The only question meriting our consideration- is the -constitutionality of -chapter 259, Laws 19x3. If such act is 'constitutional, the judgment appealed from should be affirmed; but, if not, i't should 'be -reversed, and the tria-l -court directed to issue the peremptory writ of mandamus prayed for by appellant.
[1.] Section 1 Of -the act is -the only part of the body thereof we need to- -consider. I-t reads as follows-:
“Section 1. No organized township- in this state- shall grant any license for the- sale of spirituous, vinous, malt, 'brewed, fermented or other intoxicating liquors at any place within five miles of the corporate limits -of any incorporated town o-r.city in this state wherein the sale of said liquors i-s -prohibited. * * *”
Appellant contends- that this- act improperly delegates legislative power to a city or town, in that it gives to- such -city or town- the power to- legislate in a manner binding an-d controlling ad-ja-cent territory. This is not a delegation of legislative power, but the m-ere exercise of the police power vested in -the state. The state by virtue of such- power has complete control of the *199liquor traffic, a traffic which exists, not by virtue of any right, but through the mere sufferance' of the people. Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U. S. 86, 11 Sup. Ct. 13, 34 L. Ed. 620. Inasmuch .as the state, through legislative action, could absolutely prohibit such traffic, it has plenary power in the regulation and restriction thereof. State ex rel. Crothers v. Barber, 19 S. D. 1, 101 N. W. 1078. By virtue of such-power, the Legislature may prohibit such traffic in certain localities — within certain distances fromi churches, schools, incorporated towns, etc. 23 Cyc. 82. The creation of a church, school, or incorporated town or city, through which a .prohibited! territory might come into existence, may be accomplished, not only through the vote of the electorate, but by the action.'of private -persons, societies, or corporations; but regardless of how the condition, by which prohibited territory is created, arises, the creating of such condition is not the enactment of. legislation by the creators thereof, but the cre'aibion of a condition authorized1 by law and to which the Legislature has prescribed a certain result.
[2,3] Appellant also contends that tire said act is unconstitutional in that the subject of tibe act is not expressed in its title as required by the provisions of section 21, art. 3, of our Constitution.. That portion of the title material to' the question raised read's as follows :
“An act prohibiting the issuance by township boards, of permits for the sale df intoxicating liquors at any place within five miles olf the limits of any incorporated town or city. * * *”
We believe appellant’s contention sound and supported by authority. We are not unmindful of the holding of this and other courts Itobait statutes should not be held! unconstitutional unless the fact of unconstitutionality appears beyond a reasonable doubt. Upon1 the other hand, as stated by us in Insurance Co. v. Basford, 31 S. D. 149, 139 N. W. 795:
“Ours is- a constitutional government, the people, in their sovereign capacity, -have placed the above restriction, upon the methods of legislation, have prescribed the above rule which tlieir legislative servants must conform to, and, If they neglect to conform to this rule and keep within this restriction, their labor, no matter how meritorious otherwise, will be of no effect, as'this section of the Constitution is mandatory * * * To the courts *200is left the duty of determining' when the Legislature has' disregarded 'such rule 'and restriction; and, when it is found' that either' of these provisions of the supreme law of the state has been disregarded1, the further duty df the courts is • clear, let the consequences be what they may.” ;
What i;s- the subject 'of the act before us? It is to prohibit the sale of liquor in territory contiguous' to' territory where a certain condition exists — namely, local- prohibition. What is the subject expressed in the -title? To. prohibit the s-ale of intoxicating liquor in 'territory contiguous to -any ¡territory having a certain prescribed- political organization. The clear purpose of the Legislature in enacting this law was to protect, from the evils of the liquor traffic, those municipalities which, by forbidding such traffic within ¡tibe'ir borders, should seek to banish such evils from their midst. This purpose would never be guessed at from a reading of the title of the act. The title to> this act gives positive advice that 'the prohibition provided for in the adt is prohibition based upon the contiguity of the -prohibited territory to centers of population, while the- act itself provides for prohibition that is based upon the contiguity of the prohibited territory to territory wherein prohibition prevails. The title is most misleading- and falls -clearly under the condemnation of our Constitution. As said by this court in State v. Becker, 3 S. D. 29, 51 N. W. 1018, this provision of our -Constitution was- “intended to prevent -the insertion into bills of matter dr measures of which the title gave no notice or intimation, and thus to deceive or mislead1 the individual legislators and1 the public generally.” Courts will take- notice that legislators' do and often must ¡rely largely upon the titles to bills when determining how1 ¡they will vote upon thé same. State v. Becker, supra. That 'being true, how -can it be known ¡but that many of the legislators wfao¡ voted! for th-i-s act did so believ-’ img that its purpose and effect was 'to prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors within five miles- of all incorporated cities and towns ? H-ow '-can it be known that s-ome or all, so* mistaki'ngly voting, would1 not have- refused to vote for a bill having the purpose expressed) by the body of the act? The- title being clearly .misleading, iit is not for us to- indulge in any presumptions for the purpose of sustaining the law simply because the law- may meet with our approval.
*201[4] Respondents contend that this title is merely more comprehensive than necessary, and 1they quote' what this court said in State v. Becker, supra, in relation to making the title broader than> the law. This court said:
“Suppose a law -had- for -its title 'An- act to regulate the transfer of bills of exchange, promissory notes, and other contracts in writing/ but the body of the law only assumed to regulate the transfer of bills and notes; would1 the broader title have the -effect to invalidate the more restricted law? We think not.”
The illustration there used has no application to the facts of this case, but would apply if the title to the act now before us had read1, “An act prohibiting the issuance by township boards of permits -for the sale of intoxicating liquors in certain cases,” or if it had read, “An act regulating the s-ale of intoxicating liquors.” In either case, the title would have comprehended the subject-matter, but could- nolt have misled any one. One -reading the title would have been- put to further inquiry to ascertain the purpose of the act. Here the title, while in a sense comprehending -the subject-matter, is actually misleading. The trouble with this title is that it is too explicit. The very words, which respondent urges render the- ti-tle unduly comprehensive, are the words which specifically mislead by declaring that the purpose of the law is to adopt and- -carry out one certain public -policy, .while the law itself clearly adopts and carries -out another materially different -public policy.
The judgment appealed from is reversed, and the trial court is directed -to is-sue the writ prayed for.