This suit was instituted to forever restrain and :njoin defendants from; in any manner interfering with or obstructing the free use and enjoyment by plaintiff of a certain alleged private alley, or right of way easement, 10 feet wide and 132)4 feet long, extending' westward from the north end of a certain parcel or lot of land owned by-plaintiff in 'block 13, city of Canton, to the street on the west side of said block. Findings and judgment were in favor of .plaintiff, and defendants appeal.
The defendants duly excepted to all the findings in favor of plaintiff. Among others, the court made the finding that defend*481ant Kennedy bay, without any right, consent, or authority, excavated. the -ground in said right of way or easement, thereby rendering the same impassable, an-d has also, during the pendency of this suit, above said excavation and upon wall's, constructed thereon a building intended- for and- used- as an opera -house, which permanently -obstructs and renders useless such right of way or easement. The judgment requires sai-d defendant to remove said opera 'house from said right of way, or that he build an archway under said building sufficient to permit of free and unobstructed- passage of vehicles through- and u-pon said right of way. The defendants proposed the following finding, which was by the trial court refused-:
“That on or about the ist day of February, A. D. 1883, the plaintiffs predecessor in interest, William H. Miller, Sr., made an agreement with Emily Southard and G. A. Nelson by which he abandoned the alley in question and described in his deed set out in his complaint in consideration of 'being given a right of way out north to Fourth street and west to Cedar street, 22 feet further north.”
The defendants, appellants, now assign as error the -making of said finding in favor of plaintiff and the refusal of said finding proposed by defendants. It is contended by appellants that the undisputed evidence conclusively shows an abandonment of the right ■ of way in question by William H. Miller, Sr., the iormer plaintiff in- this action and former owner of said right o-f way. This is the vital question upon the merits of this appeal.
This action was originally commenced by William FI. Miller, Sr., who died pending suit; the present plaintiff, William H. Miller, Jr., a son, successor in interest of the right o-f way in question, -by devise, subsequently became a party by substitution. The present plaintiff has no greater right in the premises than had his -predecessor in interest, the original plaintiff. There is no material conflict in the testimony upon the proposition o-f the •abandonment of said right of way by said Miller, Sr. The following plat of said block 13 shows the location o-f plaintiffs- lot and the lots of defendants, an-d the right of way in question, and *482the location of the other rights of way material to the controversy -at the time of the alleged abandonment of the alleyway in question: ■
On August 26, 1880, Mrs. Southard, by deed, conveyed to William. H. Miller, Sr., the said lot now owned by respondent, and the io-foot wide right of way in question. Subsequently, in the years 1882 and 1883, the matter of establishing other alleyways, in place of the alleyway in question, so deeded to Miller, was under consideration by the owners of lots in said block 13. .At the time of the consideration of the change of alleyways, the Southard's, Miller, Nelson, Mrs. Holsey, and her father, Benedict, were lot owners in said block. The proposition was raised that the alleyway deeded to Miller was too narrow for practical use. One Holsey, being called as a witness, testified that he had lived in Canton 47 years; that he attended to the business of his wife and Benedict in the matter of the laying out of the two new alleyways in 1882 and 1883; that Miller had bought a lot from Southards, and Southards were trying to sell to Nelson, and the question was raised that the alleywaj' in dispute was too narrow, that they met in Southard’s office, and it was agreed that a' t6-fo.ot wide alleyway out to the street north from the Miller lot would be a better outlet, and Miller said he would accept that *483permanently in place of the other; that- Nelson also wanted a way out west. In pursuance of this oral agreement, the lot owners on either side of this proposed 16-foot wide alleyway, running north and south, made deeds for alleyway uses and purposes; those on the west side of the alley conveying 8 feet wide on the east end of their lots, and those on the east side of the alley conveying 8 feet wide on the west end of their lots. These deeds conveyed lands on both sides of the center of the 16-foot wide alleyway from the street north of said block as far south as the north line of the Nelson lot designated on the foregoing plat. These said deeds, it will be observed lacked io feet of extending the i6-foot wide alleyway to .the north end of the Miller 'lot. Nelson and the Southards were then the owners of the 8xio feet parcels of land lying between the north end of the Miller lot and the south end of the 16-foot wide alleyway as created by said deeds'.
