dissenting. I regret to differ from my associates, and my respect for them, and the great importance of the decision to the orphaned poor of the State, require me to give as briefly as I can, the reasons for my difference.
The third section of Art. X, of the Constitution certainly intends that the children shall have a homestead after their father’s death, whether it was laid off before or not; and it contemplates that their right shall be paramount, to that of the widow, to a homestead though not to her dower; for, by the Constitution the legislature is not required to give her a homestead in a case where there are no children, (Sec. 5). The Act of 1868-69, does, however, give her one whether there are children or not. And I think it may lawfully do so, provided it does not impair the right of the children to a homestead • and I think it io a false construction of that act, which, *201makes it rob the orphans, instead of the widow, for the benefit of the creditors of the deceased. If this be the true construction and necessary effect of the act, I should say it was void, as a palpable violation of sec. 5, of Art. X, of the Constitution. I do not think, that a reasonable construction of the act, will give it any such effect. But before I proceed to expose what I consider to be the radical fallacy on which that construction rests, I wish to follow out, that construction, in sotne of its practical workings, and it will be seen, that, in the great majority of cases where there is a widow and children, it defeats, so far as the children are concerned, the beneficient intent of the Homestead Article of the Constitution, which many have thought the best Article in it.
I will suppose that the widow, is, in all cases, entitled to her dower; although if the principle of Sutton vs. Aslcew, decided at this term, is adhered to, it may be extremely doubtful whether, when a husband has his homestead laid off during Ms life, he can be said to die seized of any estate, of which, his widow (if the marriage took .place before 1866) is entitled to dower. But, I pass over this, and, suppose the widow entitled to dower and also to a homestead. I believe it is agreed that' she is not entitled to both, but only, to either, at her election.
If the real estate of the deceased.is worth $3,000 — it is indifferent to her whether she takes dower or homestead, and, the consequences, to the children, will be the same. If the estate be worth less that $3,000, she will elect to take the homestead, and, in every such case, the children get nothing, in the homestead during the life of the wife.
Now, tho assumption of the majority of the Court, and, the sole argument on which it can pretend to stand, as I conceive, is this — that because the homestead, if it had been laid off in the life time of the husband and father, must have included the dwelling; therefore, whenever it is laid off after his death, and for whomsoever it is laid off, it must include the dwelling; and therefore, must be laid off for the widow and for the chil*202dren on exactly the same adjacent land; and therefore, tbe widow claiming ahomestead in lieu of dower, which, it is admitted is a paramount right, must take paramount to the children, who thus get nothing during her life. So, by this construction of an act, intended to carry out the Constitution, and certainly, not to violate or override it, the widow, who is not contemplated by the Constitution as an object of favor, except when there are no children, is made, to supplant the children and turn them out of doors.
It may be said, however, that in the case now before us, the widow does not claim her homestead but her dower, so that the cases and consequences, I have supposed, are not to the point. Let us see then, the consequences to which this consrue-tionoftheAct leads, when the widow sets up her claim to dower, and the children theirs’ to ahomestead. The false theory is still applied, and with a more absurd, if less injurious, result. If, the estate of the deceased be worth $3,000 or over, the dower of the widow equals, or exceeds the homestead of the children, so that upon the idea that the last must necessarily be lapped upon the first, the children get nothing during the life of the widow. If the estate be less than $3,000, as the widow by her dower gets a life-estate in land worth less than $1,000, the children get a homestead in the difference between her dower and the $1,000, which difference, is the value of their homestead. If the estate be worth $1,000, the widow’s dower being $333-J, the children would take a homestead to the value of $666. If the estate be worih $300, the children will take a homestead in an estate worth $200. So, this is the result of the legal construction of the Act of 1868-’69, that the larger the estate of the deceased is, the less, do his children get; and if they are unfortunate enough to have a father whose land is worth $3,000, they get nothing until after the widow’s death, whereas, if he was worth only one-tenth of that sum, they get a homestead in $200 during her life-time, and in another $100 at her death, during their non-age. Such absurd results fur-*203ni ah the strongest argument against the construction of the statute decided on by the maojrity oí the court. Surely no sane legislature ever intended this. It would hardly be respectful to impute such an actual intention. I proceed now, to examine the reasons for this construction of the Aci of 1868-’9. They are these, and no others are or can be possibly assigned of the slightest weight or value. The Constitution (Art. X, sec. 2,) says that the homestead shall include “the dwelling omd buildings used therewith, not exceeding in value $1,000, to be selected by the owner thereof, &c.” The Act of 1868-’9, ch. 137, sec. 1, says that when the estate of any resident of the State shall be levied on, such portion thereof as he actually occupies as a homestead, or “as he may elect to regard as such, 'including the dwelling and buildings thereon, shall be exempt from such levy, &c.”
