Action on time certificate of deposit alleged to' have been issued by defendant to plaintiffs intestate. Verdict w&s for plaintiff. From the judgment thereon and an order denying a new: trial, -defendant appeals..
: Respondent alleged the d’epos-it by his intestate, one William Ducheneaux, of $1,000 in 'appellant- bank, in July; 1911, and the issuance of -a certificate of ¡deposit therefor payable- to said William Ducheneaux or order; that the certificate .was. in the wrongful possession of appellant; that plaintiff as the -administrator of the estate of said William Ducheneaux was the lawful owner and-*335entitled to the possession of such certificate; and that no' part of saidt $1,000 had been paid. Appellant entered a g-eneral denial.
It is the contention of respondent, and, in order to1 justify its' verdict, the jury must have found: That respondent’s' intestate did deposit such sum of money; that a certificate was issued payable to him; that, at the time of the 'deposit, a proper entry was made in appellant’s certificate of 'deposit register, which entry showed that the deposit was made by respondent’s intestate and certificate issued payable to him; that such entry was afterwards changed so as to show the certificate to have been issued payable to Jennie Duc'heneaux; that on July 7, 1913, this certificate, payable to William D'ucheneaux, was in appellant’s bank, marked paid, and with the name of Jennie Duoheneaux indorsed thereon; that appellant afterwards substituted another certificate in place of the above certificate, which substituted 'certificate was drawn payable to Jennie Duc'heneaux and, when brought into court, bore the indorsement of said Jennie D'ucheneaux.
It was the contention of appellant: That the deposit was made by respondent’s intestate for the benefit of his wife, Jennie Duoheneaux; that the record thereof in the bank books was properly made and never altered; that the certificate was drawn payable to' said wife; that it was such certificate that was in appellant bank on July 7, 1913; that the bank never issued a certificate for said deposit payable to respondent’s intestate; that the certificate it did issue was indorsed by the payee therein named, presented to the hank, and paid in full.
The evidence on behalf of respondent, upon his direct case tended to prove the following facts: Respondent and his attorney, one Burns, visited appellant bank on July 7, 1913, and, finding the cashier in charge, advised such cashier that respondent was the administrator of the .estate of William Duoheneaux, 'deceased; that they were looking for information regarding a certain certificate of deposit issued by the hank and delivered to deceased in July or August; and that a certificate had been issued to deceased shortly prior to his death. The cashier looked at his records, produced a certificate, and said it was the one “issued and delivered” to deceased1 shortly prior to his 'death. The number of the certificate was 2022. The attorney read the certificate and was able to substantially give its contents. A demand wa's made *336to produce the said certificate at the trial. It was not produced, but a certificate, Exhibit A, was produced, and the president of the bank testified that no such certificate as claimed' by respondent was ever issued by the bank. Exhibit A was not the exhibit shown by the cashier. Later the attorney went to appellant bank and asked -to see the certificate again, advising' the president of the bank that the county judge wanted some disposition made of the matter. The president of the bank refused to show such certificate. The bank’s register of certificates 'disclosed upon its face .that tire name “Jennie Ducheneaux,” written thereon as the pa3*ee of certificate No. 2022, was written in different ink from the remainder of the record relating to such certificate. The bank bought its blank certificates in blocks; the certificates came numbered in- consecutive order; and certificates 2020-2023, as well as some others, came in one block. Exhibit A, produced by appellant and claimed by it to be the certificate .issued to deceased, disclosed upon its face that the figures “2“ in the number “2022” were different from the figures “’2” in Nos. “2020,” “2021-,” and “2023.”
[1] Appellant contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence ¡of what the cashier said to respondent and his attorney in relation to the certificate. It contends that such statements of the cashier were- in the nature of admissions not binding upor appellant, because within the rule prohibiting hearsay evidence Appellant cites Plymouth County Bank v. Gilman, 3 S. D. 170, 52 N. W. 869, 44 Am. St. Rep. 782, and Eirst National Bank of Canton v. North, 6 Dak. 136, 41 N. W. 736, 50 N. W. 621. An examination of these authorities clearly discloses that they are not in point. In both, the officer of the bank made statements touching the nature of, or the motive that influenceed, the conduct of the ¡bank. If appellant’s cashier had made a statement that the bank had1 wrongfully paid this certificate to- Jennie Ducheneaux, such authorities would have been in point. The evidence was clearly admissible. The cashier was the executive officer of the bank in charge of its business. Moreover, appellant’s officers testified to the deposit ¡being- made by William Duoheneaux and to the issuance and delivery of the certificate to him. Even if evidence of the statement of the cashier to> respondent and his attorne)'- was improperly admitted. — which it was not — the error *337would have 'been cured by the testimony of a-ppellanit’s officers. It is undisputed that the cashier did produce a certificate. The only 'dispute as to what took place there at the bank at that time is as to whether -the certificate shown was a certificate payable to William D'ucheneaux or was Exhibit A, which was payable to Jennie Ducheneaux.