The -witness Hofeey further testified that, after the making of said deeds, it was arranged that Nelson and Southard should complete the end of the extension of the i6-foot wide alleyway until it came to the Miller lot. In 1882, a deed,was also executed by the lot owner as grantor to. other lot owners in said block as grantees for alley purpose, 12 feet wide running east and west on the north side of lot 7 from the 16-foot wide alley to the street on the west side of said block. It further appears from the evidence that after the agreement to- substitute the 16-foot wide, north and south-, alleyway in place of the alleyway in question, the Southards fenced up and closed the io-foot wide alleyway in dispute by erecting fences and building across the same, and planted trees thereon; that such, fences and structures remained thereon until destroyed by fire in 1888; and that, much of the time since 1888 to the time -of the commencement of this action, the said right of way in dispute -has ’been obstructed by fences and other obstructions, and that at no time since 1883, until the cómmencement of this action, had Miller, Sr., ever used said right of way or objected to- the obstruction thereof by the Southards or any other person. It also further -appears that the new alleyways created in 1882 and 1883 have ever since their creation been used as alleyways by the public, and by the occupants of that block, including Miller, :Sr., and by all others who desired to use the same.
*484[1-4] The foregoing facts are not substantially disputed. We are of the opinion that these facts conclusively show that Miller, Sr., under an express agreement so to do, intentionally abandoned the io-foot wide alleyway in question, and accepted in lieu thereof, as a consideration for 'such abandonment, the use of the 16-foot wide alleyway created in 1883. The easement here involved was one created by express grant. It was, however, an easement only. Plaintiff, or his predecessor, at no time had title to the soil over which this easement attached. ' Plaintiff’s1 only interest under his grant was a right of way. It seems to be universally held that a party entitled to a right of way easement in the land of another may abandon and relinquish such right by acts in .pais, and without deed or other instrument in writing. To show this there must be acts of the owner showing an intent, either express or implied, to abandon. Mere nonuser, however, long, will not amount to abandonment. The mere user of a new right of way will not constitute abandonment without express or implied intention to abandon. But where, as in the case at bar, we have nonuser of the old right of way and usér of” the new, with express agreement, as well as implied intention, to abandon the old way and accept the new in place thereof, it must be held to extinguish the prior easement. 14 Cyc. 1185-1187; Fitzpatrick v. Boston Ry. Co., 84 Me. 33, 24 Atl. 432; Talbbutt v. Grant, 94 Me. 371, 47 Atl. 899; Suydam v. Dunton, 84 Hun, 509, 32 N. Y. Supp. 333; Smith v. Worn, 93 Cal. 206, 28 Pac. 944; King v. Murphy, 140 Mass. 254, 4 N. E. 566; Weaver v. Getz, 16 Pa. Super. Ct. 418; Welsh v. Taylor, 134 N. Y. 450, 31 N. E. 896, 18 L. R. A. 535; Boston v. Doherty, 154 Mass. 314, 28 N. E. 277; People v. Gloversville, 128 App. Div. 44, 112 N. Y. Supp. 387; Henderson v. Carroll Elec. Co., 113 App. Div. 775, 99 N. Y. Supp. 365; Jamaica Pond Aqueduct Corp. v. Chandler, 121 Mass. 3. The undisputed testimony of Holsey shows an express agreement and an express intention on the part of Miller, Sr., to permanently abandon the right of way in dispute in consideration of the new alleyway created in 1883. There are many circumstances in this case showing abandonment by implication, which serve to corroborate the express agreement to abandon upon which the decision in the case must be based. The declarations of the former owner of the dominant *485estate, made during his ownership, were admissible to show an ■abandonment of the easement to the right of way in question. King v. Murphy, supra.
[5, 6] It is contended by respondent -that the establishment of the new alleyways was of no value to him-, in. that the back of his property was left in cul-de-sac by reason of the fact that the deeds granting the easement of the new alleyway only extended southward to the north line of the Nelson lot, as shown on the plat, and thereby only bringing such new alleyway to within 10 feet of the back end of respondent’s said lot. We are of the view that this contention is not tenable. We are of the opinion that the evidence conclusively shows that the Southards and Nelson dedicated- to public use for the purposes of said new alleyways the 8x10 feet parcels of ground respectively -owned ¡by them lying between respondent’s lot and the new north and south 16-foot wide alleyway as created by said deeds. In 1882. and 1883, at the time the establishment of these new alleyways was under consideration, Nelson, Miller, and Southards were the principal interested parties, as lot owners, wh-oi directly -participated in the establishment of the new alleyways connecting with the end of the Miller lot. At that time the Southards were the owners of the lot 7, shown on the plat, and also a number of other lots in sai-cl block. At that time, -in 1882 and 1883, Nelson was the owner of a lot in the east -half of said block, which extended east and west about the middle of' the block, the west end of which adjoined the back end of the Miller lot, as shown on the plat; Nelson then also, owned -the second lot west of the Miller lot; and Nelson was then trying to -purchase from Southards the first lot east of the Miller lot. It was Nelson and Miller who, in 1882 and 1883, raised the question of getting out- the backway. It was then claimed that the alleyway theretofore, in ■1880, -deeded to Miller, was too narrow for practical use; that they had to ¡back in and back out. Nelson .desired an alleyway out to the west side of the block. It was to satisfy this desire of Nelson that the Southards -caused- and procured the deed to be made for alley purposes on the north side of lot 7, running from the east end of said lot west to 'Cedar street. Afterwards, as a part of the same plan of getting out the ba-ckway, the deeds to the 16-foot wide north and south alleyway were made extending *486south to the line cf the Nelson lot. Now it was impossible for Nelson to get from 'his lot in the east half of the block, or from the lot he was trying to purchase from .Southards, without using the 8xio feet piece of ground owned by him as a part of the north and south alley. Holsey testified:
‘‘While I was there, Nelson and Miller came into Dr. South-ard’s office, and that alley was extended with Nelson’s consent further down south until it came to Miller’s lot on the north side of Miller’s lot. I am speaking of the north and south alley. It was then agreed — the converastion was that the alley would give a better outlet than the other, and more room. After we had made the deed, it was arranged that Southard and Nelson complete the end of the extension of the alley. It was conceded and admitted that Miller had the right to go out north arid south. He said that would he better for him and that he would accept that in place of the other permanently.”