Section 7 says, that when a resident desires to have a homestead laid of, he shall apply to a Justice, who shall appoint three persons to lay it off, “according to the applicant's directions, not to exceed $1,000 in value, &c.” Section 10, provides that if any person entitled to a homestead dies, without having had it laid off, his widow, (“or if no widow,” I suppose was evidently omitted) then his child, may have a homestead laid off according to section 7.
The dower Acts of 1866-’67, 1868-’69, and of 1869-70, all allow or require the widow’s dower, to be so laid off, as to include the dwelling-house.
TJpon these statutes, which are construed as absolutely requiring both the widow’s dower, and the children’s homestead to include the dwelling-house, &c., the conclusion is drawn not only that the two rights must lap as to the dwelling-house, but that )they must lap in all other places, and whichever is greater, must include that which is less, and the children’s homestead must be thus, in every case destroyed, pro tanto by the widow’s dower.
"Without looking for aid to the absurd and inequitable con*204sequences to which, as we have seen, this construction of the act leads, I deny, that there is any ground for the conclusion, that the two rights must necessarily lap to the detriment of the weaker, and that the homestead, must necessarily and under all circumstances include, the dwelling house.
In the first place, although the Constitution says, that when a homestead is laid off for the owner, it shall include the dwelling, neither the Constitution, nor the Act of 1868-’69, say so, when it is to he laid off for the widow or children. On the contrary, sec. 10, of the Act says, that when a widow or child desires"a homestead laid oft, it shall be laid off, according to sec. 7, and that section expressly says, it shall be laid off ic according to the apflicamAs directions.”
But is said, that section 7, says, “ That whenever any resident of this State may desire to take the benefit of the homestead and personal property exemption as guaranteed, hy Art. X. of the Constitution of this State, such resident, (or his agent or attorney) shall apply to any justice of the “Peace,” &c. ; and that this reference of section 10, to see.' 7, and of section 7 to the Constitution imports into section 10, the command, that the homestead of the dhildren, shall, in all cases be laid off to include the dwelling-house and adjacent lands, and not elsewhero. It is, upon this long-stretched and recondite connection of one section with another, and, of that, with the Constitution, and, upon an illogical inference thereupon drawn, that the opinion of the Court, so disastrous to the children, entirely stands. Now, the various Acts in relation to dower have always required that it be so laid off as to include the dwelling-house. Yet was it ever contended that because there was no dwelling-house upon that land liable to dower, the dow-ress could not have her dower on lands where there was no dwelling ? Surely not. If the husband’s dwelling was upon land liable to her dower, it was included in the admeasurement; if it was on land in which he had no estate liable to dower, for example, a life estate or a term, of years, the widow took *205her full dower upon other lands, on which there was no dwelling. Why is not this just and beneficent rule of the common law, which is applied for the benefit of the widow, applied in a parallel case, for the benefit of the orphan ? When there is the same reason, there ought to be the same law. If there be no widow’s dower or homestead to interfere, the homestead of the children ought to be laid off to include the dwelling. But if the widow’s dower has taken the dwelling, then it is the same as if there was land liable to the children’s homestead, on which there a dwelling, and it must of necessity, and, “utres magis valeat quam pereat” be laid off on land where there is no dwelling, and thus, need not conflict or lap on the widow’s dower. The whole theory of the necessary and inevitable lappage of the dower, and of the children’s homestead, is, as it seems to me, destitute of foundation, in any principle of law. On the contrary, it is opposed to these received and honored rules of construction, by which full effect is given to the intention of a statute, when it appears, by reasonable intendment, and does not contravene any maxim of law.
My learned colleagues have not said, and ot course would not say, that it is not material for the children to have their homestead, if the mother has her dower, for, she will give them a home. The answer to this suggestion, if any should make it, is this, the law did not intend to give to the children of a deceased father the support of his widow’s kindness. If that did not exist without the law, the law could not give it. Besides, the widow may marry again, and, the children be thus made homeless. Or she may be a second wife, and not their mother, and thus without the maternal feeling.
I cannot concur in that construction of an act, which was intended as beneficent and has been applauded as such, which takes out of it all beneficence to the children • which makes it give to them a shadow, instead of, a substance; an estate to begin at the death of another, and to expire when they come *206of age, which is called, as if in mockery, a homestead sacred “from turret to foundation-stone;” a contingent homestead in a reversion, a house, beneath whose roof they may never sleep, and land, upon which they cannot tread without a tree-pass. That is neither the popular or the Constitutional idea of a homestead.
PerOublam. Judgment reversed.