[2] Secondary evidence of the contents of the alleged certificate was admitted over appellant’s objection -that • no proper foundation had 'been laid for its reception. It was properly admitted. Appellant had been notified to produce such certificate. It denied that such a certificate ever existed and produced one which its president testified was the one issued and delivered to William Ducheneaux. Certainly no better foundation for receipt of secondary evidence could have been laid.
[3] As a part of respondent’s direct case, Burns testified as to the contents of the certificate which he stated appellant’s cashier showed on- July 7, T913. He testified that he could give its contents “substantially,” and then purported to state such contents; a part being as follows: “Mr. William Ducheneaux has deposited in this bank one thousand dollars payable to the order of William Ducheneaux.” Appellant introduced testimony tending to show that it was the custom of the bank, when issuing a certificate of deposit payable to- the part)' who made the deposit; to write such certificate payable to “himself.” Burns, being recalled upon rebuttal, testified -that, when he was at the bank;, from the certificate itself he made a memorandum- of the contents of such- certificate, that the memorandum was a Correct statement of the things taken from the certificate, and that he had no independent recollection of the exact wording of' the certificate. He -then testified that “the certificate was' payable to the order of ‘■himself.’ ”■ Respondent then offered the memorandum in evidence. Such memorandum was in words and figures- as follows:
“No. 2022. Certificate of Dep. dated July 17th, 1911, William Ducheneaux, $1000.00, payable to himself or order. [Indorsed] Jennie Ducheneaux. Paid to her.”
Appellant objected upon the ground that it “is incompetent because it * * * is- a * * * private memorandum, * * * hearsay, * * * not binding upon the defendant, *338* * •* for the further reason1 'that it is not proper rebuttal evidence, for the reason that * * * plaintiff desires and is trying to impeach testimony of such witness (Burns) and to show by said exhibit that the word ‘himself’ was inserted as payee añd not the name ‘William Ducheneaux.’ ” Burns then gave further testimony, the substance of which is found in the following:
“Q. Could you testify as to the facts recited upon that memorandum or in relation to the facts that are recited on that memorandum independently of the memorandum by the memorandum refreshing your recollection and without having an independent recollection of it, or would you have to use the merno-rndum because you know it is a correct entry; A. I would have to rely on the memorandum. I have no independent recollection after using it. I know that tire contents of that memorandum were correct when made. It was made at the time when I saw the certificate and when Mr. Rowlee, the cashier, handed to me the certificate No. 2022 sued on in this case.” ■
The exhibit was again offered in evidence and the same objections entered thereto, which objections were - overruled and the exhibit received. Was the admission of such exhibit error? That this exhibit might tend to contradict Burns’ testimony given on the ¡direct case, and that its offer might appear to have -been prompted by a desire to conform respondent’s evidence to the custom testified to by the defense, were facts that might tend to create a suspicion in the minds ¡of the jurors that such exhibit was fictitious-; but such facts, while they might go- to- the probative value of the evidence, were no ground' for its rejection by the court.
[4] The same might be said in relation to the objection that it was improper rebuttal. It undoubtedly would have been much -better for the respondent, as it would naturally have carried more weight with the jury, if all the evidence in relation to the existence and contents of such memorandum had been introduced upon respondent's direct case; but to allow its introduction upon rebuttal was a matter that was clearly within the discretion of the trial court, even though it was not in its nature rebuttal evidence.
[5] Should it have been excluded simply because it was a private memorandum? It is undoubtedly the rule that many memoranda, that might 'be used for the purpose of refreshing a *339witness’ memory, are not themselves proper evidence. There is a distinction clearly pointed out toy Wigmore, -in his great work on evidence (sections 734-764), ‘between evidence offered to prove “present recollections revived” and' ¡that offered to' prove “past recollections recorded.” When a memorandum, refreshes the present memory of a witness ©0 that he then recalls the fact toward1 which the inquiry is directed, we have a case of the first kind. When, after examining the memorandum, the memory of the witness is not so refreshed that he recalls the fact toward which the inquiry lis directed tout does testify to the fact that the memorandum was made at a time when his memory was fresh on the subject and that it is a true record of the facts so' known at the time of its making, we have a case of the second kind1. There are many authorities holding that, if a witness, after examining a memorandum, finds that his mind1 is refreshed so that he then has a recollection of the matters concerning which he is called upon to testify, the memorandum has performed its full purpose and is not itself proper evidence. In other word's, these authorities hold that, in the case of “present recollections' revived,” the memorandum is never competent evidence. Jones on Evidence, § 883. National Ulster Co. Bank v. Madden, 114 N. Y. 280, 21 N. E. 408, 11 Am. St. Rep. 633. This is spoken of by Wigmore as the “New York 'doctrine.” Wigmiore on Evidence, § 738. Wligmore rejects this “doertine” 'and' states there are many cases where a memorandum' is admissible in evidence even when it has fully revived the present recollection of the witness. But the authorities are agreed, though few recognize the distinction between “present recollections revived” and “past recollections recorded,” that,' where