This undisputed testimony clearly shows dedication by Southard and Nelson by agreement with Miller.
"The mode of making a dedication is immaterial. Neither a written grant nor any particular words or ceremonies, or form of conveyance, is necessary to render the act of dedicating land to< public uses effectual. Anything which fully demonstrates the intention of the donor, and the acceptance by the public, works the effect. Even words are unnecessary if the intent can be gathered from other sources. It is sufficient if the owner’s intention and express act coincide; then dedication will lie effectual immediately on its acceptance by the public. Stated generally, therefore, the rule is that dedication, may be made either with or without writing by any act of the owner, such as throwing open his land to public travel, * * * thereby indicating' a clear intention to dedicate, or by an acquiescence in the use of his land, or -his declared assent to such use. * * * Since the statute of frauds does not apply to dedications, an offer or tender cf dedication, valid and binding- if duly accepted, may be made by acts and parol dedication, or an inference thereof, either prima facie or conclusive, as the case may be, may arise from the circumstances, and this without reference to any particular lapse of time. In such cases, the owner’s intention to dedicate is manifested either by his affirmative acts whereby the public use is *487invited and his subsequent acquiescence in such use, or by his express assent to the use. * * * The cases are not in accord as to the effect of general use by members of the public as constituting acceptance. But it may safely be stated .that the weight of authority is to the effect that acceptance may be predicated on user. And the general current of modern authorities sustains the proposition that dedication may be accepted merely by long-continued public user, without any formal act of acceptance, even to the extent of charging the public authorities with liability for failure to keep^ in repair. This is declared by some courts -to be the very highest kind of evidence of acceptance. * * * There is no established standard by which the use necessary to determine an acceptance by the public may be measured and declared to be sufficient, but the authorities are in agreement to the effect that a use which would naturally follow from the character of the place and the settlement of the community is sufficient.” 8 Ruling Case Law, pp. 889, 890, 891. 892, 900, and 901.
[7] According- to the testimony of ITolsey, which stands undenied, Nelson and Southards expressly agreed and assented to the use of the 8x10 feet careéis of land for alley purposes to complete the extension of the 16-foot wide alleyway to the Miller lot, thus showing an express intention on the part of the Nelson and Southards to so dedicate the same. Nelson was one of the persons who took .part in the creation and establishment of the 16-foot wide alleyway, from the Miller lot north to Fourth street. In the case of Jockimsen v. Johnson, 173 Iowa, 553, 156 N. W. 21, it is held that the owner’s intent to dedicate is a necessary element in every case and is purely a question of fact, and that when his intent to' dedicate is manifested by his agreement the manner of making- the dedication becomes immaterialthe only necessity being the owner’s purpose to dedicate the land to mffilic use. A written agreement to dedicate not being necessary, every element of the case at bar is sustained by this last-cited decision. It appears from the record that the new alleyways in question have been used by the public as such for more than 30 years. Naturally, alleyways such as those involved in this case are not used by any great numbers of public users, but most generally 'by only the residents of the 'block, and a few others, who may be transacting business with or for persons who reside *488in the block. It appears that most, if not all, of the residents and natural public users of the alleys in 'qjuestion, were parties to the creation of said two new alleyways, and that said persons (hereafter used the 'same for such purposes.
We are of the view, and therefore hold, that the court erred in making" the finding that the defendant Kennedy has without right. or authority obseructed the alleyway in question, and that the court also erred in refusing to find that the plaintiff’s predecessor had abandoned the "said io-foot wide right of way in question.
The judgment and order appealed from are reversed and remanded for further procedure in accord with this decision.
SMITH, J.„ Concurs in result.