for another, and then a subsequent ratification is equivalent to an original authority.” It will be observed that in the case at bar the plaintiff did not assume to act as the agent of the defendant, and that no reference is made to- the defendant in any part of the contract. It is clear, therefore, that the alleged ratification of the defendant appended to- the contract between the plaintiff and Preiss Bross, was ineffectual for any purpose. See section 1680 of the Civil Code.
The learned counsel for the appellant contends that ■ under the decision of th‘s court in Mattes v. Engel, 15. S. D. 330, and other cases cited by -the appellant, -the plaintiff having entered into a contract with Preiss Bros, binding them to convey a stock of good at the wholesale invoice price, he was not responsible for their failure to comply with their contract, and notwithstanding their failure was entitled to recover his commissions from the sale of the property, but the facts in the case at bar do not bring it within the case of Mattes v. Engel and similar cases. In that case the contract entered into was by the owner of the land with the purchaser, and this court held: “An agent *546empoyed to sell a mine, having found a customer with whom the owner made a contract of 'sale, is entitled tO' his commissions, in the absence of agreement to the contrary, though the contract was not specifically enforceable, and was canceled by the parties thereto.’ Hut in the case at bar, as before stated, the defendant entered into no contract with Preis's Bros, either directly or indirectly, and the plaintiff did not in its contract with Preiss Bros, assume to act as the agent of the defendant. Clearly, therefore, the defendant in this case had entered into no contract in writing-binding himself to convey the property to- the plaintiff, and under no theory of the case presented was the plaintiff entitled t" recover in this action.
Numerous other errors are assigned, but in the view we take of the case they do not possess sufficient merit to require a separate discussion.
Finding - no error in the record the judgment of the court below and order denying a new trial are affirmed.
HANEY, J., dissenting. McCOY, J., taking no part in this decision.