the testimony is such that it in fact shows the memorandum to he a record of past recollections but such memorandum cannot revive a present recollection! in' a witness, the memorandum is iteslf admissible in evidence. "TThe subject-matter of a memorandum may have escaped a party’s, memory, or, if not, some detail thereof may have entirely escaped his memory, and, when called upon the witness stand and having his attention called to such memorandum1, while he is able to say that he rememlbers making the memorandum1 and1 knows that it is a true memorandum of the subject-matter thereof, yet, though he has examined such memorandum', he still must admit that his *340memory has not been so refreshed' thereby that he Iras ■ then an independent recollection of such matter or ¡detail. In such a case, the oral .testimony of the -witness would ¡amount to- nothing if standing alone, because, after the examination ¡of the memorandum, the- witness -concedes- ¡that his testimony is not a statement of what he then recalls in relation to the su'bject-matter — not his present recollection- -of -such subject-matter — but that it is a statement of -what he now knows in relation to the correctness of the memorandum. T-o ¡complete su-dh testimony and give it probative value, there m-ust ibe received in evidence the memorandum-, that which in. fact is- the only existing evidence of the ¡subject under inquiry. J■ An examination of the testimony in the ¡present ¡case clearly discloses that Burns, even without his memorandum', had an independent recollection; of all the contents of the certificate -other than as to whether it read payable ¡to “William Duch-en-eaux” ¡or payable to “himself.’1 It was unnecessary for him to refresh his memory from the memorandum- in relation to any other matter ¡than- as to which of ¡the above terms was used to indicate the p-aye-e. It is -clear that, under the “New York doctrine,” the receipt in evidence of an.y -such part of the memorandum as bore upon any question, ¡other than -as to ¡what term was u-sed to ¡indicate the payee in the certificate, was incompetent; but, even if it were incompetent, it was ¡wholly nonprejudicial because there is no dispute whatsoever in relation ¡to¡ the -contents of the certificate that ¡was- issued at the time William Du-cheneaiu ¡deposited $1,000, except the -dispute as -to- who was designated as ¡payee. It was -clear from the testimony of th-e witness Burns, if such testimony was believed' by the jury — and we must presume i-t was- — that, even after examining the memorandum, no present recoil-lection was revived! as to the exact wording -of that -part -of -such -certificate as- -designated the payee thereof. But it is also -clear from bis testimony that he remembered that such- memorandum was correct when made- — that it wias a correct record of his past recollection. It will he seen therefore th-at, by ¡the testimony of Burns, the material part of ■this exhibit was brought even under the “New York doctrine.”
[6-10] Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict:' First.' Because there was no evidence of demand-of -payment;-th-at a demand was necessary to establish a *341cause of action. The certificate sued on was not a demand certificate requiring a demand to mature it, but one which by its own terms, matured long prior to the bringing of the action. Second. Because there was no evidence to show that the alleged certificate was ever properly indorsed by its owner or legal holder. With the certificate in the wrongful possession of defendant, indorsed by one not the payee therein designated, and such certificate marked “paid,” the bank is in no position to make this contention; and in t.ie light of' defendant’s claim that no such certificate, as tíre one sued on, was ever issued by the bank, such contention is hardly deserving of notice. Third. Because there was no evidence that deceased ever deposited $1,000 with defend-ant on a certificate payable to himself. There is clearly no merit irr this. The 'defendant admits the deposit, and there was proper evidence tending to show that the certificate ran ito deceased as payee. In connection with this feature of the case, we would note that, in the absence -of the original exhibits from -the appeal record, this court -must presume that an examination of such exhibits would disclose the claimed suspicious appearance of the certificate register as well as the difference -in the figures “2” as printed in the certificate No. “2022” produced in court by appellant from the figures “2” as appear in certificates Nios. “2020,” “2021,” and “2023” claimed by appellant to have come to it in the same block with No. “2022.” We can readily see how,'under such circumstances, the jury might give very little credence to tire testimony of appellant's officers. Fourth. Because there was no evidence to show that the alleged certificate was signed by an officer of the bank. There is no merit to' such contention. The evidence showed that the certificate purported to be signed 'by J. W. Harris, the president of the bank. Harris testified to' issuing the certificate that was issued on ¡this particular deposit, and appellant itself contends1 that but one certificate was issued. The certificate testified to by Burns -was marked “paid.” Under sluch evidence, the jury were justified in finding that the certificate sued upon was issued! by Harris. Fifth. Because ¡there was no evidence that plaintiff or his intestate was the owner of tire alleged certificate. There was 'evidence that the certificate was issued to William' Ducheneaux. It did not bear any .indorsement by him. Respondent was his personal representative and as such sue-*342ceededi to his interest. When 'appellant paid' the certificate without a .proper indorsement, if it did ¡pay it, it ran its own risk as, to such certificate being the property of Jennie Duc'heneaux, and the burden was upon appellant to prove payment to the rightful owner, rather than upon respondent to disprove a transfer of such ¡certificate by ¡his intestate.
The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.